雷公藤多甙对大鼠海马内注射Aβ所致学习记忆障碍的改善作用

目的探讨雷公藤多甙对大鼠海马内注射β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)后学习记忆行为改变的影响.方法 15只SD雄性大鼠随机等分成对照组、Aβ组、用药组.Aβ组大鼠给予海马一次性注射凝聚态Aβ1-40,对照组大鼠注射等量生理盐水,用药组大鼠在海马注射凝聚态Aβ1-40后,每日腹腔注射雷公藤多甙(50mg/kg), 30d后用Morris水迷宫测定大鼠学习记忆能力.结果①在定位航行试验第2、3、4、5天,Aβ组平均逃避潜伏期(分别为59.90±15.52s、47.30±11.84s、48.10±11.57s、46.13±15.01s)较对照组(分别为38.13±14.83s、22.65±9.23s、21.05±8.73s、17.88±7.72s)明显延长(P ＜0.05或0.01);在空间探索试验中,Aβ组跨越原平台位置的次数(3.40±1.14)较对照组(10.40±2.07)明显减少(P ＜ 0.01).②在定位航行试验第4、5天,用药组平均逃避潜伏期(分别为33.43±12.21s、31.10±9.17s)较Aβ组(分别为48.10±11.57s、46.13±15.01s)明显缩短(P ＜0.05);在空间探索试验中,用药组跨越原平台位置的次数(6.60±1.82)较Aβ组(3.40±1.14)明显增加(P ＜0.05).结论将凝聚态Aβ1-40注射入大鼠海马后,可导致学习记忆行为障碍,雷公藤多甙对Aβ所致的行为学损害有改善作用.     

β-淀粉样蛋白所致模拟老年性痴呆动物模型的建立

目的 建立β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)诱导的模拟老年性痴呆(Alzheimer’s disease，AD)的动物模型。方法 将凝聚态Aβ1-40注射入大鼠左侧海马，Morris水迷宫试验检测大鼠的学习记忆能力，病理检测采用尼氏染色方法。结果 海马内注射凝聚态Aβ1-40后，大鼠在定位航行试验中，平均逃避潜伏期明显延长；在空间探索试验中，跨越原平台位置的次数明显减少；在注射点附近可见弥漫性胶质细胞浸润和局部神经元的大量丢失。结论 海马内注射凝聚态Aβ1-40可以模拟AD的学习记忆障碍、炎症反应和神经元损伤等行为学和病理学方面的特征。     

加减地黄饮子对Aβ1-40所致痴呆大鼠记忆能力和海马生长抑素水平的影响

目的观察加减地黄饮子对β-淀粉样蛋白1-40(β-amyloid protein,Aβ1-40)诱导的老年性痴呆(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)模型大鼠记忆障碍的改善作用及对海马组织生长抑素(somatostatin,SS)表达的影响。方法采用SD大鼠大脑海马立体定向注射凝聚态Aβ1-40诱导AD动物模型。采用Morris水迷宫测试大鼠寻找平台所需时间以评价大鼠记忆能力及加减地黄饮子的干预作用。采用免疫组织化学染色和计算机图像分析技术测定海马区SS表达。结果Morris水迷宫实验结果显示,与假手术组[(22.79±6.54)s]比较,模型组大鼠第6天平均逃避潜伏期[(38.52±9.97)s]明显延长(P<0.05),而加减地黄饮子组大鼠潜伏期[(26.71±5.10)s]较模型组明显缩短(P<0.05),但与盐酸多奈哌齐组[(24.49±5.57)s]比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。免疫组化结果显示,与假手术组比较(8.45±0.97),模型组大鼠海马区SS蛋白表达(2.98±0.14)明显减少(P<0.05);与模型组比较,加减地黄饮子组大鼠SS蛋白表达(6.05±0.42)明显上调(P<0.05),效应优于盐酸多奈哌齐组(3.79±0.29)。结论加减地黄饮子对AD模型大鼠的记忆功能减退具有改善作用,可能与增强海马神经元SS表达有关。     

