食管癌放射治疗前颈淋巴结B超检查的临床价值

我院自1995年3月至1998年7月对收治的2230例锁骨上未触及明显肿大淋巴结的食管癌放射治疗患者行常规颈部及锁骨区淋巴结B超检查，结果发现273例患者伴有锁骨区小淋巴结占位，现将其结果分析如下。     

彩超在评价鼻咽癌N分期中的作用

目的 探讨用彩超评价鼻咽癌颈部淋巴结转移中的价值,为鼻咽癌N分期引入客观评价指标.方法 对206例首程放疗的鼻咽癌患者颈部行彩超检查,记录阳性淋巴结部位、形态、数目及与周围组织关系,测量其大小和纵、横径之比（L/T）及阻力指数（RI）.选择部分受检淋巴结在超声定位引导下穿刺活检行细胞病理学检查.结果 彩超联合穿刺细胞病理学检查使鼻咽癌临床触诊N分期发生较大变化.68例NO期中25例升为N1期,6例升为N2期;63例N1期中20例升为N2期,3例升为N3期;52例N2期中14例降为N1期,4例升为N3期;23例N3期中7例降为N2期.临床触诊误差率达38.3%（79/206）,临床触诊淋巴结大小较彩超检查的大（P＜0.05）.若以受检淋巴结的L/T比值＜2且RI＞0.6作为转移淋巴结诊断标准,其准确率达88.9%（288/324）.若结合直径＞1cm,其准确率达92.9%（182/196）,有恶性生长行为者其准确率达95.5%（107/112）.结论 彩超可作为鼻咽癌N分期的客观评价指标.     

彩超引导下左锁骨上小淋巴结细针吸取细胞学检查的临床价值

[目的]探讨彩超引导下细针吸取细胞学检查对左锁骨上小淋巴结定性的临床应用价值。[方法]对228例经超声发现左锁骨上长径〈1cm淋巴结的恶性肿瘤患者行超声引导下细针吸取行病理细胞学检查。[结果]228例左锁骨上小淋巴结患者中,经超声引导下FNAC检查证实为转移性肿瘤84例,转移性肿瘤检出率为36.84%。淋巴结L/T比值〈2转移性肿瘤检出率约44.25%,L/T比值≥2转移性肿瘤检出率12.96%（χ^2=17.340,P=0.000）。有血流信号的结节穿刺肿瘤检出率高于无血流信号者（60.61%vs32.82%,P〈0.01）。[结论]彩超引导下细针吸取细胞学检查对左锁骨上〈1cm淋巴结定性有一定鉴别价值,为临床治疗方案制定提供重要信息。     

