结肠的器官内淋巴管

本文对家兔、大白鼠和豚鼠的结肠器官内淋巴管进行了光镜和电镜观察。结肠粘膜层毛细淋巴管位于肠腺底与粘膜肌之间。粘膜下层毛细淋巴管位于粘膜肌直下方;淋巴管多位子其深方。肌层和浆膜层存有毛细淋巴管和淋巴管。毛细淋巴管内皮细胞质中有大量的囊泡,囊泡与细胞质膜有密切关系,淋巴管内皮细胞间的连接主要有三种形式,即重叠连接、指状插入连接和端端连接。淋巴管壁存有内皮内管道。     

食管淋巴管的超微结构

目的:探讨食管淋巴管内皮的大分子物质转运方式。方法:用透射电镜方法观察家兔食管淋巴管的超微结构。结果:发现食管毛细淋巴管内皮细胞间连接有4种,即插入连接、端端连接、重叠连接和复杂连接。毛细淋巴管内皮的质膜小泡分为无壁小泡和有壁大泡。并且质膜小泡的数量很多。结论:我们认为在组织液和大分子转运途径中,食管毛细淋巴管可通过内皮质膜小泡(乔饮)和内皮间通道两种方式来完成。     

家兔卵巢毛细淋巴管的超微结构

为探讨卵巢淋巴管的形态特征，用透射电镜观察和图像分析方法研究了家兔卵巢毛细淋巴管的超微结构。结果发现，卵巢毛细淋巴管内皮细胞间的连接方式有３种，即端端连接（１４．０％）、重叠连接（３２．７％）及插入连接（５３．３％）。其中伴有粘着装置的占４８．６％，未见到开放的连接。卵巢毛细淋巴管内皮细胞的质膜小泡，分布于管腔内表面、管腔外表面和游离于胞质内，其中游离于胞质中的最多（４５．７％）；小泡的平均最大直径为６１．５±１．５ｎｍ；体密度为０．０７６２±０．００１５；数密度为１３０．９±４．０个／μｍ３。本研究认为，在组织液和大分子物质转运途径中，卵巢毛细淋巴管内皮细胞的转运功能可能是以质膜小泡的运输为主，内皮细胞间连接所形成的通道作用可能较小。     

家兔输卵管淋巴管的微细分布和超微结构

用半薄切片光镜观察和超薄切片电镜观察的方法研究了家兔输卵管淋巴管的微细分布及超微结构，并应用多功能医学图像分析技术测定了毛细淋巴管内皮细胞内小泡的分布密度、平均最大直径、体密度和数密度。结果表明：输卵管的粘膜层、肌层及浆膜层均存有毛细淋巴管，除粘膜层外，还存在淋巴管；输卵管毛细淋巴管具有毛细淋巴管超微结构的一般特点，其内皮细胞间的连接方式有三种，即插入连接，重叠连接和端端连接，有粘着装置的占１７．     

家兔肺内毛细淋巴管的超微结构

目的观察家兔肺内毛细淋巴管的超微结构特征,探讨肺淋巴生成途径。方法半薄切片光镜观察,超薄切片透射电镜观察,计算机图像分析。结果肺内毛细淋巴管内皮细胞内富含质膜小泡,小泡数密度为167.44±2.46个/μm3,体密度为0.0862±0.0040,平均直径为78.64±2.63nm。内皮细胞连接有三种类型,端端连接(9.74%),插入连接(39.82%),重叠连接(50.44%),处于开放状态的占1.77%。内皮细胞连接处有特殊粘着装置的占52.21%。巨噬细胞所经过的内皮细胞迁移通道,一侧淋巴管内皮细胞的质膜完整,而另一侧质膜则不完整,巨噬细胞与淋巴管内皮细胞的彼此接触面缺乏紧密连接和缝隙连接等连接形式。结论肺内淋巴液的生成可能以小泡转运系统为主,肺巨噬细胞及白细胞迁移入淋巴管的通道可能是位于细胞连接处的一侵蚀性通道。     

