股骨近端骨肿瘤切除后特制人工假体置换

目的探讨股骨近端骨肿瘤切除后特制人工假体置换疗效。方法18例股骨近端骨肿瘤均采用瘤段切除、特制人工假体置换。结果18例均安全度过围手术期,4例于术后1年左右死亡。生存的14例关节获平均2年9个月随访,按Enneking肢体肌肉骨骼肿瘤外科治疗重建术后功能评估标准进行评估：4-5分10例,3分3例,1分1例。结论根据股骨近端肿瘤类型采用合理的肿瘤边缘完整切除手术,选择适当假体和治疗方式,能有效重建髋关节功能并达到保肢目的。     

股骨上段肿瘤切除后人工假体重建的临床研究

目的探讨肿瘤广泛切除后人工假体置换治疗股骨上段恶性肿瘤的疗效,总结并发症发生情况。方法1998年7月至2005年7月,对81例股骨上段骨肿瘤的患者行广泛切除后人工假体置换,肿瘤类型包括股骨近端转移癌30例,股骨近端原发恶性骨肿瘤39例,股骨上段周围原发恶性软组织肿瘤4例,股骨上段纤维异常增殖症3例,其他5例。9例患者使用了灭活肿瘤骨结合人工假体复合重建缺损,5例患者行异体骨人工关节复合体重建,其余67例患者均使用金属假体。术后功能评价采用MSTS93评分。结果30例骨转移癌患者中,因术后均转往相关肿瘤科室行放、化疗,随访率较低,局部复发率不详,但术后短期关节功能良好。76例（93．8％）患者术后半年MSTS93评分平均在25分以上。51例原发肿瘤患者术后随访1．5～7．0年,平均3．5年。1例患者出现髋脱位;2例患者出现假体迟发感染;2例患者出现假体松动;2例患者发生移植物与宿主骨接合处不愈合;2例患者出现髋臼磨损;3例患者出现髋部疼痛,行走困难;1例患者出现假体的下沉。5例患者在术后0．5～2．0年内发生了局部复发。结论股骨上段恶性骨肿瘤切除后应用人工假体重建骨缺损,并发症较少,可以早期进行康复训练,术后髋关节功能良好,可作为股骨上段恶性骨肿瘤切除后的首选重建方法。     

股骨近关节端低度恶性肿瘤切除后的人工关节置换术

目的　探讨对股骨近关节端破坏严重的低度恶性骨肿瘤切除后 ,采用人工关节置换达到保肢的疗效。方法　 1978年～ 1999年收治股骨近关节端低度恶性骨肿瘤 6 5例 ,对其中骨质破坏较严重的 15例 ,男 10例 ,女 5例 ,年龄 18～ 5 6岁。瘤段大块切除后 ,施行人工关节置换保肢术。骨巨细胞瘤 ( ～ 级 ) 10例 ,软骨肉瘤 5例 ,其中 A 5例 , B 9例 , A 1例 ;股骨近端 4例 ,股骨远端 11例。结果　术后创口均 期愈合。术后随访 9个月～ 2 0年 ,平均 4年 3个月 ,局部复发伴肺转移死亡 1例 ,外伤后致膝关节假体感染而截肢 1例 ,X线片示假体轻度塌陷 2例 ,其余患肢功能良好。结论　采用合理的边缘完整切除肿瘤手术 ,选择合适人工关节并正确安装 ,辅以综合治疗 ,能有效治疗破坏严重的股骨近关节端低度恶性肿瘤而达到良好保肢疗效     

定制人工股骨头治疗股骨上段转移性肿瘤

目的探讨股骨上段转移性肿瘤定制人工股骨头置换治疗的近期疗效。方法对14例股骨上段转移性肿瘤患者行瘤段骨切除和定制人工股骨头置换手术治疗。肾功能正常患者术后2周开始二膦酸盐类药物口服,并对患者的临床表现、局部影像学、疼痛情况及患侧肢体术后功能进行观察评定。结果术后患髋疼痛基本缓解,关节活动功能恢复满意,可满足日常行走和负重需要。14例均获随访,时间6～38个月。随访期内无假体松动、脱位及假体周围骨折等发生,手术局部肿瘤无复发。术后3个月时髋关节Harris评分:优4例,良9例,可1例。结论对股骨近段转移性肿瘤采用定制人工股骨头重建,可有效缓解疼痛,保留肢体功能,提高生存质量。     