N2-3期鼻咽癌下颈锁骨上区照射中间设置不同宽度铅挡块的剂量学研究

背景与目的:N2-3期鼻咽癌常规照射时,需设置中间挡铅的前切线野照射下颈锁骨上淋巴引流区,目前对于中间铅挡块宽度仍有不同的做法,本研究通过应用三维治疗计划系统(three-dimensional treatment planning system,3D-TPS)对前切线野照射下颈锁骨上区的剂量分布进行分析.探讨合适宽度的铅挡块.方法:选取初治N2-3期鼻咽癌患者10例,采用3D-TPS设计照射方案.每例患者均采用逐步缩野照射技术.下颈锁骨上区均设置单前切线野,前40 Gy中间分别采用铅挡0 cm(A方案)、2.1 cm(B方案)、2.5 cm(C方案)、3.0 cm(D方案),之后中间均挡3.0 cm 4种方案.每例患者的4种方案照射剂量均相同.比较4种照射方案的靶区及主要危及器官的受照体积和剂量.结果:(1)4种方案下颈锁骨上亚临床病灶区(PTV50a)的高剂量区覆盖率(V95、V90)比较:A方案(82.44%、87.89%)优于B方案(78.21%、84.03%)、C方案(77.10%、82.68%)、D方案(73.80%、77.50%)(P＜0.05);B方案、C方案好于D方案(P＜0.05);B方案与C方案比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05).而对于原发灶大体肿瘤区(PTVnx)、颈部转移淋巴结(PTVnd)、原发灶周围高危区(PTVnx60)、转移淋巴结周围高危区(PTVnd60)及环状软骨以上的亚临床病灶区(PTV50b)的V95、V90,4种方案之间比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)4种方案脊髓、喉的受照剂量无统计学意义;甲状腺、食管、气管的受照剂量(D50):A方案(49.47、44.52、44.18 Gy)高于B方案(41.95、8.41、10.16 Gy)、C方案(38.73、7.03、8.55 Gy)、D方案(26.82、5.63、7.60 Gy)(P＜0.05);B方案、C方案均高于D方案(P＜0.05);B方案、C方案比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(3)正常组织并发症发生率(NTCP)的比较:甲状腺的NTCP,A方案(7.9%)高于B方案(4.8%)、C方案(4.3%)、D方案(3.0%)(P＜0.05);B方案、C方案均高于D方案(P＜0.05);B方案、C方案之间比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05).其余主要危及器官的NTCP,4种方案比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:在不明显增加主要危及器官受照剂量的情况下,A方案有最优的下颈锁骨上区亚临床病灶高剂量区覆盖率,D方案最差;行下颈锁骨上区照射时,我们推荐前40 Gy中间不设铅挡块,之后选用个体化铅挡块.对于头颈部摆位误差小的单位,建议采用铅挡块宽度≥2.1 cm、≤2.5 cm.     

胸段食管鳞癌根治术后失败模式对放疗野设计的指导作用

目的 分析胸段食管鳞状细胞癌根治术后首次复发部位,为进一步修改和完善术后放疗范围提供重要参考依据。方法 回顾分析1999—2007年间在本院行根治术并有明确复发部位记录的195例胸段食管癌患者不同段的首次复发、转移部位。结果 胸上、中段食管癌以胸腔内复发(83.3%、68.0%)为主要部位,而胸下段食管癌则以胸腔内复发(42.9%)和腹腔淋巴结转移(40.8%)为主。术后病理显示淋巴结有无转移与胸腔内复发、锁骨上淋巴结转移、远处转移均无关(χ²=1.58、0.06、0.04,P=0.134、0.467、0.489),但腹腔淋巴结转移的术后淋巴结阳性比例高于阴性(28.7%∶10.6%,χ²=9.94,P=0.001),其中胸中段食管癌的也如此(20.0%∶5.6%,χ²=5.67,P=0.015)。切缘≤3 cm (52例)与>3 cm (142例)者相比术后吻合口复发率明显增加(25.0%∶11.3%,χ²=5.65,P=0.019)。结论 胸腔内为最常见首次复发部位。建议胸上、中段(淋巴结阴性)食管癌放疗靶区包括锁骨上区、上纵隔和瘤床,胸中段(淋巴结阳性)、下段食管癌包括锁骨上区、全纵隔及胃左、腹腔干淋巴引流区。如切缘≤3 cm建议包括吻合口。     

超声引导下前列腺10点加定点穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌

目的 探讨经直肠彩色多普勒超声引导下前列腺穿刺活组织检查在前列腺癌诊断中的应用.方法 181例疑诊前列腺癌的患者进行血清总前列腺特异性抗原(T-PSA)检测,采用10点加前列腺癌可疑灶定点穿刺活检术.结果 181例中检出前列腺癌80例(44.2%),前列腺增生63例(34.8%).前列腺炎36例(19.9%),前列腺结核1例(0.6%),前列腺平滑肌瘤1例(0.6%).T-PSA水平＞20μg/L组的前列腺癌发生率高于其他各组.随着T-PSA水平的升高,Gleason评分增加(P＜0.001).结论 超声引导下10点加定点穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌的阳性率高,对T-PSA＞20μg/L的疑诊前列腺癌患者活检意义较大.     