家兔喉淋巴管的超微结构

目的 观察家兔喉毛细淋巴管内皮细胞的超微结构,探讨喉淋巴生成途径.方法 半薄切片光镜观察,超薄切片透射电镜观察,计算机图像分析.结果 喉内毛细淋巴管内皮细胞连接有3种类型,端端连接占24.26%.插入连接占26.48%,重叠连接占49.26%,处于开放状态的占2.94%,内皮细胞加接处有特殊粘着装置的占24.26%.内皮细胞内富含质膜小泡,小泡的数密度为135.59±2.68个/μm^3,体密度为0.0595±0.0040,平均直径为76.46±2.64nm.结论 喉淋巴液的生成可能以毛细淋巴管内皮细胞间的开放连接所形成的通道作用为主,以内皮细胞胞质内的转运质膜小泡的作用为辅.     

大鼠膈毛细淋巴管的超微结构观察

用电镜观察了大鼠膈毛细淋巴管的超微结构。结果表明，内皮细胞较薄，无孔窗和周细胞，基底膜薄而不连续。内皮细胞间的连结有三种基本形式：重叠连结（５３．２％）、端端连结（２０．３％）和插入连结（１２．５％）。此外，还有变异的端侧连结及连结的开放状态（＞３０ｍｍ）（１１％），伴粘着装置的连结占５．４％。胞质内含有大量囊泡，其分布形式有：向腔面和非腔面开放，贴附于腔面和非腔面及游离于胞质中。囊泡分有衣囊泡和     

家兔肝脏淋巴液生成机制的超微结构研究

目的为探讨肝脏淋巴液的生成机制,研究了家兔肝脏毛细淋巴管的超微结构特点,并测量了有关数据。方法半薄切片光镜观察,超薄切片透射电镜观察,计算机图像分析。结果内皮细胞中含有大量的质膜小泡,小胞的数密度为44.16±4.0个/μm3,体密度为0.0489±0.0038,小泡的平均直径为109.63±1.93nm。内皮细胞间的连接方式有3种,即插入连接(33.7%)、重叠连接(53.9%)和端端连接(12.4%);处于开放状态的占1.1%;内皮细胞连接处有特殊连接装置的占53.9%。结论在肝脏淋巴液的生成机制中,毛细淋巴管内皮细胞的转运功能可能是以质膜小泡的运输为主,内皮细胞间连接所形成的通道作用为辅。     

大鼠胃壁淋巴管形态分布的实验研究

本文用光镜和透射电镜观察了饱食与饥饿状态下大鼠胃壁淋巴管的微细分布、出现率和形态结构的特点，结果表明：两组大鼠胃壁内淋巴管的出现率及在各层内的分布均无显著差异。粘膜层仅见毛细淋巴管，其它各层可见毛细淋巴管和淋巴管。光镜下饱食鼠胃壁内毛细淋巴管和淋巴管的管腔较大且饱满，而饥饿鼠相同区域的毛细淋巴管和淋巴管的管腔较小，形态更加不规则。电镜下也可见到饱食鼠毛细淋巴管的管壁较平整，皱褶与质膜突起较少，而饥饿鼠毛细淋巴管壁较厚，皱褶和质膜突起较多。     