定制型人工肘关节重建肘部肿瘤切除后骨缺损

目的 探讨肘关节周围肿瘤切除术后行全肘关节成形术的疗效及并发症处理.方法 1998年6月至2007年6月,19例患者在北京大学人民医院接受了肿瘤切除后全肘关节置换术.其中男性13例,女性6例;转移癌6例,骨巨细胞瘤1例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤(MFH)2例,骨肉瘤4例,尤文肉瘤3例,恶性淋巴瘤1例,滑膜肉瘤1例,骨的硬纤维瘤1例;年龄15～71岁,平均43岁;肱骨远端9例,尺骨近端5例,肱骨远端及尺骨近端均受累5例.结果 除1例失随访外,18例患者均至少随访1年或随访至死亡,平均随访时间37个月.根据Mayo评分标准,平均疼痛评分从3.6降至2.0.肘关节的平均屈伸范围由29°改善为73°(范围:55°～105°).14例患者手术效果优良(14/18,77.8%),4例患者手术效果可以接受(4/18,22.2%).尚无患者出现术后感染及伤口并发症.在随访期间,2例肺癌、1例直肠癌及1例卵巢癌骨转移患者均分别死于术后2年内.2例尤文肉瘤、1例MFH及1例骨肉瘤出现肺转移(4/18,22.2%),肿瘤局部复发2例(11.1%).3例患者术后随访中出现并发症(3/18,16.7%),1例患者术后5年出现肱骨假体柄穿出骨皮质,1例患者术后4年出现尺骨假体柄穿出骨皮质,2例均经设计较长假体柄行假体翻修术.1例患者术后4年出现肱骨假体柄松动,行假体翻修术后功能良好.结论 肿瘤切除后实施全肘关节成形术能够显著减轻疼痛,改善功能.转移瘤的患者,特别是其他方法 均不能缓解症状时,也可以采用这种手术方法.     

肱骨近端恶性骨肿瘤切除重建研究进展

肱骨近端是恶性骨肿瘤的好发部位。肱骨近端恶性骨肿瘤切除与重建因肩关节的动力结构受到肿瘤侵犯而变得较为困难,有的结构必须为完整切除肿瘤而牺牲,有的则难以重建完整的动力附着。为实现肿瘤局部根治并最大限度地保留肩关节功能,不仅术前需要对肿瘤和患者进行综合评估,也要对术中如何完整切除肿瘤,尽量保留肩关节动力结构进行充分准备,根据骨和软组织缺损及患者具体情况选择适当的重建方法。该文对肱骨近端恶性骨肿瘤切除后的常用重建方法和注意事项作一简要综述。     

骨肿瘤保肢手术中以人工关节重建股骨上端

目的探讨在股骨上端肿瘤患者的保肢手术中以肿瘤型人工髋关节假体重建骨缺损的疗效及并发症。方法回顾分析浙江大学医学院附属第二医院骨科自1999年3月至2006年12月间45例骨肿瘤保肢手术中以肿瘤型人工髋关节重建股骨上端的临床资料，其中转移性肿瘤26例，恶性淋巴瘤2例，骨肉瘤4例，软骨肉瘤3例，恶性纤维组织细胞瘤2例，尤文肉瘤1例，平滑肌肉瘤1例，侵袭性骨母细胞瘤1例，骨巨细胞瘤5例。结果本组患者均获得随访，随访时间8-61个月，平均26个月。所有患者的5年生存率为41％。其中3例发生术后感染，4例患者发生术后髋关节脱位，脱位患者均为全髋重建，3例患者术后局部复发，2例患者发生深静脉血栓形成，1例发生假体周围骨折，假体的5年生存率为82％。43例患者的MSTS评分为（21．0±4．3）分。结论在股骨上端肿瘤的保肢手术中以人工髋关节来重建骨缺损是一种安全、有效的方法，术后关节功能良好。     

