冠脉CT与冠脉造影诊断心肌桥的临床价值比较

目的:比较冠脉CT与冠脉造影诊断心肌桥的临床价值。方法:收集2015年7月~2020年7月苏州大学第二附属医院心内科收治的107例疑似冠心病患者临床资料。依次进行冠脉CT和冠脉造影检查,计算壁冠状动脉（MCA）狭窄程度,观察前降支、对角支、钝缘支、后降支和回旋支冠脉分布走行以及与心肌的关系,测量心肌桥长度和厚度。比较两种检查方法图像质量优良率、心肌桥检出率以及心肌桥测量指标。分析两种检查方法显示MCA狭窄程度和诊断心肌桥的一致性。以冠脉造影为金标准,计算敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值,评估冠脉CT判断MCA中重度狭窄和诊断心肌桥的价值。结果:两种检查方法图像质量优良率均较好,冠脉CT心肌桥检出率显著高于冠脉造影（25.23% vs 14.02%, P<0.05）;冠脉CT测得心肌桥长度大于冠脉造影,MCA狭窄程度低于冠脉造影,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;冠脉CT和冠脉造影显示MCA狭窄程度的一致性较好（Kappa=0.832, P<0.05）;与冠脉造影比较,冠脉CT判断MCA中重度狭窄的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为90.63%、86.67%、74.36%、95.59%、87.85%;冠脉CT和冠脉造影诊断心肌桥的一致性较好（Kappa=0.815, P<0.05）;与冠脉造影比较,冠脉CT诊断心肌桥的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为64.29%、73.33%、69.23%、68.75%、68.97%。结论:冠脉CT与冠脉造影对心肌桥诊断均具有一定价值,而冠脉CT具有无创性、图像质量优良率高,且对心肌桥位置及分布显示佳,并对MCA狭窄具有较高敏感度和特异度,更具临床应用优势。     

冠脉造影数字跟踪法测定冠脉血流速度与Doppler血流速度相关分析

目的研究冠脉造影数字跟踪技术测定冠脉血流速度与Doppler血流速度之间的相关性。方法入选住院冠脉造影病人40例,包括左前降支(LAD)单支病变行介入治疗(PCI)10例,诊断性冠脉造影30例(冠脉造影正常、心肌桥、轻-中度狭窄病变)。所有病例采用冠脉造影数字跟踪技术测定LAD平均血流速度(CFVm),其中15例用冠脉造影TIMI计帧法测定LAD血流速度(帧.f)。另15例使用Doppler导丝测定LAD平均峰值血流速度(APV),并与CFVm作相关分析。结果冠脉造影数字跟踪法测定LAD的CFVm(18.58±6.46)与Doppler导丝测得的LAD近端(17.42±5.99)和远端(17.93±5.78)的APV显著相关(r=0.79.r=0.64);而与TIMI计帧法血流速度呈弱相关(r=-0.47)。PCI治疗成功后,随着狭窄最小腔径增加,跟踪法血流速度加快(P<0.01),CFVm≥20cm/s。结论冠脉造影数字跟踪技术测定冠脉血流速度与Doppler血流速度显著相关,两者表达单位一致,方法简便易行,重复性好,可以用作常规冠脉造影血流速度定量指标。     

