脐血间充质干细胞的分离扩增及向成骨及脂肪细胞的分化

目的探讨新生儿脐血间充质干细胞（mesenchymal stem cells，MSCs）体外分离、纯化、扩增，以及向成骨及脂肪细胞定向诱导分化的方法与条件。方法无菌条件下收集新生儿脐血60～120ml，枸橼酸钠抗凝，以Ficoll—Hypaque淋巴细胞分离液密度梯度法、沉降红细胞后密度梯度法及CD34^＋免疫磁珠负选法分离单个核细胞（mononuclear cells，MNCs）。分离获得的MNCs采用L—DMEM培养基或Mesencult^TM培养基／10％胎牛血清进行MSCs培养传代，获得第3代集落生长细胞作流式细胞仪表面抗原测定，并向成骨及脂肪细胞定向诱导分化，成骨细胞钙沉积经茜素红染色鉴定，脂肪细胞胞浆油滴经油红染色鉴定。结果经沉降红细胞后分离的MNCs，使用Mesencult^TM培养基／10％胎牛血清培养成功率高，第3代可出现明显的集落生长，而另两种方法分离培养的细胞则难以形成集落；集落细胞表面抗原测定表达CD29、CD59、CD71而不表达CD34、CD45及HLA—DR等分子。成骨定向诱导分化的集落细胞经茜素红染色胞浆中出现有大量的钙沉积；成脂肪定向诱导分化的集落细胞油红染色示胞浆充满油滴空泡。结论新生儿脐血中可分离出MSCs，并可在体外进行培养扩增。以甲基纤维素沉降红细胞后密度梯度离心分离的MNCs培养较为有效，集落细胞表达基质细胞表面抗原，能够向成骨细胞及成脂肪细胞定向诱导分化。     

脂肪基质干细胞培养及其定向分化为成骨细胞、软骨细胞特性的研究

目的研究脂肪基质干细胞（adipose—derived stem cells，ADSCs）分离培养的方法，探讨大鼠ADSCs在体外向成骨细胞、软骨细胞分化的能力。方法从成年SD大鼠腹股沟处无菌获取脂肪组织，胶原酶消化分离，培养出ADSCs。基础培养基传至第二代时改换诱导培养基，分别诱导向成骨、软骨细胞分化，培养2～4周，碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase，ALP）、Vonkossa染色鉴定向成骨细胞分化能力；阿新蓝染色鉴定向软骨细胞分化能力。RT—PCR检测成骨细胞、软骨细胞标志基因。结果大鼠脂肪能够分离培养出生长旺盛的ADSCs；向成骨细胞诱导，ALP、Vonkossa染色阳性，RT—PCR检测有ALP、Osteocalcin及Osteopontin表达；向软骨细胞诱导，阿新蓝染色阳性，RT—PCR检测有Ⅱ型胶原、X型胶原和Aggreean表达。结论大鼠脂肪组织可以分离培养出ADSCs，生物学特性与骨髓基质干细胞（mesenchymal stemcells，MSCs）相似，能够向成骨细胞、软骨细胞分化，有希望成为组织工程理想的种子细胞来源。     

脂肪组织来源干细胞定向分化脂肪组织的体内外实验研究

目的 分离和培养脂肪组织来源干细胞（ASCs），鉴定其是否具有干细胞表面标志，研究携带GFP基因的ASCs向脂肪组织的体外定向诱导分化能力，同时判断种子细胞ASCs与Ⅰ型胶原支架混合培养后在体内构建组织工程化脂肪组织的可能性。方法 取GFP小鼠腹股沟部脂肪组织，使用酶消化法进行原代培养，流式细胞仪鉴定其表面干细胞标志，细胞传至第3代后使用脂肪分化培养基诱导2周，观察细胞形态及功能变化。将诱导分化后的细胞与支架材料混合培养后12h，将支架材料移植到裸鼠背部皮下，观察新生组织情况，并对新生组织使用HE及油红O染色进行鉴定。结果 原代培养的ASC形态类似于成纤维细胞，具有很强的增殖能力，能持续稳定表达表面干细胞标志。在脂肪分化培养基的作用下，胞浆内脂滴不断聚集，逐渐演变为成熟的脂肪细胞，油红O染色阳性。体内实验中在裸鼠皮下发现了0．5ml的新生组织块，常规病理及油红O染色均证实其为成熟脂肪组织块。结论 脂肪组织来源的干细胞ASC能在体外定向诱导分化为成熟脂肪细胞，且ASC能作用种子细胞与Ⅰ型胶原支架在体内成功构建脂肪组织。     

