Review article: Biliary tree malignancies

Radiation therapy is used as definitive treatment for unresectable bile duct tumors, or as adjuvant therapy after resection. External beam irradiation of 45–50 Gy is generally given whenever feasible. Intraluminal brachytherapy is a useful technique to deliver higher doses of radiation to the tumor while respecting the tolerance of the surrounding normal tissues. Brachytherapy can be given at a high dose rate or low dose rate via an in-dwelling biliary drainage catheter to boost external beam doses. Brachytherapy alone is reserved for palliative therapy. Techniques should be implemented with care to make them not only effective but safe. The long-term efficacy and morbidity of this mode of radiation should be studied further. Only large prospective trials can lead to resolution of some of the questions yet unsolved in treatment of these challenging malignancies. J. Surg. Oncol. 1998;67:203–210. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Intraluminal brachytherapy in the treatment of bile duct carcinomas

Patients with carcinoma of the biliary tract have a poor prognosis because the disease is often unresectable at diagnosis. Intraluminal brachytherapy has been reported as an effective treatment for localized cholangiocarcinoma of the biliary tract. The purpose of our study was to analyse the survival of patients treated with brachytherapy and make some recommendations regarding its use. Fifteen patients underwent brachytherapy via a trans-hepatic approach at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital from 1983 to 1993. Eleven patients had low-dose rate brachytherapy and four patients had high-dose rate treatment. There were nine males and six females. The median age was 64 years. Other treatment included bypass procedures in two patients, endoscopic stents in 14 patients and external beam irradiation in one patient. The median survival was 12.5 months and 47% of the patients survived 1 year. The only complication reported was cholangitis which was seen in one patient. There did not seem to be any difference in survival or complications between low- and high-dose rate brachytherapy. We conclude that the addition of intraluminal brachytherapy after biliary drainage prolongs survival and is a safe and effective treatment, but patients still have a high rate of local failure, and further studies will be needed to address this problem.     

鼻咽癌外照射后的高剂量率近距离放疗疗效观察

[目的]探讨腔内放疗对鼻咽癌外照射后鼻咽腔内未消退病灶的治疗效果 ,研究近距离放疗时8个剂量参照点的剂量分布及其影响因素。[方法]1994年4月至1998年11月共对34例鼻咽癌外照射后鼻咽腔内未消退病灶行高剂量率近距离放疗(外照射剂量60Gy～71Gy,外照射结束后2天～5天进行首次治疗 ,多数病例剂量参考点深度1 0cm ,放射源驻留长度2 0cm～3 5cm ,多数病例单次剂量8Gy、总剂量16Gy/2次。[结果]CR38例(38/39,97 4 %) ,PR1例(1/39,2 6%) ,中位随访期17月 ,无严重副作用发生 ,通过计算明确了8个参照点的剂量分布情况。[结论]腔内放疗是控制鼻咽腔内外照射后未消退病灶的有效治疗方法 ,但应注意适应证     

125I放射性粒子植入治疗无法手术切除的胰腺癌疗效分析

目的：探讨^125I放射粒子植入术治疗手术无法切除的胰腺癌的治疗疗效。方法：选择胰腺癌患者50例,内放射治疗组30例,肿瘤内部^125I放射粒子植入,有梗阻症状者,加行胆-肠吻合术和胃-空肠吻合术;对照组20例,均行单纯剖腹探查或胆-肠吻合术和（或）胃-空肠吻合术。观察肝肾功能和总胆红素变化、肿瘤大小变化、并发症发生情况、腹痛和背痛变化等。结果：两组患者总胆红素术后4周时均接近正常,肝功能明显改善,手术前后比较差异均有统计学意义;粒子植入组患者手术前后腹痛和腰痛明显改善。有效率100％（30／30）,完全缓解率97％;粒子植入组肿瘤直径有缩小趋势,对照组无明显变化;两组患者均无吻合口瘘、胆瘘、胰瘘、腹腔出血和腹腔感染。结论：^125I粒子植入对不可切除的胰腺癌具有确定疗效,不仅可以明显延长患者生存期,提高生活质量,而且对胰腺癌引起的疼痛有明显的缓解效果。     