肿瘤型假体重建膝关节周围原发性肿瘤切除后骨缺损

目的总结膝关节周围原发性骨肿瘤保肢手术中人工关节重建的疗效和并发症。方法回顾性分析我院1995年12月至2005年12月83例应用肿瘤型假体重建膝关节周围骨肿瘤切除后骨缺损的临床资料。其中骨肉瘤58例,多中心骨肉瘤2例,皮质旁骨肉瘤1例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤4例,骨巨细胞瘤13例,平滑肌肉瘤1例,尤文肉瘤2例,软骨肉瘤2例。根据骨缺损重建部位分组：股骨下端组44例,胫骨上端组34例,全股骨置换组5例。结果所有患者均获得随访,随访时间12～130个月,平均41个月。局部复发6例,2例晚期感染,假体松动2例,无假体断裂;假体3、5年生存率分别为88．2％、82．1％。41例植骨患者形成皮质外骨桥。肢体肌肉骨骼肿瘤外科治疗重建术后功能评分：股骨下端组19．0—29．0分,平均25．0分;胫骨上端组17．0—28．0分,平均24．4分;全股骨置换组16．0—21．0分,平均19．0分。股骨下端组和胫骨上端组功能优于全股骨置换。结论肿瘤型人工关节重建膝关节周围骨肿瘤并发症发生率低,关节功能良好。     

全髋关节翻修术中股骨骨缺损重建方法的选择

由于全髋关节置换术数量的增加、实行全髋关节置换术的医生水平参差不齐、国产低质量假体的大量使用,以及接受手术患者的逐渐年轻化,全髋关节翻修数量也迅速增加。而人工全髋关节翻修术是一种技术复杂、操作困难而情况多变的手术[1-2]。在翻修中,面临最困难的问题往往是对严重骨缺损的处理和重建,股骨翻修同样面临这个问题,股骨翻修的方法很多,     

肿瘤型与常规型人工全髋关节置换股骨假体安放的对比研究

目的通过对比两种人工全髋关节置换手术股骨假体安放的技术,提高对术中股骨假体安放及假体周围软组织修复的认识。 方法2012年1月至2016年1月,选取郑州市骨科医院骨病骨肿瘤科同期收治的髋部肿瘤、股股骨头坏死、股骨颈骨折行髋关节置换手术治疗的患者,排除肿瘤已全身转移且不宜手术治疗的患者,并随机分为对照组和观察组行人工全髋关节置换者90例95髋,男53例56髋,女37例39髋;年龄12～81岁,平均(55±14)岁。其中行肿瘤型人工全髋关节假体置换者(A组)12例12髋;行常规初次人工全髋关节置换者(B组)78例83髋。术中两组患者参照多处解剖标志安放股骨假体,并最大限度重建假体周围软组织解剖结构。对两组患者的手术时间、术中术后出血量、住院天数和髋关节Harris评分进行秩和检验和方差分析。 结果两组患者90例获3～30个月的随访,平均(36±7)个月的随访。在手术时间和术中术后出血量上两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);住院天数两组比较差异有统计学意义(t＝2.027,P<0.05)。两组患者术前、术后Harris评分经统计学分析,差异有统计学意义(F＝4.662,P<0.05),两组患者其术后髋关节功能得到提高,差异有统计学意义(F＝2.679,P<0.05),术后B组患者的髋关节功能优于A组患者。随访期内两组患者均未发现术后下肢不等长、术后关节脱位、感染、假体松动、假体周围骨折、坐骨神经损伤等并发症。肿瘤型假体组1例由于外展肌力不全,出现行走步态异常。 结论股骨假体位置的正确安放及假体周围组织完整性的保持和术后重建恢复是术后髋关节获得良好功能的前提条件。     