大鼠脂肪基质干细胞的培养及其向成骨细胞分化的研究

目的：研究大鼠脂肪基质干细胞（adipose—derived stem cells，ADSCs）分离培养的方法，探讨大鼠脂肪基质干细胞在体外向成骨细胞分化的能力。方法：取成年Sprague—Dawley大鼠腹股沟处脂肪组织，胶原酶消化分离．接种于自制基础培养基巾分离传代。于基础培养基中传至第二代时改换诱导培养基，诱导向成骨细胞分化，培养2-4周．用碱性磷酸酶染色和Von Kossa染色鉴定成骨细胞分化能力。结果：大鼠脂肪中能够分离培养出生长旺盛的脂肪基质下细胞：经向成骨细胞诱导培养后，碱性磷酸酶染色和Von Kossa染色阳性，证实细胞能够分化为成骨细胞。结论：大鼠脂肪组织可分离培养出脂肪基质干细胞，生物学特性与骨髓基质干细胞（mesenchymal stem cells，MSCs）相似，能够向成骨细胞分化，有望成为组织工程的种子细胞来源。     

皮肤源祖细胞的培养、鉴定和体外诱导分化

目的探讨皮肤源祖细胞的体外培养、鉴定及定向诱导成脂、成骨的方法，为组织工程提供较理想的种子细胞。方法出生1～3d的sD大鼠幼鼠皮肤，以含表皮生长因子和成纤维细胞生长因子的培养基进行培养。观察细胞生长情况，描绘生长曲线；免疫荧光鉴定细胞表达Nestin和Fibronectin情况；将第3代细胞，分别用成脂和成骨诱导液培养14d，以油红O染色、茜素红染色和免疫荧光检测皮肤源祖细胞诱导成脂、成骨情况。结果细胞呈悬浮生长，迅速增殖形成克隆球团；细胞免疫荧光表达Nestin和Fibronectin；成脂诱导14d后，细胞内大量致密颗粒形成，油红O染色可见红色脂滴；成骨诱导14d后，茜素红染色可见暗红色钙盐沉积，骨桥蛋白表达阳性显示成骨细胞形成。结论皮肤源祖细胞具有干细胞的特性，能分化为成骨细胞和脂肪细胞。     

人脂肪来源的成体干细胞体外向软骨细胞诱导分化的研究

目的研究人脂肪来源的成体干细胞（ADSC）体外能否向软骨细胞成功分化，探讨其作为组织工程软骨种子细胞的可行性。方法自成人皮下取少量脂肪组织，经机械剪切及Ⅰ型胶原酶消化后获取成体干细胞，体外培养扩增；流式细胞仪鉴定细胞表型；第5代细胞采取离心管中微块法培养，培养液中加入转化生长因子（hTGF-β2）等诱导剂诱导其向软骨细胞分化；诱导14d的细胞团经消化后获得单细胞悬液，接种于玻片上行形态学观察，甲苯胺兰、免疫组织化学染色及逆转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT—PCR）用以鉴定软骨细胞表型。结果从人体皮下脂肪组织中可成功分离到ADSC，细胞可于体外大量扩增；第5代细胞大多数表达CD29、CD90，而CD14、CD45抗原表达阴性；RT—PCR结果提示诱导后的细胞可表达黏多糖（GAG）及Ⅱ型胶原，诱导后的细胞块分离成单个细胞后可见其形态较诱导前发生明显变化，甲苯胺兰染色和Ⅱ型胶原免疫组织化学染色为阳性。对照组未加诱导因子的细胞则未能观察到上述变化。结论成人皮下脂肪组织中可分离到大量ADSC；ADSC可在体外成功诱导向软骨细胞分化；ADSC有望作为组织工程软骨构建中的种子细胞。     