支架置入术治疗恶性低位胆道梗阻的临床价值

目的 探讨金属胆道支架置入术治疗恶性低位胆道梗阻的有效性、安全性.方法 32例恶性胆道低位梗阻患者(中位年龄61岁),术前经CT和磁共振胰胆管造影(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,MRCP)证实为恶性胆道低位梗阻.其中,胆管癌12例,胰头癌11例,壶腹癌5例,转移癌2例,胆囊癌2例.32例患者行经皮经肝胆道穿刺,于胆总管中下端置入32枚自膨式金属胆道支架.结果 32例患者手术成功率100.0％,支架位置良好,胆汁引流通畅.术中无胆道出血、胆汁渗漏及胆道破裂等严重并发症.32例患者于术后7天复查肝功能,其血清总胆红素(total bilirubin,TB)由术前的(378.11±134.53) μmol/L下降至(166.10 ±74.37) μmol/L(P＜0.05);血清直接胆红素(direct bilirubin,DB)由术前的(219.14±86.37) μmol/L下降至(98.26 ±53.68) μmol/L(P＜0.05).29例于术后30天复查肝功能,其血清TB由术前的(356.78±118.21) μmol/L下降至(56.10±44.37)μmol/L;血清DB由术前的(219.14 ±86.37) μmol/L下降至(38.26±43.68) μmol/L,均P＜0.05.30例获得随访,随访1-42月(平均25.4月),9例再发支架内梗阻(30.0％),其中4例再行支架治疗,3例行导管引流治疗,2例未治疗死亡.十二指肠梗阻1例,行十二指肠支架治疗后缓解.生存期1-33月,平均生存期(11.56±2.14)月,中位生存期10.0月.结论 金属胆道支架置入术是治疗恶性低位胆道梗阻的安全、有效的方法.     

A Population-Based Retrospective Study of Biliary Tract Cancers in Alberta,Canada

Background: Biliary tract cancers (BTC) are uncommon malignancies and are underrepresented in the literature. Methods: We performed a retrospective population-based review of adult patients with biopsy-confirmed BTC in Alberta from 2000 to 2015. Demographic data, risk factors, symptoms, treatment, and staging data were collected and analyzed. Survival analyses were completed. Results: A total of 1604 patients were included in our study, of which 766 (47.8%) were male. The median age at diagnosis was 68 (range 19–99). There were 374 (23.3%) patients with resectable tumors at diagnosis versus 597 (37.2%) with unresectable tumors. Of the patients, 380 (21.5%) received chemotherapy (CT) and 81 (5.0%) underwent radiation therapy. There was a clear trend with worsening stage and performance status associated with shorter median overall survival (OS). Ampulla of Vater tumors had the best median OS (25.69 months), while intrahepatic bile duct cancers had the worst (5.78 months). First-line palliative CT regimens included gemcitabine+cisplatin (OS 14.98 months (mo), n = 212), single agent gemcitabine (OS 12.42 mo, n = 22), capecitabine (OS 8.12 mo, n = 8), and capecitabine+gemcitabine (OS 6.93 mo, n = 13). Patients with advanced or metastatic disease who received first-line gemcitabine+cisplatin had a median OS of 11.8 months (n = 119). Conclusion: BTCs have poor survival. Worse outcomes occur in higher stage and poorer Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status patients across all tumor subtypes. Tumor resectability at diagnosis was associated with better OS. Our study supports the use of gemcitabine+cisplatin as a combination first-line palliative CT, as patients treated in Alberta have a comparable OS to that reported in the ABC-02 phase III study.     