股骨近端上移重建骨盆肿瘤切除后的骨缺损

 目的 总结以股骨近端上移重建骨盆肿瘤切除后骨缺损的手术技术要点,探讨其手术适应证。方法 自2006年10月至2011年5月,对5例骨盆恶性肿瘤患者采用同侧股骨近端截骨上移重建骨盆环连续性、肿瘤型人工关节假体重建髋关节,男3例,女2例;年龄19~55岁,平均30.6岁。软骨肉瘤3例、原始神经外胚层瘤2例。3例肿瘤累及骨盆Ⅰ+Ⅱ区,2例累及Ⅱ+Ⅲ区。所有患者均获得随访,统计并发症发生情况,采用国际骨肿瘤协会(Musculoskeletal Tumor Society, MSTS)功能评分评价患肢功能,评价肿瘤学预后。结果 至末次随访时5例患者中1例死亡,1例带瘤生存,其余3例无瘤生存。主要并发症包括肿瘤局部复发、假体松动、植骨不愈合、浅表感染、坐骨神经麻痹。1例患者术后15个月发生植骨不愈合,内固定松动,可扶拐行走。1例患者因假体松动,术后26个月行翻修手术。1例患者术后6个月肿瘤局部复发改行截肢手术;1例术后18个月局部复发,未进一步处理带瘤生存。MSTS评分为11~25分,平均19.2分。结论 同侧股骨近端上移重建骨盆肿瘤切除后的骨缺损是一种有效重建骨盆连续性的方法,既适用于骨盆Ⅱ+Ⅲ区缺损,也适用于骨盆Ⅰ+Ⅱ区缺损。但此术式仍具有较高的并发症发生率,其近期效果与骨盆假体类似,远期疗效有待于进一步观察。     

Segmental limb reconstruction after tumor resection

Limb salvage of large segmental and osteoarticular defects after tumor resection has become the standard of care for most patients with musculoskeletal tumors because overall survival is the same when compared with that seen in amputation patients. This study examines limb salvage for the surgical management of large segmental defects in terms of local recurrence, complications, and functional outcome in both primary and metastatic lesions. We retrospectively identified 32 patients with benign or malignant tumors of bone who underwent resection and limb salvage reconstruction by means of a custom or modular metal implant between 1985 and 1995. The most common tumor sites were the proximal femur (41%), distal femur (37.5%), and proximal humerus (12.5%). Primary bone lesions accounted for 18 patients (56%); metastatic disease accounted for 14 patients (44%). Osteosarcoma (n = 11) and chondrosarcoma (n = 3) were the most frequent primary tumors. The overall limb salvage rate (91%) was high, yet complications (28%) were common. Except for 3 patients who underwent amputation after prosthetic failure, all surviving patients were independent with or without assistive devices at latest follow-up. In patients with advanced metastatic disease, average survival was 7.6 months. No cases of aseptic loosening or implant breakage were observed in patients followed up for 2 years or more. Treatment after tumor resection with a limb salvage prosthetic reconstruction has shown good functional outcomes with an acceptable complication rate. This modality, therefore, offers patients a more favorable functional outcome with a more energy-efficient gait when compared with limb amputation.     

肩关节肿瘤切除和重建后的患肢功能观察

目的 肩关节肿瘤切除后,探讨不同重建方式的患肢长期功能。方法回顾性分析32例肩关节肿瘤保肢患者的临床资料。重建方式包括：8例一期肩关节融合,7例假体异体骨复合物,6例功能性间隔物,5例未行重建或悬吊术,3例假体,2例带血管蒂腓骨和1例异体骨。结果23例生存患者平均随访81个月。不同重建方式的功能评分分别为：一期肩关节融合为87％,主动运动优良,肩部有力;假体异体骨复合物为79％,间隔物为66％,未重建为85％,假体为60％和带血管蒂腓骨为73％。结论肩关节肿瘤的重建方式是根据切除范围和患者的实际需要来选择。如外展肌群无法重建,肩关节融合的功能良好,肩部有力;如果外展肌群可以重建,假体异体骨复合物功能较好。     