胃的器官内淋巴管

1.在40个足月胎儿、新生儿及2-4岁小儿的胃上,用器官内淋巴管注射方法观察了胃壁各层淋巴管的配布情况及其相互间的联系。 2.在胃粘膜层存有腺间圆锥及一层毛细淋巴管网。腺间圆锥存于胃腺之间的结缔组织内,向下注入粘膜层毛细淋巴管网。毛细淋巴管网位于粘膜层固有膜的深侧,胃腺底和粘膜肌之间,井和粘膜下层毛细淋巴管网相通。在足月胎儿及新生儿胃的粘膜层未见到腺间圆锥。 3.粘膜下层毛细淋巴管网位于粘膜肌的直下方,注入居同一平面上的粘膜下层淋巴管丛。在胃上号处,由粘膜下层淋巴管丛发出的淋巴管走向胃小弯或责门,下号的向胃大弯,斜过胃的肌层至浆膜下,和浆膜下淋巴管吻合,而注入局部淋巴结。 4.在胃的三层肌内存有毛细淋巴管网,其管是存于肌纤维束间的结缔组织内。各网间可相交通。起自肌层的毛细淋巴管网的淋巴管,可注入通过肌层的粘膜下层淋巴管,或直向胃大、小弯及贡门,至浆膜下和浆膜下淋巴管吻合,或值入局部淋巴结。胃肌层淋巴管走行的方向和该部粘膜下层淋巴管的方向相同。 5.在浆膜的深层存有毛细淋巴管网及淋巴管丛。淋巴管紧贴胃的纵肌层;毛细淋巴管网多居淋巴管丛的浅侧,并注入淋巴管丛。由丛发出的淋巴管的走行方向,和该部的粘膜下层淋巴管或肌层淋巴管一致。浆膜下淋巴管在走行中相互吻合,或和粘膜下层及肌层的淋巴管吻合,而入局部淋巴结。     

Ultrastructural development of Kaposi's sarcoma in relation to the dermal microvasculature

Summary Ultrastructural subtypes of endothelial cells in Kaposi's sarcoma were compared with lymphatics and the normal dermal microcirculation in different stages of lesional development. In the earliest patch stage, lymphatic channels, recognised by their dissecting growth pattern and a lack of a basal lamina and pericytes, were prominent. Venous endothelium was recognised by virtue of its multilaminated basal lamina and often showed markedly irregular luminal and abluminal cytoplasmic projections. As the histological stage progressed toward spindle cells, venous endothelium showed a tetrad of changes: dissolution of the basal lamina; fragmentation and disappearance of the pericyte sheath, decreased and often rudimentary intercellular junctions and markedly reduced numbers of Weibel-Palade bodies. These were also features of spindle cells, which were rarely seen to emerge from narrow vascular channels of indeterminate type. Spindle cells showed sparse intercellular junctions and minimal basal lamina but no Weibel-Palade bodies. These progressive venous alterations thus resulted in a mixed intermediate subtype of endothelium with the morphological traits resembling lymphatics as well as venous blood vessels. The mixed subtype included endothelial tubes surrounded by a complete basal lamina but lacking pericytes, and much more commonly, tubes with pericytes but a scanty basal lamina. Both forms had remarkably few or no Weibel-Palade bodies. In the spindle cell stage, normal vessels were largely replaced by the mixed subtype and an indeterminate type of frequently disrupted endothelial tube which lacked a basal lamina as well as a pericytic investment. Dissecting lymphatic channels could not be confidently distinguished from the latter vessels. Direct anatomical connections between morphologically recognizable lymphatics and venules, blood capillaries or endothelial tubes of mixed subtype were difficult to demonstrate. Lymphaticovenous shunts were represented by gaps in all endothelial subtypes, the gaps sometimes due to cell degeneration.     

Ultrastructure of intestinal lymphatics in Crohn's disease

The fine structure of intestinal lymphatics in four patients with Crohn's disease and in two control subjects is described. Although obstructed lacteals are considered to be of major importance in the pathogenesis of regional enteritis, no detailed electron microscopic studies of lymphatic capillaries in this disease could be found. Even though both open and closed intercellular junctions were observed in the normal intestinal lymphatics, only closed junctions were noted in the mucosal and submucosal lymphatic capillaries in patients with regional enteritis. A heavy accumulation of protein rich lymph at the abluminal surface of lymphatic capillaries was consistently seen. None of the control lymphatics showed a similar alteration. The described fine structural changes indicate a decreased permeability of the lymphatic wall. Reduced lymphatic permeability could be a contributing element in the development of submucosal edema, a major microscopic feature of Crohn's disease.     