小鼠胎肝间充质干细胞的体外成骨诱导及复合陶瓷化骨的实验研究

目的探讨小鼠胚胎肝脏间充质干细胞的体外分离培养方法，并观察其成骨分化潜能及与陶瓷化骨支架材料的复合能力。方法将小鼠胎肝组织制成单细胞悬液行原代和传代培养，流式细胞仪检测其表面标志。用化学成骨诱导体系对纯化的胎肝间充质干细胞行成骨诱导，并进行成骨功能检测。将其与经过Ⅰ型胶原表面改性的陶瓷化骨复合培养，观察细胞在其上的黏附生长情况。结果原代培养的胎肝间充质干细胞，具有集落形成能力，为梭形或多角形。易于传代，传代细胞与原代细胞大小、形态相似。流式细胞仪检测表明，传代后的细胞CD29、CD44阳性，CD34、CD45阴性，表达间充质干细胞的特征标志。成骨诱导7d后碱性磷酸酶染色可见有较多阳性细胞，Ⅰ型胶原免疫组织化学染色呈强阳性；14d后，细胞碱性磷酸酶活性定量检测明显增高；28d后，矿化结节染色呈阳性。将细胞与经胶原表面改性后的煅烧陶瓷化骨复合培养。扫描电镜见载体上有大量细胞黏附于材料表面。结论小鼠胎肝间充质干细胞易于获取及传代；体外成骨诱导后可向成骨细胞方向分化；能在陶瓷化骨支架材料上黏附生长。     

膝关节滑膜间质干细胞分离、培养及其多向分化潜能特性的研究

目的 探讨晚期骨关节炎患者膝关节滑膜间质干细胞(synovium-derived mesenchymalstem cells,SMSCs)体外分离、培养的可行性及其在体外向脂肪细胞、成骨细胞和软骨细胞定向分化的特性.方法 取膝关节滑膜组织,胶原酶消化获得有核细胞.挑选单细胞克隆,筛选获得SMSCs.流式细胞技术检测细胞表面特异性抗原标志.培养至第三代,分别向脂肪细胞、成骨细胞和软骨细胞诱导分化.油红O染色鉴定向脂肪细胞分化;碱性磷酸酶染色、茜素红染色鉴定向成骨细胞分化;甲苯胺蓝染色鉴定向软骨细胞分化.RT-PCR检测脂肪细胞、成骨细胞标志基因.Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色检测软骨细胞Ⅱ型胶原的表达.结果 原代SMSCs体外培养呈葵花样细胞集落,传代后可见圆形巨噬样细胞和纺锤形成纤维样细胞,融合后呈成纤维细胞样生长.CD44、CD90呈阳性,CD34、CD71和CD45呈阴性.向脂肪细胞诱导21d,油红O染色阳性;RT-PCR检测有脂蛋白酶、乙二腈及PPARγ2表达;向成骨细胞诱导7、28 d,ALP,茜素红染色阳性,有ALP、Osteopontin及Osteocalcin表达;向软骨细胞诱导21d,甲苯胺蓝染色阳性,Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色阳性.结论 晚期骨关节炎患者膝关节滑膜组织可以分离、培养获得SMSCs. SMSCs具有向脂肪细胞、成骨细胞和软骨细胞发生定向分化的潜能.     

胚胎大鼠脊髓神经干细胞体外培养和分化的研究

目的探讨脊髓源性神经干细胞的培养方法和体外分化特性. 方法从孕龄15天的胚胎大鼠脊髓组织中分离获得神经干细胞,采用含表皮生长因子及碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的无血清限定性培养基培养并进行干细胞体外分化,细胞免疫荧光化学方法鉴定分化结果. 结果胚胎脊髓中可分离得到大量的神经干细胞,培养10天左右可获得干细胞球;用细胞免疫荧光化学法鉴定干细胞分化,可见其中含有神经元和星形胶质细胞. 结论无血清限定性培养基是脊髓源性神经干细胞的良好培养基;脊髓源性神经干细胞体外可诱导分化为神经元和神经胶质细胞.     