Cardiomyoplasty: ventricular reconstruction after tumor resection

OBJECTIVE: Although cardiac transplantation has been performed for complete removal of ventricular tumors, complete surgical resection with ventricular reconstruction is desirable. Thus patients with benign tumors would probably be cured, and those with malignant tumors would have a better prognosis. In this study extensive and complete surgical resection of ventricular tumors is followed by anatomic and functional ventricular reconstruction with a dynamic cardiomyoplasty procedure. METHODS: Seven patients (mean age, 32.7 years) underwent complete resection of ventricular tumors. Histologic types were distributed as follows: fibroma in 2 patients and sarcoma, lymphosarcoma, hemangioma, lipoma, and metastatic angiosarcoma, respectively, in the remaining 5 patients. Six of the patients were considered candidates for heart transplantation because of the extent of tumor invasion. Surgery consisted of 4 steps: (1) tumor resection; (2) coronary artery resection (when invaded by the tumor) and coronary artery bypass grafting; (3) valvular reconstruction (when possible) or replacement; and (4) ventricular wall reconstruction with a pericardial patch for closure of the ventricular defect (neoendocardium) covered by the electrostimulated latissimus dorsi muscle flap (neomyocardium). RESULTS: All patients survived surgical intervention, but 2 late postoperative deaths are reported. Among the surviving patients, early complications played a major role in their postoperative course and consisted of arrhythmias, atrioventricular block necessitating a dual-chamber pulse generator, respiratory insufficiency, and heart failure. Two patients were assisted postoperatively with an intra-aortic balloon pump. On postoperative follow-up (mean, 72.4 +/- 8.5 months), an improvement in the patients' functional status was observed. Patients moved from a mean New York Heart Association functional class of 2.8 to a mean functional class of 1.2. CONCLUSIONS: The excellent long-term evolution without recurrence, ventricular dysfunction, and/or thromboembolic complications implies that cardiomyoplasty could be recommended as an alternative to heart transplantation for the therapy of large ventricular tumors.     

Complex segmental elbow reconstruction after tumor resection

Twenty-three patients were reviewed retrospectively to determine their oncologic and functional outcomes after resection of 15 primary or eight metastatic tumors about the elbow between 1985 and 2000. The indications for resection were dictated by the histologic features of the tumor, location of the lesion, and extent of bone destruction. A total humeral reconstruction was done in 12 patients. Of this group, an endoprosthesis was used in seven patients and a total humeral allograft with a proximal humeral prosthesis and osteoarticular elbow reconstruction (allograft-prosthetic composite) was used in five patients. Eleven additional patients had a segmental total elbow replacement after resection of the distal humerus or proximal ulna. Local disease control was achieved in 17 patients (74%). Fourteen patients presented with (48%) or had (13%) distant metastasis develop, but only eight (35%) died of their disease. Periprosthetic lysis or allograft resorption was present in five patients (22%), and two (18%) humeral components of total elbow prostheses required revision for loosening. The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society functional score was 23 of 30 points (77%) in the 12 living patients followed up for a mean of 46 months (range, 24-124 months). It was 83% in patients with a segmental total elbow reconstruction and 71% in patients with a total humeral reconstruction. Aggressive limb salvage of the humerus or elbow or both provides a satisfactory functional outcome without jeopardizing overall survival.     

Diaphragm reconstruction combined with thoraco-abdominal wall reconstruction after tumor resection

Background: Thoraco-abdominal wall resection including diaphragm resection results in a challenging surgical defect. Various methods have been used for diaphragm reconstruction. The aim of this study was to describe our methods of diaphragm and thoraco-abdominal wall reconstruction after combined resection of these anatomical structures.

Methods: Twenty-one patients underwent diaphragm resection at our institution between 1997 and 2015. We used a mesh or direct closure for diaphragm defect and a mesh for chest wall stabilization. A pedicled or free flap for soft tissue coverage was used when direct closure was not possible.

Results: Indications for resection were primary sarcoma (n?=?14), cancer metastasis (n?=?4), desmoid tumor (n?=?2), and solitary fibrous tumor (n?=?1). The median patient age was 58.9 years. The diaphragm was pulled to its original position and sutured directly (n?=?15) or reconstructed with mesh (n?=?6). Chest wall reconstructions were performed with a mesh (n?=?14), mesh and a pedicled flap (n?=?4), mesh and a free flap (n?=?3). No perioperative mortality occurred. One-year and 5-year survival rates were 85.7 and 65.9%, respectively, while overall recurrence-free rates were 80.4 and 60.8%, respectively.

Conclusions: We have described our surgical methods for the resection of tumors of the chest or abdominal wall, including our method of distal diaphragm resection with wide or clear surgical margins. The method is safe and the reconstructions provided adequate stability, as well as water-tight and air-tight closure of the chest cavity. There were no cases of paradoxical movement of the chest or of diaphragm or thoraco-abdominal hernia.     