高频超声与CT检查对恶性锁骨上淋巴结诊断价值的对比研究

目的:探讨高频超声及计算机断层扫描(CT)在恶性肿瘤锁骨上淋巴结转移中的应用价值.方法:回顾分析在江苏大学附属宜兴医院就诊的144例恶性肿瘤患者,高频超声或CT提示锁骨上淋巴结肿大,转移可能.按检查方法不同分为高频超声组82例,CT组62例,对病例进行临床观察或行超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查(FNAC)明确锁骨上淋巴结性质.结果:在诊断恶性锁骨上淋巴结中,高频超声组总体符合率明显高于CT组(85.4％,58.1％),比较有统计学差异(p＜0.05);FNAC阳性率高频超声组明显高于CT组(83.8％,49.0％),比较有统计学差异(P＜0.05);FNAC假阴性率(7.4％,7.8％)比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:高频超声组在检查恶性肿瘤锁骨上淋巴结转移的符合率及FNAC阳性率方面均优于CT组,高频超声可作为锁骨上淋巴结肿大的首选检查,FNAC是鉴别锁骨上淋巴结良恶性的主要方法,但仍有一定的假阴性率.     

经直肠B超引导个体化前列腺穿刺活检方案的探讨

背景与目的:经直肠B超(transrectal uhrasonography,TRUS)引导前列腺6针穿刺活检术(sextant)曾被认为是诊断前列腺癌的"金标准".近年来,许多报道其检出率不高,应该增加穿刺针数来提高前列腺癌的检出率,但至今仍无一种理想的方案.本研究旨在探讨一种合适的前列腺穿刺活检方案,以提高前列腺癌的初次检出率.方法:回顾性分析325例疑为前列腺癌患者初次活检的临床资料.全部采用系统12针组合穿刺方案,对可疑病灶处补充1～2针.根据穿刺结果,分析穿刺阳性率与针数、体积的关系.结果:325例患者确诊前列腺癌126例(38.8%).12针中的6、8、10针组合最高阳性率与12针穿刺组合阳性率比较,差异均有统计学意义(38.8%vs.27.7%,29.8%and 35.4%,P＜0.05).比较体积不同3个组,发现＜40 ml组8针组合与10针、12针组合无统计学差异(38.4%vs.40.4%,42.4%,P＞0.05),而40～60 ml组8针组合与10针组合(36.2%vs.26.9%,P=0.046)、＞60 ml组10针组合与12针组合差异均有显著性(37.9%vs.25.8%,P=0.049).结论:并非每位患者都需行系统12针穿刺,而应该个体化对待.建议＜40 ml的前列腺采用8针、40～60 ml的10针和＞60ml的12针组合方案,并根据B超所见增加针数(1或2针)或者进行重点穿刺.     

P型铜转运ATP酶在食管癌组织中的表达及与预后的关系

目的:探讨食管鳞状细胞癌组织中P型铜转运ATP酶(ATP7B)的表达与有无淋巴结转移及预后的关系.方法:采用免疫组织化学ABC法检测64例手术切除的食管鳞状细胞癌组织中ATP7B的表达情况,并结合临床资料进行分析.结果:ATP7B的免疫阳性反应主要定位于食管癌细胞的细胞膜和(或)细胞浆,癌组织中ATP7B的阳性率为63%(40/64),其中有淋巴结转移的ATP7B阳性率为73%(30/41),无淋巴结转移阳性率为43%(10/23),两者具有显著性差异(P=0.019);术后生存期＜5年组的ATP7B阳性表达率为72%(33/46),术后生存期＞5年组的ATP7B阳性表达率为39%(7/18),两者具有显著性差异(P=0.015).结论:ATP7B在食管鳞状细胞癌组织中的过度表达与食管癌的预后密切相关.     

