番茄纤维对糖尿病小鼠的降血糖作用研究

[目的]观察番茄纤维的降血糖作用。[方法]腹腔注射四氧嘧啶复制糖尿病小鼠模型,实验随机分为6组,每组15只小鼠,即正常对照组、模型对照组、阳性对照组、番茄纤维高剂量组(7.5g/kg)、番茄纤维中剂量组(3.75g/kg)及番茄纤维低剂量组(1.9g/kg),连续灌胃2w后,以葡萄糖氧化酶法测定小鼠空腹血糖并进行糖耐量实验。[结果]番茄纤维对糖尿病小鼠的体重无显著影响,番茄纤维高、中、低剂量组能显著降低糖尿病小鼠空腹血糖值。与模型组相比,番茄纤维高、中剂量组对糖尿病小鼠的糖耐量具有显著的增强作用(P﹤0.05),其效果随剂量增加而增强。[结论]番茄纤维对糖尿病小鼠有降血糖作用。     

桑白皮玉竹片对实验性糖尿病小鼠的血糖调节效应

目的 探讨桑白皮玉竹片对实验性糖尿病小鼠血糖的影响。方法 尾静脉注射四氧嘧啶建立糖尿病小鼠模型,依据血糖水平随机分为4组：0.2 g/kg剂量组、0.4 g/kg剂量组、1.2 g/kg剂量组和模型对照组。另设正常动物对照组和高剂量组。连续灌胃30 d,测定空腹血糖值和糖耐量指标。结果 1.2 g/kg剂量组空腹血糖（16.4±3.2）mmol/L,糖耐量2 h血糖（17.8±3.1）mmol/L,AUC(40.8±6.7),与高血糖模型对照组比较有统计学差异(P<0.05);桑白皮玉竹片对正常小鼠空腹血糖无明显影响。结论 在本实验条件下,桑白皮玉竹片对实验性糖尿病小鼠的血糖有降低作用。     

含铬、蜂胶奶粉对实验性糖尿病小鼠的降血糖作用

目的:研究含铬、蜂胶奶粉对实验性糖尿病小鼠血糖的影响。方法:用四氧嘧啶建立糖尿病小鼠模型,依据血糖水平随机分为4组:低剂量组(0.5 g/kg)、中剂量组(1.0 g/kg)、高剂量组(3.0 g/kg)和模型对照组。另设正常对照组和高剂量组。连续灌胃30 d,测定血糖值。结果:3.0 g/kg剂量组空腹血糖、2 h血糖和血糖曲线下面积与模型对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);含铬、蜂胶奶粉对正常小鼠空腹血糖无明显影响。结论:在本实验条件下,含铬、蜂胶奶粉对实验性糖尿病小鼠的血糖有降低作用。     

二巯基丁二酸和钙、维生素C联合应用对铅中毒小鼠体内铅水平的影响

目的探讨低剂量二巯基丁二酸(DMSA)与营养素联合应用治疗铅中毒的效果。方法实验组小鼠饮用0·1%的醋酸铅溶液6周后,随机分为单纯染铅组、低剂量DMSA组(50mg/kg)、高剂量DMSA组(100mg/kg)及低剂量DMSA与钙、维生素C联合组;干预治疗3周后,检测小鼠血、股骨、肝、肾和脑的铅含量。结果低剂量DMSA、钙和维生素C联合组小鼠血、股骨、肝、肾和脑的平均铅水平分别为241·4μg/L、270·31、0·46、3·66、0·53μg/g,其中血和肝脏的铅水平与低剂量DMSA组(分别为323·7μg/L,0·86μg/g)相比差异有显著性(P<0·01),且该组血铅水平与高剂量DMSA组血铅(288·0μg/L)相比差异也有显著性(P<0·05)。结论DMSA、钙、维生素C联合应用既减少药物的使用剂量,又能保证较好的驱铅治疗效果。     

裙带菜膳食纤维对高血脂大鼠血管内皮功能的影响

目的研究裙带菜可溶性膳食纤维对高脂血症大鼠内皮功能的影响。方法40只大鼠分为4组(n=10):正常对照组,高脂模型组,膳食纤维低剂量组(5%),膳食纤维高剂量组(10%);经裙带菜可溶性膳食纤维处理8w后,检测离体血管的内皮依赖性舒张效应,血浆丙二醛(MDA),一氧化氮(NO),内皮素-1(ET-1)水平,并用Western blotting检测内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)蛋白表达水平。结果裙带菜可溶性膳食纤维显著降低MDA,ET-1水平,显著改善内皮功能及血浆NO的水平并伴随着eNOS蛋白表达水平的上调。结论裙带菜可溶性膳食纤维能改善高脂血症大鼠的血管内皮功能,这可能与其降低ET-1水平,增加NO的产生有关。     

有机锗(Ge-132)对糖尿病小鼠血糖影响的初步实验研究

目的 :观察有机锗对糖尿病小鼠血糖的影响及其预防效果。方法 :小鼠 2 4只建立糖尿病模型后 ,随机分为高剂量有机锗治疗组 (高剂量组 ) ,低剂量有机锗治疗组 (低剂量组 )和糖尿病未治疗组 (病理对照组 ) ,每组 8只。高剂量组 ,低剂量组分别以有机锗 6 0mg/(kg·d)和 30mg/(kg·d)用水溶解后喂食 ,干预周期 4周 ,测空腹血糖。另 16只小鼠随机分为有机锗预防组 (预防组 )和正常对照组 ,预防组以有机锗 30mg/(kg·d)用水溶解后喂食 ,4周后 ,腹腔注射 (ip)四氧嘧啶 (ALX) ,测空腹血糖。结果 :高剂量组、低剂量组血糖较初均有所下降 ,但与病理对照组比较差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;预防组血糖升高较正常对照组血糖升高明显下降 ,且差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :有机锗对糖尿病小鼠血糖无明显降低作用 ,但具有显著的预防血糖升高的作用     