Hemipelvic allograft reconstruction after periacetabular bone tumor resection

We reviewed the results of 19 patients with hemipelvic allograft reconstructions after periacetabular tumor resection at Massachusetts General Hospital from 1977 to 1996. Histological diagnosis showed chondrosarcoma (in 7 patients), osteosarcoma in 5, and other tumors in 7. Seventeen patients were continuously disease-free for 12–228 months (mean, 57 months). One patient died of sepsis caused by wound infection after surgery for local recurrence. Results of evaluation (by the Mankin scale) in the 19 patients were: excellent in 1, good in 6, fair in 5, and failure in 7. Of the 19 patients, 5 (28%) had wound infection, and 3 patients had local recurrence. Allograft fracture was observed in 1 patient. Allograft and bipolar prosthesis were used in 11 patients, and migration of the bipolar prosthesis was observed in 4 of these patients. In 7 patients the femoral head was preserved; 2 patients received total hip arthroplasty because of osteoarthrosis in the hip joint or collapsed allograft. Migration of the bipolar prosthesis, with eventual osteoathrosis in the hip joint was also observed. However, hemipelvic allograft was thought to be an alternative useful reconstruction method despite the unresolved problems of loosening, dislocation, and breakage of the custom-made prosthetic hemipelvis. Received for publication on Sept. 24, 1998; accepted on Nov. 4, 1999     

Mechanical characteristics of proximal femoral reconstruction after 50% resection

Six techniques of proximal femoral replacement were compared in vitro with the use of compression, bending, and torsional testing in a canine model. One femur of each pair was osteotomized in the midshaft region, and the proximal portion was replaced with one of six techniques. These techniques included (a) a segmental proximal femoral endoprosthesis cemented into the distal femur with no allograft (technique E_s); (b) a long-stem endoprosthesis press-fit into an allograft and cemented into the distal femur with a transverse osteotomy (technique A_T); (c) the same construct as technique A_T, but with a step-cut at the osteotomy (technique A_S); (d) a long-stem endoprosthesis interlocked into an allograft and cemented into the distal femur with a transverse osteotomy (technique A_I); (e) a short-stem endoprosthesis cemented into an allograft combined with one plate laterally stabilizing the allograft to the distal femur with a transverse osteotomy (technique A_P1); and (f) the same construct as technique A_P1, but with an additional plate cranially (technique A_P2). A long-stem endoprosthesis cemented into the contralateral intact femur served as the control. Techniques that involved a long-stem endoprosthesis and cementing distally (A_T, A_S, and A_I) were more resistant in torsion than the plated replacement techniques (A_P1 and A_P2). The segmental replacement construct (E_S) was equal to or stronger than all other techniques under each testing condition. In torsion, the addition of a step-cut (A_S) significantly lowered angular displacement of the reconstruction when compared with the reconstruction with a transverse osteotomy (A_T) (p ≤ 0.05). Bones with one-plate fixation (A_P1) were significantly weaker in torsional stiffness and maximum torque and in mediolateral bending (p ≤ 0.05) than all other techniques. The addition of a second plate (A_P2) increased the mechanical properties of the construct so that it was greater than the one-plate method and was equal to (bending and compression) or still weaker (torsion) than the other techniques. The results indicate that segmental replacement methods and allograft/endoprosthetic composites that involve long-stem endoprostheses fixed with cement are mechanically superior to methods that involve short-stem endoprostheses with single or double plating at the osteotomy sites.     

Total reconstruction of the femoral canal and the inguinal wall after resection of a recurrent desmoid tumor

Summary The authors report a clinical case of desmoid tumor of the left inguinal region whose excision necessitated removal of the anterior wall of the inguinal region and of the entire walls of the femoral canal. The reconstruction of these different walls was made by means of two prostheses: one to reconstitute the sheath of the iliofemoral vascular canal, the other to reconstitute the anterior wall of the left inguinal region. The report of this clinical case is taken as an opportunity to review the special nature of these tumors and their course and treatment.     

Composite reconstruction after proximal radial giant cell tumor resection

Giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone involving the proximal radius is extremely rare. Here, the authors present the case of a 33-year-old man with an expansile, osteolytic lesion in the proximal radius, which was diagnosed by biopsy as GCT. The rarity of this lesion in the proximal radius is highlighted, and the authors describe their method of reconstruction, which involved en-bloc excision followed by reconstruction with polyethylene, pins, a screw, and bone cement. An acceptable intermediate term result was achieved.