食管癌二野淋巴结清扫术后复发规律探讨

目的 分析胸段食管癌二野淋巴结清扫术后局部复发规律,为术后放疗提供帮助.方法 搜集本科2004-2009年收治的134例胸段食管鳞癌术后局部复发患者的临床资料,依据放疗前定位CT分析复发类型及各区域淋巴结转移情况.结果 食管癌术后淋巴结转移占94.0%,吻合口复发占9.7%,食管原瘤床复发占3.7%.126例淋巴结转移患者中纵隔、锁骨上、腹部的分别占80.2%、43.7%、13.5%(χ2=113.15,P=0.000).淋巴结转移上纵隔占73.8%,左喉返神经区(1L区、2L区、4L区、5区)占38.9%,右喉返神经区(1R区)占43.7%,隆突下占34.1%,奇静脉占15.1%,锁骨上占43.7%[右锁骨上多于左锁骨上(31.7%和16.7%;χ2=7.81,P=0.005)].结论 淋巴结转移是胸段食管癌术后局部复发最主要的类型,原瘤床和吻合口复发少见.锁骨上、喉返神经区、奇静脉淋巴结及隆突下淋巴结是二野淋巴结清扫术后淋巴结转移的高发区.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the local-regional recurrence in thoracic esophageal cancer after radical surgery including two-field lymph node dissection and provide evidence for postoperative radiotherapy. Methods We reviewed local-regional recurrence for 134 cases with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after radical surgery from 2004 to 2009. Results In 134 cases, lymph node metastasis rate,anastomosis recurrence rate and tumor bed recurrence rate was 94. 0%, 9. 7% and 3.7%, respectively. As to the 126 cases with lymph node metastasis, significant difference was detected between mediastinal metastasis, supraclavicular metastasis and abdominal lymph node metastasis (80. 2%, 43.7% and 13.5%,respectively, χ2= 113. 15, P = 0. 000). Furthermore, the relative metastasis rate in upper mediastinum,middle mediastinum and the lower mediastinum was 73.8%, 39.7% and 1.6%, respectively, the difference was statistically significant ( χ2 = 139. 11, P = 0. 000 ). Significant difference was identified between right and left supraclavicular lymph node metastasis (31.7% vs 16. 7%, χ2= 7. 81, P = 0. 005 ).To confirm the analysis above,lymph node metastasis rate of left recurrent laryngeal nerve nodes, (including region 1L, 2L, 4L and 5) ,right recurrent laryngeal nerve nodes, azygos nodes, subcarinal nodes, and 2R region was 38.9%, 43.7%, 15.1%, 34.1% and 25.4%, respectively. Conclusions The main characteristics of local-regional recurrence may be lymph node metastasis for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after radical surgery. On the contrary, tumor bed recurrence is rare. Dangerous regions include supraclavicular nodes, recurrent laryngeal nerve nodes, azygos nodes as well as subcarinal nodes.     

Dermatomycosis in Goats in India

Summary: In an extensive survey involving 2176 goats 1.56% of goats manifested clinical lesions of ringworm infection. Animals below the age of 6 months were affected most (4.20%). The incidence of infection was higher during the winter months. T. verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum were isolated from the skin scrapings of 12, 4, and 2 goats respectively. It is suggested that the infected animals could be a source of disease to human population in which the zoophilic dermatophyte invasion is characterized by severe inflammatory lesions of the skin. The zoonotic importance of different dermatophytes is stressed.
Zusammenfassung: In einer ausgedehnten Untersuchung an 2176 Ziegen wurden bei 1,56% klinische Zeichen einer Hautmykose festgestellt. Tiere, die jühger als 6 Monate alt waren, zeigten mit 4,20% am häfigsten Krankheitssymptome. In den Wintermonaten war die Erkrankungshäufigkeit am gröBten. T. vermcosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum wurden jeweils von 12,4 bzw. 2 Ziegen isoliert. Die inflzierten Tiere köinnen eine Infektionsquelle für die menschliche Bevölkerung darstellen und dort Mykosen mit stark entzündlichen Veränderungen auslösen. Die Bedeutung verschiedener Dermatophyten als Erreger von Zoonosen wird hervorgehoben.     

Trends in zygomycosis in children

Zygomycosis, or mucormycosis, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. Studies in adults have shown an increase in the incidence of zygomycosis, particularly among haemtopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients and patients with haematologic malignancies. There is a paucity of data on the epidemiology of zygomycosis in children. We performed a retrospective analysis to describe trends in zygomycosis between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2010. We used the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database to identify paediatric patients who were diagnosed with zygomycosis during the study period. Administrative data on diagnoses, demographics, underlying conditions and clinical experiences were collected. Summary statistics were calculated and tests for trend were conducted. We identified 156 unique patients with zygomycosis. The prevalence of zygomycosis did not significantly increase over time (P=0.284). The most common underlying condition was malignancy (58%) and over half received intensive care. Voriconazole utilisation among all hospitalised children significantly increased during the period (P=0.010). Our study demonstrates that the incidence of zygomycosis is not significantly increasing. During the time period there was a significant increase in the use of voriconazole among children.     