不稳定型心绞痛与稳定型心绞痛冠状动脉内皮功能的比较研究

目的检测不稳定型心绞痛患者冠状动脉内皮功能 ,并与稳定型心绞痛比较 ,以探讨内皮功能在不稳定型心绞痛发生机制中的作用。方法20例冠心病不稳定型心绞痛患者 (男15例 ,女5例 ,年龄58.3±7.4岁 )和17例稳定型心绞痛患者 (男14例 ,女3例 ,年龄57.7±8.6岁 ) ,实施冠状动脉造影后 ,向冠脉内依次以递增剂量 (左冠脉分别为20ug 、40ug、100ug,右冠脉分别为20ug、50ug)注入乙酰胆碱。以定量冠脉造影分析软件分别测量狭窄病变段最小腔径、邻近病变的造影正常段和正常冠状动脉支的基础内径值和注入乙酰胆碱最大剂量后的内径值 ,比较两组在上述部位的内径变化率。结果两组在注入乙酰胆碱后各检测部位的内径均较基础值显著缩小。在狭窄病变段和邻近病变的造影正常段 ,不稳定型心绞痛组的内径变化率显著大于稳定型心绞痛组[( -59±38) %vs( -37±33) %,P<0.01;( -40±29) %vs( -21±20) %,P<0.01]。在正常冠状动脉 ,不稳定型心绞痛组的内径变化率亦呈现出大于稳定型心绞痛组的趋势 ,但未达到显著意义[( -16±15) %vs( -12±9) %,P<0.05]。结论不稳定型心绞痛冠状动脉内皮功能障碍较稳定型心绞痛明显加重 ,表明冠状动脉内皮功能的恶化是不稳定型心绞痛发生、发展的重要机制之一 ,因而改善和稳定血管内皮功能将有助     

盐酸法舒地尔对心绞痛患者冠状动脉慢血流的疗效

目的:观察盐酸法舒地尔治疗冠状动脉慢血流(CSFP)心绞痛的疗效。方法:将72例冠状动脉造影发现CSFP的心绞痛患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组36例,均给予心绞痛常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗基础上静脉滴注盐酸法舒地尔60mg,1次/天,每月治疗10天,连续3个月。3个月后复查冠脉造影TIMI血流并观察心绞痛缓解情况,比较两组差异。结果:观察组心绞痛改善总有效率88.89%,与对照组(72.22%)相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组治疗前后TIMI计帧值(25.63±4.02 vs 31.67±5.32)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而对照组(30.73±5.14 vs 32.05±8.02)无明显差异(P>0.05)。观察期间未发现不良反应。结论:盐酸法舒地尔可改善CSFP并缓解心绞痛症状。     

多层螺旋CT评估心肌桥及伴发血管粥样硬化病变的诊断价值

目的 探讨256层螺旋CT评估心肌桥及伴发血管粥样硬化病变的诊断价值。方法 回顾性收集接受256层螺旋CT检查并于30 d内行选择性冠脉造影检查的（疑似冠心病患者）101例患者相关资料。统计多层螺旋CT和CAG对心肌桥的检出率及检出心肌桥的位置分布;并测量心肌桥的长度,CT血管成像评估载心肌桥-壁冠状动脉冠脉分支粥样硬化的狭窄程度。结果 256层螺旋CT检出16例患者共18段心肌桥,检出率为15.84%,其中最常见的心肌桥部位是前降支中段心肌桥为16段,出现率为88.89%（16/18）。CAG仅检出4例患者共4段心肌桥,检出率为3.96%。256层螺旋CT测量心肌桥的平均长度为（27.20±16.30）mm,CAG证实的CTA评价的载MB-MCA血管节段狭窄程度≥50%有5段（27.78%）,CAG证实的CTA评价的载MB-MCA血管节段近段狭窄程度≥50%有6段（33.33%）。结论 256层螺旋CT对心肌桥的检出率明显高于CAG;更清晰显示心肌桥形态结构,并可观察伴发血管的粥样硬化病变。     

心肌血流储备分数在冠状动脉临界病变中的应用

目的:探讨心肌血流储备分数(FFR)在冠状动脉临界病变处理中的意义。方法:经冠状动脉造影(CAG)证实单支血管病变程度介于50%～70%的临界病变心脏病患者24例,对狭窄血管行FFR测定,测量值FFR<0.75的患者行支架植入,FFR≥0.75的患者行药物治疗,8个月后比较两组患者的冠状动脉狭窄程度、FFR及心绞痛发生情况。结果:FFR<0.75组植入支架前后冠脉狭窄程度由(68.00±10.00)%下降到(8.00±2.00)%(P<0.01),FFR值由(0.70±0.03)%提高到(0.92±0.03)%(P<0.01),心绞痛发生例数由10例减少为0例(P<0.01)。FFR≥0.75组药物治疗前后各指标比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。组间治疗后比较,FFR<0.75组冠脉狭窄程度较FFR≥0.75组显著降低,FFR值升高,心绞痛发生例数减少为0(P均<0.01)。结论:在冠状动脉临界病变中测量FFR值能有效评估心肌供血情况,为临床是否行支架植入提供参考。     

