p38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶在脑缺血预适应中的作用研究近况

缺血预适应是机体对缺血性损伤的一种内源性保护机制。近来研究发现,p38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)的激活参与了脑缺血预适应的发生发展过程。关于p38MAPK在脑缺血预适应中的作用,报道的结果并不一致。本文就近十余年来p38MAPK在脑缺血预适应中的作用进展进行综述。     

罗格列酮对人肺腺癌A549细胞整合素β_1表达的影响

目的探讨过氧化物酶体增殖因子活化受体γ(PPARγ)配体罗格列酮对肺腺癌A549细胞粘附分子整合素β1表达的影响及其作用机制。方法用逆转录-聚合酶联反应(RT-PCR)和间接免疫荧光标记流式细胞仪分别测定罗格列酮对A549细胞PPARγ、整合素β1 mRNA和蛋白表达的影响。结果罗格列酮激动A549细胞PPARγ的表达,抑制整合素β1的mRNA及蛋白的表达,呈剂量依赖关系。用PPARγ阻断剂GW9662,可取消其对整合素β1的抑制作用(P<0.05),用丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路ERK抑制剂PD98059,可取消PPARγ对整合素β1的表达调控(P<0.05)。结论罗格列酮活化PPARγ抑制整合素β1的表达,丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路参与此过程。     

姜黄素对慢性炎症性疾病抗炎作用研究进展

慢性炎症被认为是一种潜在的病理状态,是体内长期存在低浓度致炎因子刺激且机体呈现持续感染状态,表现为单核细胞、淋巴细胞等聚集浸润,组织发生增生、病变等。研究表明慢性炎症可介导癌症、糖尿病、心血管疾病、神经系统疾病、炎症性肠病、肺部疾病等多种疾病。姜黄素是从中药姜黄中提取的多酚类活性成分,具有显著的抗炎活性,其在控制或治疗多种慢性炎症性疾病方面的疗效已被广泛报道。另一方面,炎症相关信号通路如Janus激酶(JAKs)/信号传导及转录激活蛋白(STATs)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(Akt)/雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)、Wnt/β-catenin、核因子-κB(NF-κB)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)/细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK)等,在多种慢性炎症性疾病的发病机制中发挥关键作用,这些通路中的信号分子被认为是新治疗手段的重要靶点,姜黄素可参与相关炎症信号通路产生抗炎作用。本文对近5年来姜黄素在慢性炎症性疾病中的药理研究以及姜黄素在炎症信号通路的调控作用进行综述,以期为姜黄素在慢性炎症性疾病的预防及治疗中的药物研发提供可借鉴的思路。     

姜黄素防治急性胰腺炎的作用机制研究进展

急性胰腺炎是常见的临床急性腹部疾病,其起病急、进展迅速、结局不良,限制炎症发展是急性胰腺炎治疗的有效策略。姜黄素是一种来自姜黄的黄色素,具有抗纤维化、抗癌、抗细胞凋亡和抗炎等多种活性。姜黄素可通过抑制核因子-κB(NF-κB)相关通路的活性,调控丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）信号通路,抑制Janus激酶2(JAK2)/信号转导及转录激活蛋白3(STAT3)信号通路,激活肌醇磷脂-3-激酶（PI3K）/丝氨酸-苏氨酸激酶（Akt）信号通路,抑制炎症因子分泌,抑制趋化因子上皮中性粒细胞激活肽78(ENA-78)的表达,抑制环氧化酶2(COX-2)的表达,改善细胞自噬功能,抑制胰腺星状细胞活化,减轻氧化应激反应,发挥防治急性胰腺炎的作用。综述了姜黄素防治急性胰腺炎的作用机制,以期为姜黄素的临床研究提供参考。     

细胞外信号调节激酶1/2信号通路与神经细胞凋亡研究

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)是三级酶联反应途径,由MAPK激酶激酶(MKKK)、MAPK激酶(MKK)、MAPK组成一条连续的激活途径。其中细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(ERK1/2)是MAPKs信号通路中一条经典且重要的途径[1]。在5个ERK家族成员中,ERK1与ERK2的作用较其他要更广泛,对二者的研究也更充分。ERK1/2广泛参与神经细胞凋亡的病理过程,目前,ERK1/2研究已经成为神经细胞凋亡领域中的热点,主要涉及神经变性疾病、脑缺血后神经细胞凋亡等。本文将对ERK1/2在神经细胞凋亡中的作用机制作一综述。     

小胶质细胞p38MAPK在病理性疼痛中作用的研究进展

有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase;MAPK)是不同的一类信号级联,目前认为脊髓小胶质细胞p38MAPK在病理性疼痛中有重要作用.本文综述了其在病理性疼痛中的研究进展.     