125I粒子近距离照射治疗原发性肝癌的实验研究

目的观察125I粒子近距离照射对肝癌细胞及肝癌移植瘤生长的影响.方法用四唑盐(MTT)法检测125I粒子近距离照射对BEL-7402细胞增殖的影响;流式细胞术检测125I粒子近距离照射对BEL-7402细胞周期和凋亡的影响;观察125I粒子近距离照射后肝癌移植瘤的生长曲线,并计算抑瘤率.结果125I粒子近距离照射48 h后细胞增殖抑制率为(16.72±3.23)%,96 h为(36.60±7.14)%.照射48 h后细胞位于G0～G1、S、G2～M期的比率分别为(40.47±0.64 )%、(38.18±0.91)% 和(21.35±0.65)% , 而对照组分别为(54.47±1.17)%、(35.83±0.41)% 和(9.71±1.27)%;照射48 h后细胞凋亡指数为(7.31±1.41)% ,对照组为(0.69±0.14)%.125I粒子植入裸鼠肿瘤近距离照射28 d后抑瘤率为66.72%.结论 125I粒子近距离照射可抑制BEL-7402肿瘤细胞增殖,阻滞细胞于G2～M和S期,促进凋亡,显著延缓肝癌移植瘤生长,可用于原发性肝癌的治疗.     

宫颈癌后装治疗用甘氨双唑钠增敏40例

目的：探讨宫颈癌患者后装治疗用甘氨双唑钠放射治疗的增敏作用。方法：85例接受放射治疗的宫颈癌患者,随机分为增敏组40例和常规组45例,常规组常规放疗,增敏组放疗方案同常规组,但后装治疗时用甘氨双唑钠增敏。结果：增敏组肿瘤完全消退38例（95％）,肿瘤消退平均后装次数2．9次,优于常规组肿瘤完全消退35例（85％）,肿瘤消退平均后装次数4．5次（P〈0．05）,肿瘤消退时间约提前1．6周。两组急性放射性肠炎、骨髓抑制发生率无统计学差异。结论：后装治疗前使用甘氨双唑钠可达放射增敏目的。     

吉西他滨固定剂量率静滴联合奥沙利铂治疗晚期胆道癌的临床研究

[目的]评价吉西他滨固定剂量率静滴联合奥沙利铂（GEMOX方案）治疗晚期胆道癌的疗效和毒副作用。[方法]47例晚期胆道癌患者均接受吉西他滨1 000mg/m2,10mg/（m2.min）静滴,d1、8;奥沙利铂130mg/m2,静脉滴注2h,d1;每3周重复。至少化疗3个周期。[结果]47例患者均可评价疗效,无完全缓解病例,部分缓解9例（19.2%）,稳定22例（46.8%）,进展16例（34.0%）,总有效率（CR＋PR）为19.2%（9/47）。中位无进展生存期（PFS）4.7个月,中位总生存期（OS）9.3个月。主要毒副反应为中性粒细胞减少、血小板减少,恶心、呕吐,肝肾和外周神经毒性等。[结论]吉西他滨固定剂量率静滴联合奥沙利铂治疗晚期胆道癌有效,但其血液学毒性需引起重视。     

Malignant mesothelioma. The University of Minnesota experience

Between 1950 and 1981, 31 patients with mesothelioma were treated at the University of Minnesota. An average of 0.2 to 0.6 patients were seen per year between 1950 and 1970, and since 1970 there has been an average of 1.4 to 2.4 patients per year. Twenty-seven of the 28 patients with malignant mesothelioma are known or presumed dead. Mesotheliomas occurred in all areas of Minnesota, and 28.6% of the patients had a definite history of asbestos exposure. This was also a probable cause of the disease in an additional 25% of patients. The clinical findings and course of the disease were similar to other series. The median survival of all patients was eight months. Doxorubicin-treated patients survived a median of 16 months (range, 2-36 months). Malignant mesothelioma is being increasingly recognized in Minnesota and has a grim prognosis in spite of doxorubicin therapy.     