心脏干细胞生长微环境及其体外生物学特性

目的 研究在体外培养心肌组织过程中,心脏干细胞生长的微环境及其生物学特性.方法 8周龄SD大鼠,心肌组织切碎后依次用胰酶和胶原酶消化,收集组织块培养,待新生细胞铺满容器底时传代.取第3代干细胞行免疫荧光染色检测相关分子标志物的表达.培养基中加入EdU标记的增殖细胞后,培养的组织行HE染色、Masson染色、免疫荧光染色及TUNEL细胞凋亡检测.结果 心肌组织培养7～10天后有明亮的圆形细胞长出,其在体外培养过程中具有自动分化倾向.免疫荧光检测示:分裂象细胞c-kit阳性;多数细胞o-sarcomeric actin、cardiac troponin T、flk-1、vemintin阳性;部分细胞α-smooth muscle actin、connexin-43、CD31、CD45阳性,CD90阴性.培养的组织块切片后染色见大量新生细胞生长的同时伴随心肌细胞的凋亡,心肌间胶原纤维重塑;增殖期细胞EdU染色阳性;MMP-2、MMP-9及TGF-β1在心肌组织表达丰富,而在增殖细胞则较少表达.结论 心肌组织体外培养可便捷获取心脏干细胞,心脏干细胞的生长、增殖过程伴随细胞外基质的降解,其在体外培养过程中有自动分化倾向.     

脐血间充质干细胞的分离培养鉴定及诱导分化研究

目的：分离培养人脐血间充质干细胞（human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells,hUCB-MSC）,体外观察其生长特性,并在特定条件下诱导分化,探讨其成脂成骨分化能力.方法：采用沉降法和密度梯度离心结合贴壁培养法自脐血中分离间充质干细胞,倒置显微镜下观察其形态及生长情况;流式细胞仪分析细胞周期并检测细胞表面标志物;用茜素红染色和油红0染色分别鉴定其成骨成脂分化能力.结果：纯化的hUCB-MSC贴壁生长,呈均一梭形,具有较强的增值能力,流式细胞仪分析P3代hUCB-MSC稳定表达间充质干细胞表面抗原标志CD73,CD105和CD90等,不表达造血标志CD34和CD45;成骨诱导后3周后细胞茜素红染色阳性;成脂诱导3周后细胞油红0染色阳性.结论：本实验分离的hUCB-MSC具有较强的增殖能力,表达间充质干细胞的表面标记,具有成骨成脂分化潜能.     

大鼠MSCs体外分离培养及骨向分化的实验研究

目的:建立骨髓MSCs体外分离培养体系,并进行骨向分化诱导,以证实其多向分化潜能,为骨髓MSCs进一步的临床应用研究提供实验依据。方法:用密度梯度离心法分离大鼠骨髓MSCs,并对其形态学特征进行观察。用诱导剂对骨髓MSCs向成骨细胞进行诱导分化,并进行形态学观察和免疫细胞化学检测。结果:用密度梯度离心法成功分离获得了高纯度的骨髓MSCs。经骨向诱导后,ALP和矿化结节染色阳性。结论:采用密度梯度离心法成功建立了大鼠骨髓MSCs体外分离和培养体系,并能够向成骨细胞分化。     

Establishment of clonal colony-forming assay system for pancreatic stem/progenitor cells

Pluripotent stem cells found in a number of organs are usually in small cell populations. However, under adaptive stimulation, they enter the stage of growth and differentiation to compensate for the loss of differentiated cells. To analyze stem cell potential precisely, the exclusion of other differentiated cells and a clonal assay system are strongly required. In this study, we established a colony-forming assay system for pancreatic stem/progenitor cells in vitro. In this culture condition, they received signals for growth and differentiation, and formed clonal colonies including pancreatic endocrine-lineage cells, such as alpha and beta cells. By combining this culture system with flow cytometric cell sorting, pancreatic stem/progenitor cells will be enriched, and their potential can be analyzed precisely in single cell-based experiments.     