Increased apoptosis in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by ceramides in transferrin-modified liposomes

Lysosomes are a promising therapeutic target for induction apoptosis in cancer cells due to lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) leading to leakage of hydrolytic enzymes, especially the cathepsins, into the cytoplasm. We hypothesized that with the modification of the ceramide-loaded liposomes with transferrin (Tf), we would achieve both tumor targeting and increased delivery of lysosome-destabilizing agents, such as ceramides to lysosomes, to initiate LMP-induced apoptosis. We prepared Tf-modified (TL) and plain (PL) liposomes and loaded with short (C6)- or long (C16) N-acyl chain ceramides. Uptake, intracellular localization of liposomes, stability of the lysosomal membrane and release of cathepsin D were investigated on Hela cells by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Apoptosis was evaluated by binding of fluorescently-labeled Annexin V. Antitumor and pro-apoptotic effects of C6Cer-loaded Tf-liposomes were demonstrated in vivo in an A2780-ovarian carcinoma xenograft mouse model. TL were internalized specifically via the TfR-dependent endocytic pathway and localized within the endosome-lysosomal compartment. Ceramide-loaded Tf-liposomes significantly increased apoptosis compared with ceramide-free and ceramide-loaded non-modified liposomes. The treatment of cancer cells with TL led to increased LMP and cytoplasmic relocation of the intralysosomal cathepsin D. A strong antitumor and pro-apoptotic effect of C6Cer-loaded TL was also demonstrated in vivo in an A2780-ovarian carcinoma xenograft mouse model. The lysosomal accumulation of ceramides delivered by Tf-liposomes initiates the permeabilization of the lysosomal membranes required for the release of lysosomal cathepsins into the cytoplasm and initiation of the cancer cell apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo.     

Ringworm in animals in a farm in Assiut

Bericht über das Auftreten von Hautmykosen bei Tieren auf der Farm der Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Assiut. Von 70 Kälbern waren 42 pilzkrank, davon 22 durch T. mentagrophytes, 20 durch T. verrucosum. Von 180 Kühen waren 8 pilzbefalien, sämtlich durch T. mentagrophytes. Von 2 kranken Bullen wurde T. verrucosum isoliert. Auch die 3 Pferde und 2 Maultiere der Farm waren pilzinfiziert; Erreger war in diesen Fällen T. equinum. Auch ein Kalb war von T. equinum befallen. Die gleiche Pilzart wurde ferner von 3 Tierpflegern isoliert, die Pilzherde am Hals und an den Armen aufwiesen.     

Socioeconomic factors in cancer in Sweden

It is well known that certain cancers have shown clustering in socioeconomic groups, but limited data are available on recent results and time trends in such clustering. We determined standardized incidence ratios (SIR) for cancer, adjusted for age, period, region, parity and age at first childbirth among men and women in 6 socioeconomic groups based on the Swedish Family-Cancer Database. Persons had to be identified with the same socioeconomic status in the census of years 1960 and 1970, or of years 1960, 1970 and 1980; the comparison group was all people according to the same censuses. Cancers were followed from years 1970 to 1998 or from 1980 to 1998. Both increased and decreased SIRs were found, and a consistent pattern emerged, although the overall SIRs for cancer did not differ much, the lowest being for farmers (0.85) and the highest for professional men (1.07) and women (1.11). At individual sites, manual workers were at risk of tobacco-, alcohol- and occupation- and human papilloma virus-related cancers and at a decreased risk at most other cancers. Manual workers and farmers showed an excess of stomach cancer; professionals had an excess of melanoma and squamous cell skin cancer. Male and female SIRs correlated highly for manual and blue-collar workers and for professionals. The overall population-attributable fraction for selected sites was 16.7% for men and 10.9% for women and it was highest, over 50%, for lung cancer in both genders.     