腔内放射治疗食管癌疗效分析

目的　食管癌腔内放射治疗与单纯外照射的疗效分析 ,探讨食管癌腔内高剂量率、时间、剂量、分割因素 ,提高局部控制率和生存率。方法　对 2 0 0例食管癌患者随机分为腔内加体外照射A、B两组 ,各 6 0例 ,单纯外照射C组 80例 ,治疗方法 :A组先腔内 70 0cGy× 3次 / 3周 ,后外照 5 0Gy/ 5周。B组外照射 6 0Gy/ 6 2周 ,40Gy后加腔内 5 0 0cGy× 2次同时进行。C组单纯外照射 70Gy/ 7周。结果　 1、3、5年生存率A组为 46 7%、2 1 7%、6 7%,B组 73 3%、38 3%、2 1 7%,C组 5 6 3%、2 6 3%、16 3%,1年生存率B组高于A、C两组 ,有显著差异 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　A组放射反应重 ,疗效差 ,不易采用。B组较为理想 ,远期疗效有所提高 ,是腔内加体外照射目前可行的一种治疗方法。     

Biliary brush cytology in the assessment of biliary strictures at a tertiary center in Iran

Background: Confirmation of cholangiocarcinoma and other malignant bile duct stenosis is challenging. The aim of the current study was to assess the accuracy of brush cytology for diagnosis of malignant biliary strictures. Methods: 105 patients with hepatic biliary strictures undergoing ERCP were included in this study. Prospectively collected data included symptoms, results of biochemical testing and imaging procedures, as well as details of ERCP. Exclusion criteria were: 1) strictures that would not permit passage of guidewire and brush accession; and 2) post-operative strictures. Brushings of the bile duct strictures were performed. All patients were followed for at least 6 months. The final diagnosis was confirmed following surgery, histopathological diagnosis of the lesion, radiological infiltration of adjacent organs or metastases, or after at least a 6-month follow-up. Results: 88 brush samples from 88 patients were of appropriate quality. The overall diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for malignant nature of biliary strictures were 40.7% and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity was 66.6 % for ampullary carcinomas, 36.3% for pancreatic cancer and 32.5% for cholangiocarcinomas. Conclusions: Despite the low sensitivity, due to the relative ease and safety, brush cytology should remain the first choice for diagnosis of causes of biliary strictures.     

鼻咽癌外照射联合腔内后装治疗分析

[目的]分析Ⅱ、Ⅲ期鼻咽癌外照射联合高剂量率腔内后装治疗的生存率，局部控制率。[方法]1993年10月至1994年10月收治的Ⅱ、Ⅲ期鼻咽癌148例，外照射加腔内后装治疗（综合组）74例，单纯外照射（对照组）74例，分组比较两组的5年局部控制率，将综合组的Ⅱ，Ⅲ期与对照组的Ⅱ、Ⅲ期分别进行1，3，5年生存率比较。并将Ⅱ期病人T／N分期进行3年生存率比较。[结果]综合组在5年局部控制率为81．1％，对照组为62．2％，差异有显著性（P＜0．001）。Ⅱ期鼻咽癌中综合组的5年生存率为76．9％，对照组为57．6％（P＜0．05），Ⅱ期中的T1鼻咽现人的5年生存率，综合组比对照组有明为提高，且统计学有意义。Ⅲ期鼻咽癌中，综合组的1，3，5年生存率与对照组比较无统计学意义。[结论]外照射联合后装治疗对鼻咽癌病人的控制率有明显提高。对Ⅱ期病人中T1的5年生存率有重要意义,而对Ⅲ期病人，无论近期疗效或远期治疗与对照组比较均无明显差异。     