rhddADAM15蛋白抑制小鼠黑色素瘤细胞生长及其机制

目的探讨重组人ADAM15去整合素结构域蛋白(rhddADAM15)对小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16体外增殖、迁移、侵袭和凋亡等细胞行为的影响以及对p38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)信号通路的作用。方法 MTT法检测rhd-dADAM15对B16细胞增殖的抑制作用;划痕实验观察rhdd-ADAM15对B16细胞迁移的影响;"侵袭小室法"检测rhdd-ADAM15对B16细胞侵袭的作用;流式细胞术分析细胞周期变化;Western blot法检测rhddADAM15作用导致的p38MAPK激酶活性的变化。结果 rhddADAM15作用明显抑制B16细胞生长(IC50为13.80 mg.L-1),当浓度为7.5mg.L-1时,侵袭细胞数较对照组减少了0.55,对B16细胞迁移的抑制作用与共培养的时间呈正比,主要将B16细胞生长阻滞在G2/M期;当rhddADAM15浓度为10 mg.L-1时,p38MAPK激酶的磷酸化程度达0.80。结论 rhddADAM15对B16细胞行为具有明显的抑制作用,其机制可能与激活p38MAPK信号通路有关。     

p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶与骨代谢

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK）是机体广泛表达的丝氨酸/酪氨酸激酶,在哺乳动物细胞多种信号转导通路中起重要作用。p38MAPK信号通路是MAPK通路的一个重要分支,在细胞增殖、分化、凋亡和细胞周期调控等多种生理和病理过程中发挥重要作用。近年来,有关p38MAPK信号通路在与骨代谢相关的破骨细胞、成骨细胞、软骨细胞生长、代谢及功能方面的研究倍受关注。本文就p38MAPK与骨代谢相关研究进展进行综述,旨在探讨p38MAPK在骨代谢相关疾病中的作用机制。     

ERKl/2信号转导通路与肿瘤的相关性及治疗

ERKl/2(extrallular signal regul.ated protein kinase,又称P42/44MAPK,细胞外信号调节激酶)信号转导通路,是MAPK(mitogen activated protein kinase,丝裂原活化蛋白激酶)信号转导通路家族的一条。在近年来的研究中多种ERK1/2通路上的蛋白被发现,研究表明此信号通路异常与多种肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。因此,针对这条通路上的某些级联途径的一个部分,理论上都有抗肿瘤的作用。本文就该通路的特点及其异常与肿瘤的相关性及治疗上的一些进展作一综述。丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase,MAPK)系列是指参与细胞内若…     

p38 MAPK及其抑制剂在子宫内膜异位症中的作用

子宫内膜异位症(EMs)是与炎症有关的雌激素依赖性疾病。p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)受性激素、炎症因子等因素的激活,在细胞凋亡、增殖、炎症、应激等多种细胞反应中起着重要的作用,并直接参与子宫内膜异位症发生发展过程的调控。p38MAPK信号转导通路在性激素和炎症之间的特殊调节作用,将有助于更好地理解子宫内膜异位症错综复杂的病理假说。p38MAPK抑制剂在子宫内膜异位症的研究中发挥重要作用,且前景广阔。在信号通路水平上阻断和调控p38MAPK的表达和活性,有望成为防治子宫内膜异位症的新策略。     

Therapeutic potential of inhaled p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors for inflammatory pulmonary diseases

Background: Over the past two decades, p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) has been the subject of intense multidisciplinary research. p38 MAPK inhibitors have been shown to be efficacious in several disease models, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, and stroke. Recent studies support a role for p38 MAPK in the development, maintenance, and/or exacerbation of a number of pulmonary diseases, such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objective: Many previous attempts to develop p38 MAPK inhibitors have failed as a result of unacceptable safety profiles. These toxicities have been varied and are believed to derive from different off-target effects. Method: The above concerns can be overcome by delivering the compound locally to minimize whole-body burden, resulting in low exposure to the gastrointestinal, liver, and CNS. This review discusses the role of p38 MAPK in various inflammatory diseases, followed by the toxicity concerns associated with p38 MAPK inhibition. It also highlights the possible beneficial effect of delivering drugs via the inhalation route. Conclusion: We present proof-of-principle confirming the therapeutic potential of inhaled p38 inhibitors for asthma and other inflammatory pulmonary diseases.     