Survey of changes in dietary preferences in cancer patients in China

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in dietary preferences in cancer patients in China and to determine the need for encouraging the adherence to a sensible diet among such patients.Methods A total of 468 cancer patients were interviewed using a self-designed questionnaire focusing on changes in the intake of specific foods. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0. Results Most patients completely avoided roosters and carp(73.1%), condiments(51.9%), and meat of aquatic species(40.4%). All other types of the specific foods were completely avoided by different subpopulations of the patients.Conclusion In addition to focusing on disease treatment, medical professionals need to help cancer patients overcome barriers associated with the customs of avoiding specific foods encompassed by the term ”fawu” and provide them with dietary guidance in order to prevent negative nutritional effects.     

Advances in cancer epidemiology in Japan

Epidemiologists in Japan have been performing calculations to estimate nationwide cancer incidence rates as well as 5‐year survival rates using population‐based cancer registry data. There have been remarkable changes in cancer incidence and/or mortality in cancers of the lung, liver and stomach, which were thought to be attributed to the changing impact of exposure to cigarette smoking, chronic hepatitis C virus infection and Helicobacter pylori infection, respectively. In systematic reviews providing evidence in risk/protective factors for cancer sites using case–control and cohort studies of the Japanese population, there were associations between cancer sites (esophagus, stomach, colo‐rectum, liver, pancreas, lung and breast) and various lifestyle factors. In the past 10 years, a hospital‐based case–control study at Aichi Cancer Center provided valuable evidence of gene‐environment interaction on the development of cancer [i.e., the effects of aldehyde dehydrogenase‐2 (ALDH2) polymorphism and heavy alcohol drinking on esophageal cancer, ALDH2 polymorphism and smoking on lung cancer, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism and heavy alcohol drinking on pancreatic cancer]. The database with stored DNA was also used and identified seven loci containing significant but low‐penetrance polymorphisms associated with the development of breast cancer. These findings together with established risk factors are likely to be useful to predict personalized breast cancer risk in East Asian women. In 2005, the Japan Multi‐Institution Collaborative Cohort (J‐MICC) study was launched to elucidate gene‐environment interactions as well as to confirm preclinical diagnostic biomarkers of cancer. J‐MICC, which has recruited 92,000 healthy individuals by the end of 2012, will follow the individuals until 2025.     

Foreign bodies in ENT in a teaching hospital in Eastern India

Objective

To evaluate the nature, common sites, modes of presentation of various foreign bodies (FB) in Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT).

Materials and methods

Observational retrospective study carried out at Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan. The study period was between Jan 2006 to Jan 2007. The information obtained from the hospital record books.

Results

Four hundred and eighty-two patients presented in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, in the study period with FB in their ENT. Out of 482 pts, the commonest location of FB was to be in throat with 302 pts (62%) followed by ear with 119 pts (25%) and nose 61 pts (13%). Amongst the FB in throat the commonest was fish bone and the commonest site being tonsils. Artificial denture accounted for a significant number of 13 (4.3%). External auditory canal was the commonest site of FB lodgment in ear found in 118 patients (99.16%). Nasal FB were found in 61 patients; more common in pediatric age group (98.36%).

Conclusion

From this study we have found that FB lodgement is a very common complaint with which patients come to otolaryngologist. The commonest site of FB lodgement is in the throat. Most of the FB could be removed in emergency room (ER) with or without Local Anesthesia.     

整合素在急性白血病中的研究进展

急性白血病是一种早期造血干/祖细咆的恶性克隆性疾病.微小残留病和耐药被认为是其复发和难治的根源.近来,越来越多的证据显示白血病细胞通过与骨髓微环境中的基质细胞或细胞外基质相互作用促进其存活,并增强其对常规化疗药物的耐药.整合素是介导细胞与细胞外基质（细胞与非细胞成分）粘连的最主要黏附分子,在细胞增殖、存活等生物学过程中发挥关键作用,但作用机制尚不完全清楚.现就目前揭示的整合素及肿瘤微环境在急性白血病发生、发展中的作用进行综述.