宫颈癌内外照射中基于CBCT外照射摆位误差分析

目的 利用CBCT数据分析研究宫颈癌内外照射中的摆位误差以指导临床工作。方法选取2015年3—6月间肿瘤医院收治的Ⅱ_A—Ⅲ_B期宫颈癌内外联合照射患者60例,以及同期收治的常规宫颈癌外照射Ⅱ_A—Ⅲ_B期患者60例。统计每例患者首次治疗的CBCT摆位误差,即x、y、z轴向摆位误差及计算的三维向量偏差。采用独立样本t检验比较两种技术误差。结果 将数据线性拟合后发现,随定位参考点与靶区中心点距离变大,x、y、z轴向摆位误差均有增大趋势。与常规外照射摆位误差相比,内外联合照射的分别在x、y、z轴向缩小,分别为0.13±0.12∶0.31±0.24(P=0.000)、0.23±0.18∶0.47±0.36(P=0.001)、0.18±0.11∶0.27±0.18(P=0.001)。结论 为更好减少摆位误差,定位CT扫描时除尽可能靠近肿瘤治疗中心位置设定参标记点外,还应尽量选择更精确可靠的体位固定技术。     

脑胶质瘤后装近距离放疗的临床观察

[目的]探索后装近距离放射治疗脑胶质瘤的疗效及对脑组织的影响。[方法]39例脑胶质瘤进行后装放射治疗。开颅肿瘤切除术中置管29例，CT引导下立体定向置管10例。放射源为高剂量率^192铱，每次8Gy-10Gy，总量30Gy-50Gy,1-2周内完成。[结果]近期疗效；头痛、呕吐或偏瘫临床改善率为77.8%；未见明显的放射并发症，1、3、5年生存率分别为87.17%,51.28%,43.5%。[结论]脑胶质瘤高剂量率后装放射治疗可提高疗效。     

28例不能手术的肝外胆道系统肿瘤放化疗疗效分析

目的 评价放疗晚期肝外胆道系统肿瘤的疗效。方法 对28例手术不可切除的肝外胆道系统肿瘤采用放化疗，其中胆囊癌13例，肝外胆管癌15例。15例采用常规放疗，中位照射剂量45Gy（30～60Gy），13例采用三维适形放疗（3DcRT）多野（3～5个野）照射或加量，中位照射剂量55Gy（50～70Gy）。12例单纯放疗，16例放化结合。化疗方案为氟尿嘧啶500mg，2次／周，或氟尿嘧啶500mg＋顺铂30mg，1次／周，疗程3～6个周期。结果 全部患者近期有效率14％。全组中位生存期9．4个月（2～28个月）。1、2年生存率分别为38％、15％；其中1年生存率胆囊癌为46％，肝外胆管癌为27％，3DCRT为42％，常规放疗为33％，单纯放疗为37％，放疗＋化疗为31％；〈50Gy的为29％，≥50Gy的为45％。只有照射剂量（≥50Gy）对1年生存率有影响（X^2=5．31，P=0．023）。急性消化道反应1～2级为57％，3级为18％，仅有25％的出现1～2级血液毒性反应。结论 对晚期肝外胆道系统肿瘤采用放化疗可取得一定疗效，且副作用可耐受。     

Gastrointestinal,Liver and Biliary Tract Pathology: A Histopathological and Epidemiological Perspective from Pakistan with a Review of the Literature

