HPLC法测定齐墩果酸胶囊中齐墩果酸的含量

建立高效液相色谱法测定齐墩果酸胶囊的含量.采用HYPERSIL C18色谱柱;流动相:甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(90:10);流速:1.0mL·min-1;检测波长:210nm.齐墩果酸在1.018～10.18цg范围内线性关系良好(r=1.0000);齐墩果酸平均回收率99.6%,RSD=0.8%.该方法灵敏、准确,可用于齐墩果酸胶囊的含量测定.     

HPLC法测定和仁胶囊中齐墩果酸的含量

目的 建立HPLC法测定和仁胶囊中齐墩果酸的含量.方法 采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Hypersil ODS C18(4.6×250mm,5μm),检测波长为215nm,流动相为甲醇-水-醋酸铵-乙腈(9∶20∶0.8∶70),流速为1.0mL·min-1.结果 齐墩果酸在浓度64μg～320μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9997),平均回收率为100.1%,RSD为1.32%.结论 本方法操作简便,快速,重复性好,精密度高,结果准确可靠,可用于和仁胶囊中齐墩果酸的含量测定.     

高效液相色谱法测定胃炎停胶囊中齐墩果酸、熊果酸的含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定胃炎停胶囊中齐墩果酸、熊果酸的含量.方法:以SB-C18柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm)为分离柱,流动相:甲醇-水(85∶15),检测波长:220 nm.结果:齐墩果酸在0.36～1.80 μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9998,样品中齐墩果酸的含量为3.68%(mg/g),其回收率为:97.40%, RSD为2.10%(n=5);熊果酸在0.36～1.44 μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9980,样品中熊果酸的含量为6.49%(mg/g), 其回收率为101.21%,RSD为2.40%(n=5).结论:本法简便、准确、可靠.     

威草胶囊的制备及质量控制

目的:制备威草胶囊并建立其质量控制方法。方法:用薄层色谱法对威草胶囊中白术、枸杞子和金钱草进行定性鉴别,并用薄层扫描法对齐墩果酸进行含量测定。结果:白术、枸杞子和金钱草的定性鉴别专属性强:齐墩果酸的线性范围为0. 52～5.20μg·ml~(-1)(r=0.999 0),平均回收率为99.02%(RSD=1.73%)。结论:该制剂制备工艺可行,质量控制方法可靠。     

UPLC-PDA法测定藏药翼首草不同药用部位中齐墩果酸和熊果酸的含量

目的:建立测定藏药翼首草不同药用部位中齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量的方法,并比较其不同部位之间的含量差异。方法:采用超高效液相色谱-光电二极管阵列检测器(UPLC-PDA)测定翼首草不同药用部位(全草、地上部位和地下部位)齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量。色谱柱为Acquity UPLC HSS T3(150 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm);流动相为甲醇-0.1 mol/L乙酸铵溶液(88∶12,V/V),流速为0.2 m L/min;检测波长为210 nm;柱温为30℃;进样量为5μL。结果:齐墩果酸和熊果酸的检测质量浓度线性范围分别为10.65~1 065μg/m L(r=0.999 6)、18.8~1 880μg/m L(r=0.999 4),平均加样回收率分别为96.95%(RSD=1.24%,n=9)、98.12%(RSD=2.13%,n=9),精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD均小于3%。不同药用部位的齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量的高低整体趋势为地上部位>全草>地下部位;翼首草全草中齐墩果酸和熊果酸平均总量为0.35%,地上部位中为0.56%,地下部位中为0.09%。结论:建立的方法快速、准确可靠、重复性好,适合于藏药翼首草不同药用部位中齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量的测定。翼首草地上部位中齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量较全草、地下部位高,建议使用地上部位入药。     

HPLC法测定龙牙肝泰胶囊中齐墩果酸的含量

目的采用高效液相色谱法测定龙牙肝泰胶囊中齐墩果酸的含量。方法采用C18柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),以甲醇-乙腈-水-冰醋酸(72:13:15:0.4)为流动相,流速为1mL.min-1,检测波长为225nm,柱温30℃。结果齐墩果酸的平均加样回收率为98.4%,RSD为0.88%(n=9)。齐墩果酸在1.034～20.68μg范围内,进样量与峰面积值呈良好的线性关系。结论该方法操作简便、快速,结果准确。     

高效液相色谱质谱法测定齐墩果酸固体分散物的溶出度研究

目的: 建立齐墩果酸高效液相色谱质谱联用(HPLC MS)浓度测定方法,并用于溶出度实验时溶出液中齐墩果酸的测定。方法:采用高效液相色谱质谱联用法测定齐墩果酸固体分散物溶出度实验中齐墩果酸的浓度。结果: 在0. 2 ~12. 8mg·L-1的浓度范围内,齐墩果酸线性关系良好(r= 0. 999 7 ),高、中、低浓度回收率分别为98. 6 %, 99. 3 %, 102. 4 % (n=5),日内RSD低于5. 0 % (n=5),日间RSD低于10. 0 % (n=5)。结论:本方法灵敏度高、分析时间短、杂质干扰少,可用于齐墩果酸溶出度实验的研究及制剂含量的测定。     

薄层扫描法测定肝喜乐胶囊中齐墩果酸的含量

目的建立测定肝喜乐胶囊中齐墩果酸含量的薄层扫描法.方法采用薄层扫描法,以氯仿-甲醇(19∶ 1)为展开剂,10%硫酸乙醇溶液为显色剂,扫描波长为λs＝530 nm,λr＝680 nm.结果齐墩果酸线性范围为1.066～6.396 μg,平均回收率97.08%.结论方法操作简便、合理,结果准确可靠可用于测定肝喜乐胶囊中齐墩果酸的含量.     

薄层扫描法测定复方止咳胶囊中齐墩果酸含量

薄层扫描法测定复方止咳胶囊中齐墩果酸的含量。选用硅胶 G薄层板 ,氯仿 -甲醇 -冰醋酸 ( 2 0∶ 1∶ 0 .2 )为展开剂 ,双波长锯齿扫描 (λS=5 30 nm,λR=70 0 nm) ,齐墩果酸在 1～ 5μg呈良好的线性关系 ,平均回收率为 98.6% ( n =4) ,RSD为 2 .1 3%     

RP-HPLC测定健脾益肾颗粒中齐墩果酸的含量

目的建立RP-HPLC测定健脾益肾颗粒中齐墩果酸含量的方法。方法采用Platisil ODS柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.4%磷酸(90∶10V/V),流速1.0mL/min;检测波长210nm,柱温40℃。结果齐墩果酸在0.525~3.675μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999,n=7),最低检测质量浓度为0.525μg,健脾益肾颗粒中齐墩果酸的含量为40.4087~42.1088mg/g。结论该方法具有操作简便、方法可靠、结果准确,稳定性好的特点,适合应用于健脾益肾颗粒中齐墩果酸的含量测定及质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.