Inhibitors of stress-activated protein/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways

The importance of stress-activated protein/mitogen-activated protein kinase (SAP/MAPK) pathway signalling (involving c-Jun-N-terminal kinase [JNK], extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK] and p38 kinase) in normal cellular proliferation, differentiation and programmed cell death has led to significant recent advances in our understanding of the role of SAP/MAPK signaling in inflammatory disorders such as arthritis and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and pulmonary and neurogenerative diseases. The discovery that several natural products such as resveratrol, tangeretin and ligustilide non-specifically inhibit SAP/MAPK signalling in vitro should now be logically extended to studies designed to determine how agents in these natural products regulate SAP/MAPK pathways in animal models of disease. A new generation of small-molecule SAP/MAPK inhibitors that demonstrate increasing specificity for each of the JNK, ERK and p38 kinase isoforms has shown promise in animal studies and could eventually prove effective for treating human diseases. Several of these compounds are already being tested in human subjects to assess their oral bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and toxicity.     

Inflammation in methotrexate-induced pulmonary toxicity occurs via the p38 MAPK pathway

Methotrexate (MTX) has been widely used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as a variety of tumors. However, MTX-induced toxicity is a serious and unpredictable side effect of this therapy and an important clinical problem. We used microarray analysis to examine MTX-induced gene expression in a human lung epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) and identified 10 differentially expressed genes related to the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, including IL-1β, MKK6, and MAPKAPK2. Differential gene expression was confirmed via real-time RT-PCR. To determine the functional significance of MTX-induced p38 MAPK activation, we used a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) to block the p38 MAPK cascade. We also used protein array technology to investigate the modulated expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in BEAS-2B cells. MTX activated IL-1β expression and induced the phosphorylation of various proteins in the p38 MAPK cascade, including TAK1, MKK3/MKK6, p38 MAPK, MAPKAPK2, and HSP27. Finally, HSP27 activation may increase IL-8 secretion, resulting in a pulmonary inflammatory response such as pneumonitis. Although IL-1β and IL-8 expression increased, the expression of IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β decreased in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the modulation of cytokine expression may play an important role in MTX-induced pulmonary toxicity.     

3-amino-7-phthalazinylbenzoisoxazoles as a novel class of potent, selective, and orally available inhibitors of p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a central signaling molecule in many proinflammatory pathways, regulating the cellular response to a multitude of external stimuli including heat, ultraviolet radiation, osmotic shock, and a variety of cytokines especially interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Thus, inhibitors of this enzyme are postulated to have significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoporosis, and many other diseases where aberrant cytokine signaling is the driver of disease. Herein, we describe a novel class of 3-amino-7-phthalazinylbenzoisoxazole-based inhibitors. With relatively low molecular weight, these compounds are highly potent in enzyme and cell-based assays, with minimal protein shift in 50% human whole blood. Compound 3c was efficacious (ED 50 = 0.05 mg/kg) in the rat collagen induced arthritis (CIA) model.     

p38 MAPK信号传导通路及其抑制剂的研究现状

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPKs）级联反应是细胞内重要的信号传导系统之一,p38 MAPK信号传导通路是MAPK通路的分支之一,它通过转录因子磷酸化而改变基因的表达水平,参与多种胞内信息传递过程,能对广泛的细胞外刺激发生反应,介导细胞生长、发育、分化及死亡全过程。近年研究发现,p38 MAPK在许多疾病的发病过程中具有重要作用,其抑制剂也在相关疾病的动物模型和临床试验中获得令人可喜的成果。     

P2Y-receptors stimulating the proliferation of human mesangial cells through the MAPK42/44 pathway

1. Mesangial cell proliferation is observed in a number of kidney diseases. The sympathetic cotransmitter ATP is suspected to play a major role in proliferative processes. Therefore, the effects of exogenous ATP on human mesangial cells in culture were studied. 2. Fresh human kidney cortex was processed to obtain mesangial cells in culture. Effects of nucleotides on [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and the cell number were studied. The involved P2-receptors were characterized pharmacologically. In addition, we searched for mRNA for P2Y- and P2X-receptors by RT-PCR. 3. ATP (0.1-300 micro M) and related nucleotides induced a significant increase in [(3)H]thymidine incorporation up to 220% of control. The adenine nucleotides ATP and ADP were about equally effective. Also ATP-gamma-S, UTP, ADP-beta-S and 2-m-thio-ADP induced a weaker response. UDP and alpha-beta-methylene-ATP failed to induce an effect on [(3)H]thymidine uptake. 4. ATP (100 micro M) induced a fast activation of the MAPK(42/44) pathway. The effects of ATP on MAPK(42/44) activation and [(3)H]thymidine incorporation were reduced by the MAPK inhibitor PD 98059. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF 5 ng ml(-1)) increased the cell number to more than 122% of control. ATP (10 micro M) on top of PDGF amplified PDGF induced cell proliferation to 136% of control. 5. RT-PCR products for P2Y(1,2,4,6,11,12)- and P2X(1,2,4,5,6,7)-receptor subtypes were detected in human mesangial cells. 6. ATP has mitogenic effects on human mesangial cells. DNA synthesis is increased by the activation of the MAPK(42/44) pathway. ATP amplifies PDGF-induced cell hyperplasia.     