Aim: To present an epidemiological and histological perspective of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract(including liver and biliary tract) at the Section of Histopathology, Department of Pathology, AKUH, Karachi,Pakistan. Materials and Methods: All consecutive endoscopic biopsies and resections between October 1 andDecember 31, 2012 were included. Results: A total of 2,323 cases were included. Carcinoma was overwhelminglythe commonest diagnosis on esophageal biopsies (69.1%); chronic helicobacter gastritis (45.6%) followed byadenocarcinoma (23.5%) were the commonest diagnoses on gastric biopsies; adenocarcinoma (27.3%) followed byulcerative colitis (13.1%) were the commonest diagnoses on colonic biopsies; acute appendicitis (59.1%) was thecommonest diagnosis on appendicectomy specimens; chronic viral hepatitis (44.8%) followed by hepatocellularcarcinoma (23.4%) were the commonest diagnoses on liver biopsies; chronic cholecystitis was the commonestdiagnosis (over 89%) on cholecystectomy specimens. Conclusions: Squamous cell carcinoma comprised 88.8%of esophageal cancers. About 67% were in the lower third and 56.5% were moderately differentiated; mean ages49.8 years for females and 55.8 years for males; 66% cases were from South West Pakistan. Over 67% patientswith gastric adenocarcinoma were males; mean ages 59 and 44 years in males and females respectively, about74% gastric carcinomas were poorly differentiated; and 62.2% were located in the antropyloric region. About63% patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma were males; mean ages 46.1 and 50.5 years for males and femalesrespectively; tumor grade was moderately differentiated in 54%; over 80% were located in the left colon. In21.2% appendicectomies, no acute inflammation was found. Acute appendicitis was most common in youngpeople. Hepatitis C (66.3%) was more common than hepatitis B (33.7%); about 78% cases of hepatocellularcarcinoma occurred in males; females comprised 76.7% patients with chronic cholecystitis; and 77.8% patientswith gall bladder carcinoma. All resection specimens showed advanced cancers. Most cancers occurred afterthe age of 50 years.     

鼻咽癌放疗后颈淋巴结残留及复发的组织间插植放疗

[目的] 分析鼻咽癌放疗后颈淋巴结残留及复发组织问插植近距离后装推量放疗的临床疗效。[方法] 全量放疗后鼻咽癌颈部淋巴结残留15例直接组织间插植后装推量放疗，鼻咽癌放疗后单纯颈部复发8例先局部外照射DT40～50Gy，然后组织间插植后装推量放疗，保留置管，超分割照射，250～400cGy／次，2次／天，残留者DTl0～20Gy，复发者24～35Gy。[结果] 肿块全消22例(95．7％)，残留l例(4.3％)，l、3、5年生存率为95．65％、57．9l％、41．36％：无严重并发症发生，死亡原因主要为远处转移及鼻咽复发。[结论] 组织间插植后装推量放疗是鼻咽癌放疗后颈部残留或复发安全有效的挽救治疗手段。     

763例Ⅲ期宫颈癌不同放疗方法的疗效分析

目的 分析不同放疗方法对Ⅲ宫颈癌疗效和副反应的影响.方法 回顾性分析763例接受全程放疗的Ⅲ期宫颈癌患者(鳞癌722例,腺癌41例)的生存率,对资料完整的350例进行近期疗效及放疗副反应的比较.763例中全盆2个野常规分割+腔内放疗113例(cF组),盆腔盒式4个野加速超分割+腔内放疗44例(AHF组),盆腔4个小野非常规分割同期腔内放疗606例(FRT组),61例加用了化疗.350例中cF组112例,AHF组44例,FRT组194例,6l例加用了化疗.结果 全部病例CF、AHF、FRT组3年生存率分别为65.7%、66.8%、44.3%(P=0.000),5年生存率分别为65.7%、66.8%、36.3%(P=O.000);CF、FRT组10年生存率分别为43.3%、31.9%(P=0.200);鳞癌加化疗组生存率高于无化疗组.350例中CF、AHF、FRT组局部控制率分别为83.O%、93.2%、86.1%(x2=2.70,P=0.259),急性放射性肠道、膀胱损伤发生率相似(P>0.05),FRT组骨髓抑制率最低(56.2%;x2=25.95,P=0.000);AHF组皮肤反应发生率最低(9.1%;X2=20.25,P=0.002);鳞癌加化疗组生存率高于无化疗组,仉骨髓抑制及肠道反应均高于无化疗组.结论 CF组及AHF组5年生存率均较好,AHF组的并发症较轻、疗程短并有提高局部控制率的趋势,值得推广应用.同步放化疗可改善鳞癌患者的生存率及近期疗效,但并发症显著增加,治疗要考虑患者体质、对化疗的耐受程度等.