猪的皮下毛细淋巴管超微结构研究

对4只小白猪肢体皮下毛细淋巴管进行了电镜观察,见毛细淋巴管由内皮细胞构成。内皮细胞的形状很不规则,胞浆有许多突起,有一般哺乳动物细胞所具有的细胞器,胞质中育大量光滑的小囊泡,细胞间有紧密连接和开放连接。某些细胞的开放连接处有不规则的指状突起,是开放连接的重要形式特点。     

食管壁内淋巴管的研究

应用光镜、电镜观察和研究了新生儿尸体的食管壁肉淋巴管的细微分布及超微结构。结果发现食管粘膜层仅见到毛细淋巴管；在粘膜下层、肌层及外膜层均见到毛细淋巴管及淋巴管。     

Fetal and neonatal rat intestinal capillaries: A TEM study of changes in the mural structure

The development of intestinal mucosal capillaries was studied in Wistar rats from the fourteenth day of gestation through the second postnatal day with the transmission electron microscope. The microvessels develop first as continuous capillaries without a basal lamina and become fenestrated during later stages of gestation. In the thickened areas of the cytoplasm of endothelial cells at early stages, there is a paucity of pinocytotic vesicles; but some vesicles are observed which are larger than those in the adult. Later in gestation these larger vesicles can still be seen, but the frequency of their occurrence decreases with the maturation of the vessels. The intercellular junctions vary in length and shape, and the space between the outer leaflets of the apposed cell membranes is usually 20 nm. Surrounding the abluminal surface of the endothelium, the incipient basal lamina appears attenuated and incomplete until at least the second day of neonatal life.     

家兔回肠淋巴管三维结构的扫描电镜观察

目的　探讨回肠淋巴管的三维结构及流注关系。方法　将Mercox注入家兔回肠壁内制成淋巴管铸型 ,在扫描电镜下观察回肠各层淋巴管的三维结构。结果　回肠的粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和浆膜层都有毛细淋巴管网及淋巴管。在小肠绒毛内存有中央乳糜管 ,铸型样品上可见其立体结构 ,可见中央乳糜管注入粘膜层和粘膜下层的毛细淋巴管网 ,该网汇合而成的淋巴管穿过肌层进入浆膜层 ,之后以淋巴集合管的形式入肠系膜淋巴管而离开回肠。铸型标本可见淋巴管呈串珠状外观 ,管壁表面有双凹切迹 ,相当于淋巴管瓣膜的部位。铸型表面还可见淋巴管内皮细胞的椭圆形压迹 ,光镜下可见粘膜下与肌层之间存有三角形间隔 ,其内动脉与两条淋巴管并行。结论　中央乳糜管注入粘膜下毛细淋巴管网 ,该网与粘膜下淋巴管网相连 ,此淋巴管再穿肌层入浆膜层后离开回肠 ,并见淋巴通道存在于中央糜管周围。     

Enzyme-histochemical study on the fine distribution of the intramural lymphatics at the ileocecal junction of the monkey intestine.

The fine distribution of the intramural lymphatics at the ileocecal junction of the monkey intestine, especially in the lamina propria of the ileocecal valve, was examined by light and electron microscopy using enzyme-histochemical staining. The distinction between the lymphatics and the blood vessels was made by light microscopy on cold glycol methacrylate resin (JB-4) sections using 5'-nucleotidase (5'-Nase)-alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) double staining. The lymphatics were found to show strong 5'-Nase activity and to comprise irregularly shaped vessels or spaces. The central lymphatic vessels (central lacteals) in low villi were seen to lie deep within the ALPase-positive subepithelial capillary network. In the ileum side of the ileocecal junction, the 5'-Nase-positive lymphatics were seen both in the superficial layer and the deep layer of the lamina propria. On the contrary, in the cecum side the mucosal lymphatics were less numerous in the superficial layer and were distributed mainly in the deep layer near the lamina muscularis mucosae. These lymphatics ran through the lamina muscularis and merged into the lymphatic network in the submucosa. The submucosal lymphatics communicated with each other at the ileocecal junction and formed a well-developed network. Collecting lymphatics with valves were also seen near the tunica muscularis (sphincter muscle) in the deep submucosa. These lymphatics traversed the muscle layer and drained into the subserosal lymphatics.