扩张型心肌病患者冠脉血流储备与左室收缩功能的关系

目的:分析扩张型心肌病(DCM)患者冠脉血流储备(CFR)与左室收缩功能的关系。方法:入选DCM患者20例(DCM组)和体检健康人群20例(对照组),先行二维超声心动图测量左室舒张末期内径(LVEDd)、左室射血分数(LVEF)和静脉负荷心肌声学造影测量冠脉血流储备(CFR),分析两组上述指标的水平差异,再对DCM组患者进行6个月规范化药物治疗后,复查LVEDd和LVEF,将LVEDd下降≥10%伴LVEF增加≥10%或LVEF≥50%者作为心功能明显改善组,而达不到该标准者作为心功能无明显改善组,比较两组治疗前后LVEDd、LVEF和治疗前CFR水平差异,分析DCM患者治疗前CFR与治疗后LVEDd和LVEF的相关性。结果:DCM组CFR明显低于对照组(2.51±0.23vs 3.46±0.44,P0.01),LVEDd显著大于对照组,LVEF明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。药物治疗前DCM患者心功能明显改善组CFR高于心功能无明显改善组(2.69±0.16vs 2.38±0.18,P0.05),药物治疗后心功能明显改善组LVEDd小于同组治疗前和心功能无明显改善组,LVEF大于同组治疗前和无明显改善组(均P0.01);DCM患者治疗前CFR与治疗后LVEDd呈显著负相关(r=-0.608,P0.01),与LVEF呈显著正相关(r=0.623,P0.01)。结论:CFR水平监测可用于观察DCM患者规范化药物治疗后的左室收缩功能变化。     

心肌造影超声心动图对急性心肌梗塞后再灌注的再通血流和侧枝血流的联合评价

目的　评价心肌造影超声心动图对急性心肌梗塞后再灌注的再通血流和侧支血流联合评估的意义。方法　35例连续积累的急性透壁性心肌梗塞患者,在经直接血管形成术成功恢复冠脉再灌注后即刻行心肌造影超声心动图检查。在冠脉成形术前评估侧支血流,再灌注15min后评估再通血流情况。心梗后3±2d应用小剂量多巴酚丁胺(5～15ug/kg·min)对心肌收缩力贮备予以测评,在随后2个月应用静息超声心动图对节段性室壁功能的恢复进行评估。该研究属前瞻性研究。结果　20例(57%)患者观察到再通血流,14例40%观察到侧支循环,再通血流和侧支血流初次多巴酚丁胺超…     

冠脉造影脉冲响应原理评价心肌微循环

本方法采用冠脉造影脉冲响应原理,建立冠脉造影心肌微循环分析系统。结合定量冠脉造影(QCA),该系统提供有关心肌微循环(Tmicro-1)、冠脉几何形态(MLD)和血流动力学(mAP、CFV、Rcor)等定量指标,用以评价冠状动脉和心肌微循环,并临床应用20例。结果显示:随着近段冠脉狭窄MLD缩小,Tmicro-1减少;PCI治疗后,随着MLD增加,Tmicro-1增加,两者之间呈良好相关(r=0.87,P<0.001),并且CFV、Rcor均得到一致改善。因此,冠脉造影脉冲响应分析系统所提供的Tmicro-1、CFV等定量分析指标,可作为评估冠脉血流和心肌微循环功能状态的敏感参数,结合定量冠脉造影分析指标,有利于提高常规冠脉造影解剖形态与生理功能相结合,分析冠脉狭窄和介入治疗前、后心肌微循环和大-小循环动力学之间的变化关系。     

年轻男性临界高血压患者冠脉储备的下降

冠脉舒张功能不全的最早期表现是冠脉储备的下降。以往研究发现,有明确高血压病史、伴或不伴左心室肥厚的患者以及有心绞痛症状（包括微血管病变引起）的高血压患者,均有冠脉储备的下降,降压治疗有助于改善高血压患者的冠脉储备,增加冠脉血流灌注,减轻心绞痛症状。但...     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.