Inhibition of growth and differentiation of osteoprogenitors in mouse bone marrow stromal cell cultures by increased donor age and glucocorticoid treatment

Primary cultures of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) from long bones of young (4-5 months) and old (22-25 months) C57BL/6 male mice were used to study how donor age affects growth and differentiation of osteoblasts and their sensitivity to dexamethasone (DEX). We assessed changes in the number and area of alkaline phosphatase-positive bone-forming osteolastic colonies (CFU-ALP) and in the total number of colonies (CFU-F) that include ALP negative colonies. Cell proliferation and apoptosis, specific activity of ALP, were also measured for growth and differentiation. We found that the number of nucleated cells harvested from old mice was significantly higher (approximately 20% more) than that from young mice. However, the number of colonies formed by old cells was fewer and the total area less than those formed by young cells plated at the same density. Young and old cells responded similarly to DEX showing a dose-dependent decrease in colony number and area with more inhibition for area than number. DEX affected CFU-ALP more than CFU-F indicating a greater inhibition for osteoprogenitor cells than other cell types. Inhibition of cell attachment at early culture was the major cause for the DEX reduction of colony number and the major cause of area reduction was inhibition of cell proliferation. This was demonstrated by a severe dose-dependent lowering of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation to less than 40% of the control. Although the number of apoptotic cells in the DEX-treated cultures was higher, apoptosis was not a major factor since the number of apoptotic cells was less than 5% even with DEX treatment. Despite these negative effects on colony number and size, DEX-enhanced osteoblastic differentiation activity by stimulating ALP activity of the colonies up to 25-fold in the young and 5-fold in the old. Our data suggest that increased age lowered the number of osteoprogenitor cells and their growth in BMSC cultures. DEX decreased the attachment and proliferation of BMSC in culture. These changes reflect age-related and glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia. Mouse BMSC cultures therefore may serve as a useful in vitro model to study the mechanisms of type II osteoporosis.     

脑脊液诱导人间充质干细胞定向分化为神经干细胞神经前体细胞的研究

目的 探索脑脊液诱导人间充质干细胞定向分化为神经干细胞的可行性.方法 分别采用同种异体脑脊液和细胞生长因子为诱导剂,体外诱导人脐血源和骨髓源间充质干细胞分化为神经干细胞.从形态学、免疫组化、荧光免疫绀化法、反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法对诱导后细胞进行鉴定.结果 两种方法诱导后间充质干细胞呈现神经干细胞改变,均可分化为神经元、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞,并表现相应的特征形态结构、表型和生物学特性,细胞长势良好.而脑脊液诱导组,从形态上与细胞生长因子诱导组基本一致,但从时间上缩短神经干细胞、神经样细胞的生长周期.结论 两种诱导方法均可在体外定向诱导不间来源人间充质干细胞转化为神经样细胞,而脑脊液诱导组诱导时问和细胞周期均较短.     

人脐血源和骨髓源间充质干细胞神经前体细胞分化的研究

目的 对比研究人脐血和骨髓来源的间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)体外的分离、培养和生物学特性,并观察其分化潜能和形态学变化,为组织工程选取种子细胞提供实验依据.方法 Ficoll密度梯度离心结合贴壁培养法分别分离纯化成人骨髓和脐血源MSCs,体外培养和连续传代,并在含有2%B27的Neurobasal培养基中添加碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、表皮生长因子,将获得的MSCs向神经干细胞定向诱导,利用倒置显微镜连续观察细胞培养、传代和向神经细胞表型转化过程的形态学变化;采用免疫组化和荧光免疫组化法对诱导后细胞进行鉴定.结果 原代分离的骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)在接种后48 h贴壁,7 d细胞呈长梭形,有一定的方向性,并达到90%融合;而脐血间充质干细胞(UMSCs)48 h后贴壁,似乎贴的不牢,持续14d才能形成小丛、小簇、小集落,21 d排列才有一定的方向性.培养基添加神经营养因子诱导后的细胞呈现典型的神经前体细胞样表型,免疫组化和免疫荧光结果显示,诱导后的细胞能特异性表达神经元特异性标志β微管蛋白(β-tubulin)和星形胶质细胞特异性标志神经胶质相关蛋白(GFAP).结论 人脐血和骨髓中含MSCs,且具备其基本恃征,体外培养UMSCs生长速度比BMSCs缓慢10 d～15 d左右,传代以后的各组细胞生长速度与形态无明显差异.骨髓和脐血来源的MSCs在体外可定向诱导分化为神经细胞.     