Cyclosporine A--induced oxidative stress in human renal mesangial cells: a role for ERK 1/2 MAPK signaling

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressant used to prevent organ transplant rejection and in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. However, chronic CsA nephropathy is the major limiting factor to its widespread use. The exact mechanisms of CsA-induced renal damage remain to be fully elucidated. The objective of the current research was to examine whether CsA treatment induced any glomerular mesangial cell alterations. In this research goal, human mesangial cells (HMCs) were treated with CsA for various time points. CsA caused an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Microarray analysis of mesangial cells treated with CsA also indicated 282 dysregulated genes. Bioinformatic analysis of these 282 genes indicated enriched apoptotic oxidative stress, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and transforming growth factor-β signaling in response to CsA treatment. The focus of this study was directed on oxidative stress and MAPK signaling as potential novel mechanisms of CsA nephrotoxicity. One key contributor to oxidative stress, thioredoxin interacting protein, was significantly upregulated following CsA treatment. Inhibition of the MAPK pathway resulted in attenuation of the CsA-induced mesangial cell alterations. These findings suggest a major role for ROS, oxidative stress, and MAPK signaling in promoting CsA-induced glomerular dysfunction and subsequent nephrotoxicity.     

p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates sidestream cigarette smoke-induced endothelial permeability

Second-hand smoke is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. So far, little is known about the signaling mechanisms of second-hand smoke-induced vascular dysfunction. Endothelial junctions are fundamental structures important for maintaining endothelial barrier function. Our study showed that sidestream cigarette smoke (SCS), a major component of second-hand smoke, was able to disrupt endothelial junctions and increase endothelial permeability. Sidestream cigarette smoke stimulated the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and myosin light chain (MLC). A selective inhibitor of p38 MAPK (SB203580) prevented SCS-induced loss of endothelial barrier integrity as evidenced by transendothelial resistance measurements. Resveratrol, an antioxidant that was able to inhibit SCS-induced p38 MAPK and MLC phosphorylation, also protected endothelial cells from the damage. Thus, p38 MAPK mediates SCS-induced endothelial permeability. Inhibition of p38 MAPK may have therapeutic potential for second-hand smoke-induced vascular injury.     

人抗凝血酶Ⅲ的临床应用研究

抗凝血酶Ⅲ（antithrombin Ⅲ,AT-Ⅲ）是人血浆中的一种多功能丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制蛋白,也是血液中的重要抗凝血因子,在生理性凝血机制中起重要作用。先天性或获得性AT-Ⅲ缺乏可导致血栓发生。临床上主要应用AT-Ⅲ 浓缩制剂防治血栓栓塞性疾病。此文就AT-Ⅲ在人体中的主要功能以及在临床治疗中的作用做简要综述。     

Role of mitogen-activated protein kinases in the response of tumor cells to chemotherapy.

Antitumor agents, despite having diverse primary mechanisms of action, mediate their effects by inducing apoptosis in tumor cells. Cellular commitment to apoptosis, or the ability to evade apoptosis in response to damage, involves the integration of a complex network of survival and death pathways. Among the best-characterized pathways regulating cell survival and cell death are those mediated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. Not surprisingly, MAPK signaling pathways have been implicated in the response of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Indeed, literature in this area has grown enormously in recent years, and the present review attempts to provide an overview and perspective of these advances. While the activities of the major MAPK subgroups are subject to modulation upon exposure of different types of cancer cell lines to diverse classes of antitumor agents, the response tend to be context-dependent, and can differ depending on the system and conditions. Despite these complexities, some important trends have surfaced, and molecular connections between MAPK signaling pathways and the apoptotic regulatory machinery are beginning to emerge. With increased evidence supporting a role for MAPK signaling in antitumor drug action, MAPK modulators may have potential as chemotherapeutic drugs themselves or as chemosensitizing agents. The ability of MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitors to block survival signaling in specific contexts and promote drug cytotoxicity represents an example, and recent knowledge of the pro-apoptotic functions of JNK and p38 suggests possible new approaches to targeted therapy. However, it will be important first to extrapolate the knowledge gained from these laboratory findings, and begin to address the role of MAPKs in the clinical response to chemotherapeutic drugs.