硒蛋白对糖尿病小鼠血糖、Ca2+转运以及NO系统影响的实验研究

目的研究硒蛋白对糖尿病小鼠血糖、Ca2+转运及NO系统的调控作用.方法体重(20.3±1.7)g昆明种雄性小鼠,腹腔注射200mg/kgbw,2%的四氧嘧啶造糖尿病(DM)模型.实验分6组正常对照组(Ⅰ)、正常+硒蛋白组(Se 100μg/kgbw)(Ⅱ)、糖尿病对照组(Ⅲ)、DM+硒蛋白低剂量组(Se 100μg/kgbw)(Ⅳ)、DM+硒蛋白高剂量组(Se 300μg/kgbw)(Ⅴ)、DM+亚硒酸钠组(Se 100μg/kgbw)(Ⅵ).结果Ⅴ组血糖(20.4±6.3)mmol/L明显低于Ⅲ组(45.3±3.3)mmoi/L,P＜0.05;肾脏三磷酸腺苷酶(Ca2+-ATPase)活性,Ⅴ组0.90±0.5明显高于Ⅲ组(0.35±0.1)μmol/(h·mg prot),P＜0.05;一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性,Ⅴ组(25.0±4.3)U/ml明显低于Ⅲ组(35.2±4.4)U/ml,P＜0.05.结论补硒剂量为Se 300μg/kgbw的硒蛋白能够显著的降低糖尿病小鼠血糖、提高肾脏Ca2+-ATPase活性和降低血浆NOS活性.     

糖尿病病人膳食生糖效应与膳食纤维摄入的关系研究

目的通过对膳食血糖指数(DGI)和膳食血糖负荷(DGL)的评估,研究膳食生糖效应与膳食纤维的关系。方法采用食物称重记账法调查105名2型糖尿病病人的2个3日膳食摄入状况,根据食物血糖指数和膳食碳水化合物摄入量计算DGI和DGL,采用酶-重量法测定食物中总膳食纤维(TDF)、不可溶性膳食纤维(IDF)和可溶性膳食纤维(SDF)含量。结果调查对象的DGI值是62.9±6.8,DGL值是142.4±39.8,TDF、IDF和SDF的摄入量分别是(22.5±6.7)g/d,(16.1±5.5)g/d,(6.4±2.0)g/d。DGI与TDF的相关系数是-0.407(P<0.01)。与DGI最低五分位组的调查对象相比,DGI最高五分位组的调查对象蔬菜类食物摄入量减少了221.9g(P<0.01),TDF、IDF和SDF摄入量分别减少了6.5g、5.0g和1.4g(P值均<0.01),其中由蔬菜提供的膳食纤维减少量最多,谷类摄入量增加了68.0g(P<0.01)。结论DGI与膳食纤维摄入量呈负相关。富含蔬菜和膳食纤维的膳食可降低膳食生糖效应。     

芦荟复方制剂对糖尿病模型小鼠的降糖作用研究

目的研究库拉索芦荟、苦瓜、葛根复方制剂对糖尿病模型小鼠血糖和糖耐量影响。方法实验一为正常小鼠,设空白对照和芦荟复方制剂高剂量组0.6 g/(kg·BW);实验二采用四氧嘧啶诱发小鼠糖尿病模型,造模成功后随机分为模型对照组和芦荟复方制剂低0.15 g/(kg·BW)、中0.3 g/(kg·BW)、高0.6 g/(kg·BW)剂量组。灌胃相应剂量的芦荟复方制剂或蒸馏水30天后,测定正常小鼠空腹血糖以及糖尿病模型小鼠空腹血糖和糖耐量的变化。结果芦荟复方制剂不影响正常小鼠的体重和空腹血糖水平。芦荟复方制剂3个剂量组与模型对照组比较,空腹血糖(F=9.2470,P=0.000 1)、0.5 h血糖(F=3.010,P=0.043)、2 h血糖(F=7.496,P=0.001)和血糖曲线下面积(F=6.090,P=0.002)均降低,差异有统计学意义。结论芦荟复方制剂具有降低糖尿病模型小鼠血糖和改善糖耐量的作用。     

葛根胶囊对实验性糖尿病小鼠的降血糖作用

目的探讨葛根胶囊对实验性糖尿病小鼠血糖的影响。方法尾静脉注射四氧嘧啶建立糖尿病小鼠模型,依据血糖水平随机分为4组:0.20 g/kg、0.40 g/kg、1.20 g/kg和模型对照组。另设正常动物对照组和高剂量组。连续灌胃30d,测定空腹血糖值和糖耐量。结果 1.20 g/kg剂量组空腹血糖、2 h血糖和血糖曲线下面积与模型对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);葛根胶囊对正常小鼠空腹血糖无明显影响。结论在本实验条件下,葛根胶囊对实验性糖尿病小鼠的血糖有降低作用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.