Coculture of vascular endothelial cells and adipose-derived stem cells as a source for bone engineering

The interaction between vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and osteoblasts (OBs) is the focus of this recent research. Vascular endothelial cells secrete bone morphogenetic protein, which promotes OB differentiation and stimulates OBs and their precursor cells to secrete vascular endothelial growth factor. Vascular endothelial growth factor is important in angiogenesis and angiopoiesis. Cloning studies have shown that adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have the potential to differentiate into fat, bone, cartilage, and skeletal and smooth muscle cells, among others. Adipose-derived stem cells can express multiple growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor. Our study examined the influence of coculturing VECs and ADSCs on osteogenic differentiation. Cord blood-derived VECs and ADSCs were isolated from rats and characterized with immunofluorescence staining and morphological observation. Coculture of third-generation ADSCs and VECs was induced for 6 weeks. Cell growth was analyzed using a modified MTT assay. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) was analyzed using immunofluorescence staining. When ADSCs and VECs were cocultured, the absorbance of cells gradually increased, reaching a peak on day 12. The highest absorbance was seen in a coculture system with a ratio of ADSCs and VECs of 1:1. The secretion of ALP and OC gradually increased in these cells and was significantly higher than controls (P < 0.01). Coculturing of ADSCs and VECs at a 1:1 ratio gave the highest secretion of ALP and OC at every time point, and was significantly higher than other groups (P < 0.01). Our results indicated that ADSCs can be induced to osteogenic differentiation by VECs in vitro, suggesting a coculture system of VECs and ADSC as a novel source of cells for bone engineering.     

小鼠成体肝脏干细胞体外培养模型的建立

目的 观察正常成体小鼠肝细胞的增殖能力和分化潜能,分离成体小鼠肝脏内可能存在的干细胞或祖细胞,建立细胞培养模型.方法 应用改良的Seglen二步法灌注和离心分离肝脏细胞,用含血清的改良DMEM培养基进行培养,持续观察超过60 d.应用免疫荧光技术对肝细胞及其形成的克隆进行Albumin、AFP和CKl9染色.结果 部分肝脏细胞培养第2～3天后活化,迅速增殖并形成细胞克隆,培养30 d后克隆内出现类似成熟的肝细胞,细胞克隆持续扩增超过60d.该类细胞培养第1天强阳性表达肝细胞标记物Albumin,培养第5天细胞克隆开始表达肝脏干细胞标记物AFP,第55天表达胆管细胞标记物CKl9.结论 在成体小鼠未损伤肝脏内存在一种成体肝脏祖细胞(adult hepatic progenitor cells,AHPCs),该细胞体外培养具有较强的增殖能力,可分化为肝细胞和胆管细胞,并成功建立了AHPCs的体外培养模型.     

Long-term culture and transplantation of murine testicular germ cells

The objectives of this study were to develop an in vitro culture system to optimize germ cell proliferation and to measure the potential of the cultured germ cells to produce mature spermatozoa after transplantation into a recipient. Donor germ cells isolated from ROSA26 male mice were cultured with a STO feeder cell layer in Dulbecco's minimal essential medium (DMEM) supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS), stem cell factor, leukemia inhibitory factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, interleukin-11, L-glutamine, sodium pyruvate, 2-mercaptoethanol, murine oncostatin M, and platelet-derived growth factor. Donor germ cells formed colonies in the primary cultures after 8-21 days. These cultured colonies were maintained for 4 weeks or longer without subculture and proliferated for up to 8 passages over a period of 3 months. These colonies had alkaline phosphatase activity and incorporated 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine. These colonies were positive partially when screened with antibody for germ cell nuclear antigen and c-kit. Germ cells cultured with this supplemented medium showed enhanced colonization vs controls cultured with DMEM and FBS. Cultured germ cells from Rosa26 donors were transplanted into testes and were identified by X-gal staining and histological screening. The cells cultured in the supplemented medium colonized the tubules and initiated spermatogenesis in the recipient mice. This is an improved method for culturing germ cells and may be useful in gene therapy and the production of transgenic animals.