TAT-XIAP融合蛋白对学习记忆障碍大鼠的影响及其机制

目的 探讨TAT-XIAP融合蛋白对学习记忆障碍大鼠的影响及其与大脑海马神经元凋亡的关系,为学习记忆的深入研究提供实验依据.方法 利用基因工程技术制备具有生物学活性的TAT-XIAP融合蛋白,通过D-半乳糖(D-Gal)腹腔注射和Aβ1-42海马注射建立学习记忆障碍大鼠模型,将大鼠随机分为TAT-XIAP组(左侧脑室注射TAT-XIAP融合蛋白,每天80 mg/kg,共3d)和模型组(侧脑室注射等体积PBS)各30只,采用水迷宫评价大鼠的学习记忆能力,TUNEL法检测大鼠海马神经元凋亡.结果 1TAT-XIAP组大鼠在各象限入水至爬上平台的时间均明显缩短,平均值为(48.31±9.44)s,明显低于模型组的(87.80±10.32)s(P＜0.05);TAT-XIAP组大鼠穿越平台的次数、在原平台象限游程百分比、在原平台象限时间百分比均明显增加,分别为(4.78±0.93)次、(47.39±5.84)％、(48.43±5.75)％,与模型组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).2 TAT-XIAP组大鼠海马凋亡神经元明显减少,凋亡神经元计数为(16.37±3.15)个/mm2,模型组为(54.66±7.20)个/mm2,两者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 TAT-XIAP融合蛋白可明显改善学习记忆障碍大鼠学习记忆功能,其机制可能与大鼠海马神经元凋亡减少有关.     

凝聚态Aβ1-40海马内注射致AD大鼠在体神经毒性作用

目的:建立凝聚态β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ1-40)诱导的模拟阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's Disease,AD)的动物模型,观察其学习记忆及病理性改变.方法:将凝聚态Aβ1-40注射入大鼠双侧海马,大鼠跳台和Morris水迷宫试验检测大鼠的学习记忆能力,HE和银染检测病理变化.结果:海马内注射凝聚态Aβ1-40可引起大鼠学习记忆能力下降,海马注射区可见神经元丢失、胶质细胞增生及神经原纤维缠结.结论:凝聚态Aβ1-40海马内注射具有明确的在体神经毒性作用,可以模拟AD的学习记忆障碍、神经元损伤等行为学和病理学方面的特征.     

加减地黄饮子对Aβ1-40所致痴呆大鼠记忆能力和海马生长抑素水平的影响

目的 观察加减地黄饮子对β-淀粉样蛋白1-40(β-amyloid protein,Aβ1-40)诱导的老年性痴呆(Alzheimer's disease,AD)模型大鼠记忆障碍的改善作用及对海马组织生长抑素(somatostatin,SS)表达的影响.方法 采用SD大鼠大脑海马立体定向注射凝聚态Aβ1-40诱导AD动物模型.采用Morris水迷宫测试大鼠寻找平台所需时间以评价大鼠记忆能力及加减地黄饮子的干预作用.采用免疫组织化学染色和计算机图像分析技术测定海马区SS表达.结果 Morris水迷宫实验结果显示,与假手术组[(22.79±6.54)s]比较,模型组大鼠第6天平均逃避潜伏期[(38.52±9.97)s]明显延长(P＜0.05),而加减地黄饮子组大鼠潜伏期[(26.71±5.10)s]较模型组明显缩短(P＜0.05),但与盐酸多奈哌齐组[(24.49±5.57)s]比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05).免疫组化结果显示,与假手术组比较(8.45±0.97),模型组大鼠海马区SS蛋白表达(2.98±0.14)明显减少(P＜0.05);与模型组比较,加减地黄饮子组大鼠SS蛋白表达(6.05±0.42)明显上调(P＜0.05),效应优于盐酸多奈哌齐组(3.79±0.29).结论 加减地黄饮子对AD模型大鼠的记忆功能减退具有改善作用,可能与增强海马神经元SS表达有关.     

金思维对老年性痴呆大鼠海马CA1区GAP-43表达的影响

目的观察β淀粉样肽(Aβ)对大鼠海马CA1区GAP-43表达的改变及中药金思维对其的影响。方法应用凝聚态Aβ1-42在大鼠海马内注射以建立老年性痴呆(AD)动物模型;4周后取脑冰冻切片,采用免疫组化法和计算机图像分析技术测定海马CA1区GAP-43阳性神经元数目及光密度值。结果海马CA1区GAP-43阳性细胞数模型组和正常组(分别为52.33±28.45和59·60±22.84)相比无显著差异;金思维组(77.06±14.66)与模型组和多奈哌齐组(51.26±22·44)相比均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。海马CA1区GAP-43阳性细胞OD值模型组和正常组(分别为92.77±7.37和71·30±11.65)相比有显著差异(P<0·01);金思维组(75.44±5.29)与模型组比较有显著差异(P<0.01);而与多奈哌齐组(73.09±5·18)相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论金思维可使老年性痴呆模型大鼠海马区GAP-43的表达量增加,为金思维促神经生长、改善突触可塑性和学习记忆功能的分子机制提供了新的内容。     

α7-N型乙酰胆碱受体激动剂对Aβ诱导痴呆小鼠学习记忆的影响

目的 观察给予N型乙酰胆碱受体α7亚型激动剂DMXB对Aβ25-35诱导的阿尔茨海默(AD)小鼠学习记忆的影响.方法 模型组和治疗组小鼠采用侧脑室立体定位注射Aβ25-35的方法 诱导AD模型,治疗组小鼠同时连续11d腹腔注射N型乙酰胆碱受体α7亚型激动剂DMXB,术后第5天开始Morris水迷宫行为学检测,术后1个月病理学甲苯胺蓝染色检查海马区神经元的形态学变化.结果 与对照组相比,模型组动物表现为海马CA1区神经元丢失明显,Morris水迷宫实验中模型组动物的逃逸潜伏期[(55.07±17.86)s]比对照组[(34.88±10.40)s]显著延长(P<0.05),穿过原平台位置次数[(1.80±1.93)次],NE象限探索距离百分比[(25.16±8.56)%]和时间百分比[(24.66±5.94)%]显著低于对照组([(5.10±3.54)次],[(43.30±5.11)%].[(36.89±7.61)%])(P<0.05);治疗组海马CA1区神经元丢失减少,行为学各项指标(逃逸潜伏期[(30.38±12.46)s],穿过原平台位置次数[(3.30±1.49)次],NE象限探索距离百分比[(48.84±8.56)%]和时间百分比[(41.61±9.25)%])均较模型组显著地改善(P<0.05).结论 Aβ25-35能诱导AD小鼠模型的建立,腹腔注射DBMX可改善此模型小鼠的空间学习记忆能力.     

人参皂苷Rg1对β淀粉样蛋白诱导的神经细胞凋亡的研究

目的探讨人参皂苷Rg1对大鼠海马组织β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)诱导的神经细胞凋亡的影响。方法 36只SD雄性大鼠分为假手术组、Aβ模型组和人参皂苷Rg1干预组。Aβ模型组和人参皂苷干预组直接注射10μg/μL的β淀粉样蛋白1-42(Aβ1-42)1μL于大鼠海马组织造模;人参皂苷干预组大鼠术后用人参皂苷Rg1 50mg/kg连续灌胃30天。采用Morris水迷宫测试大鼠学习记忆能力,甲醇刚果红染色观察人参皂苷Rg1对海马组织Aβ的沉积影响,TUNEL法检测海马神经细胞凋亡。结果假手术组大鼠水迷宫测试逃避潜伏时间为(47.36±12.21)s,穿越平台次数为(7.48±1.25)次。与假手术组比较,Aβ模型组大鼠水迷宫测试逃避潜伏时间延长至(84.52±16.68)s(P0.01),穿越平台次数减少至(2.57±0.64)次(P0.01)。与Aβ模型组比较,人参皂苷干预组大鼠的逃避潜伏时间[(63.22±12.05)s,P0.05]和穿越平台次数[(5.22±1.31)次,P0.05]均显著改善。Aβ模型组大鼠海马组织出现明显Aβ沉积;人参皂苷干预组大鼠海马组织Aβ沉积的阳性斑块数量少于Aβ模型组。人参皂苷干预组海马组织TUNEL阳性神经细胞数目比Aβ模型组明显减少[(73.20±1.71)个比(101.83±1.45)个,P0.01],Aβ模型组海马组织细胞出现明显的细胞凋亡。结论人参皂苷Rg1可明显改善Aβ所致AD大鼠学习记忆功能,减少海马组织的Aβ沉积,抑制大鼠海马Aβ诱导的细胞凋亡。     

运动训练对血管性痴呆大鼠海马β淀粉样蛋白及β分泌酶的影响

目的 研究运动训练对血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠海马β-淀粉样多肽(Aβ)及β分泌酶(BACE)的影响.方法 将30只SD大鼠数字随机表分为运动组,模型组和假手术组,采用结扎双侧颈总动脉法制做VD大鼠模型,术后4周后行水迷宫检测评估大鼠学习记忆能力.采用免疫组化技术检测大鼠海马Aβ,BACE表达.结果 Morris水迷宫实验中,模型组学习记能力下降,逃避潜伏期[分别为(101.34±19.67)s,(95.42±23.89)s,(89.39±22.67)s,(90.12±19.77)s]明显长于假手术组[对应为(62.13±11.38)s,(24.84±13.69)s,(16.98±12.51)s,(11.41±8.93)s] (P＜0.05),运动组较模型组学习记能力增强[对应为(80.15 ±21.56)s,(51.24±20.91)s,(43.78±22.36)s,(45.67±20.87)s],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).运动组大鼠海马Aβ灰度值(130.12±19.01),模型动组为(116.77±23.67),假手术组为(148.44±17.67),各组之间差异有统计学意义(P＜ 0.05).运动组大鼠海马BACE灰度值(131.21±25.25),模型组为(120.53±10.21),假手术组为(162.38 ±28.11),各组之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 运动训练可下调VD大鼠海马BACE及Aβ的表达,进而改善VD大鼠学习记忆能力.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.