基于733例择期手术患儿的EB病毒感染血清流行病学调查

目的 了解不同年龄段儿童EB病毒(EBV)感染现状及流行病学特点。方法 以首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院2010年行外科择期手术住院患儿为研究对象,并排除临床EBV感染的病例。以患儿生化检测后剩余血清,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清EBV-CA-IgG、EBV-NA-IgG和EBV-CA-IgM抗体。计算EBV累计感染率和新发感染率,分析各年龄组EBV感染的性别和城乡特征。结果 733例患儿进入分析,男414例,女319例。<1岁306例,~5岁193例,～10岁147例,～17岁87例。①CA-IgG、NA-IgG和CA-IgM抗体的总阳性率分别为70.4%（516例）、68.4%（501例）和0.7%（5例）;CA-IgG、NA-IgG的阳性率随年龄增长呈增高趋势;②<1、～5、～10和～17岁组EBV累计感染率分别为54.2％、74.6％、85.0％和90.8％;新发感染率分别为2.1％、2.4％、0和11.1％;③各年龄组男女性累计感染率差异无统计学意义;④各年龄组CA-IgG抗体阳性率和累计感染率均呈现城区高于郊区的趋向,但差异无统计学意义。结论 儿童EBV原发感染的年龄较早,10岁时近90%的儿童血清EBV-CA-IgG抗体阳性,年龄较20世纪80年代有所延迟。     

Hodgkin's disease in childhood]

Only in these latest years has been possible to consider Hodgkin disease (HD) as a neoplastic syndrome, thank of immunohistochemistry and cytogenetic techniques which have confirmed the monoclonal origin of typical cellular marker of disease: the Reed-Sternberg cell (R-S cell). Interesting associations have been observed between children suffering from HD and the positivity of EBV antigen above all in the socio-economically developed countries. The histopathologic classification of HD is divided in four sub-types, with different incidence in the pediatric age: the nodular sclerosis and the mixed cellularity are more rap-presented than the lymphocyte predominance and mostly the lymphocyte depletion. Histopathologic classification is essential for the prognosis and a correct therapeutic approach to disease. The management of HD is based on chemotherapy and radiotherapy associated; the results of treatment are more and more encouraging with a global survival over 95%. Sequelae of treatment are reduced in modern therapeutic trials: in particularly injury to somatic growth, cardiopulmonary system, gonadal and thyroid functionality is reduced by using low dose and involved fields for the early stage patients. The most important sequela in children treated for HD is the risk to developed a second malignant neoplasm; in particularly acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and non Hodgkin's lymphoma. In patients treated with radiotherapy alone increase the risk to develop solid tumors like sarcomas and carcinomas, which can appears several years after diagnosis.     

Epstein-barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein (LMP) in tumor cells of Hodgkin's disease in pediatric patients

Twenty-nine out of 31 consecutive pediatric patients with Hodgkin's disease treated at our hospital from 1988 to 1992 were studied. The selection criterion was the availability of sufficient formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue for analysis. Patient age ranged from 3 to 15 years with a median age of 7 years. Lymph node biopsies were examined for the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein (LMP) in malignant cells by peroxidase immunolabeling. LMP positivity was present in 10/15 (67%) of mixed cellularity, 1/6 (17%) of lymphocyte predominance, 0/7 (0%) of nodular sclerosis, and 1/1 (100%) of lymphocyte depletion. Positive cases by age range were: 10/12 (83%) for 3–6 years and 2/17 (11%) for 7–15 years. The association between EBV and Hodgkin's disease in children appeared to be more frequent in patients with mixed cellularity and those in the 3–6 age range, though examples of EBV-positive tumors were found in other histologic subtypes, stages and ages. Findings indicate that Hodgkin's disease in children is at least as strongly linked to EBV as in adults. Furthermore, we suggest that the EBV is associated with a subgroup of patients which can be defined on the basis of the age at diagnosis. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

NATURAL KILLER CELL NUMBERS AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY IN PEDIATRIC HODGKIN DISEASE

In this study peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cell activity was evaluated in 17 pediatric cases with Hodgkin disease (HD) (9 untreated, 8 in remission) and 20 age-matched healthy children. Peripheral blood CD16 and CD56 molecule expressions were also examined. No difference related to NK cell numbers and cytotoxic activity was detected at either stage of the disease. In cases in which long-term remission has been achieved ( 5 years) NK cell activity was slightly but not significantly increased in parallel with remission duration. Finally, no relation between NK cell activity and the etiology, prognosis, and severity of the disease has been established in children with HD.     

Natural killer cell numbers and cytotoxic activity in pediatric Hodgkin disease

In this study peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cell activity was evaluated in 17 pediatric cases with Hodgkin disease (HD) (9 untreated, 8 in remission) and 20 age-matched healthy children. Peripheral blood CD16 and CD56 molecule expressions were also examined. No difference related to NK cell numbers and cytotoxic activity was detected at either stage of the disease. In cases in which long-term remission has been achieved ( 5 years) NK cell activity was slightly but not significantly increased in parallel with remission duration. Finally, no relation between NK cell activity and the etiology, prognosis, and severity of the disease has been established in children with HD.     

Epstein-Barr virus infection,Hodgkin's disease,non-Hodgkin's lymphoma,and reactive follicular hyperplasia in Japanese children: Evaluation of paraffin-embedded specimens using polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections are common in Japanese children, with infections by EBV type 1. The relationships between EBV infection and lymphadenopathies in Hodgkin's disease (HD), non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL), reactive follicular hyperplasia (RFH), and infectious mononucleosis (IM) in 37 Japanese children were evaluated. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lymph node specimens that were obtained at surgical resection or biopsy were evaluated for the presence of EBV DNA and the latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemical staining. The PCR detected EBV DNA in nine of 13 (69.2%) patients with RFH, including a case of IM, all three (100%) patients with HD, and one of 21 (4.8%) patients with NHL. All EBV-positive samples contained EBV type 1. Reed-Sternberg's cells in HD were immunohistochemically positive for LMP-1, whereas all cases of RFH and NHL were negative for LMP-1. Results suggest that EBV infection may be related to HD. Although no proof exists that EBV infection contributes to the transformation of cells, thus causing RFH or NHL, the present authors suggest that the EBV-positive cases in Japanese children demonstrate a relationship between the clinical and histopathological features of the lymphadenopathy and EBV-type 1 infection.     

��ͯά����ѪҺ͸��23���ٴ�����

目的探讨应用维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)治疗的终末期肾病(end-stage renaldisease,ESRD)患儿的临床特点,为今后儿童MHD的治疗提供参考。方法首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院血液净化中心2000年1月至2011年3月因ESRD行MHD的患儿共23例,其中男12例,女11例;年龄2.5～15.6岁。对其原发病、退出原因、透析并发症及透析充分性等进行统计和回顾性分析。结果在MHD儿童中ESRD的原发病中慢性肾小球肾炎8例,居首位,占34.8%,原因不明者5例,占21.7%。HD开始时均以临时中心静脉双腔管为血管通路,87.0%成功建立动静脉内瘘。动静脉瘘组尿素清除指数(spKt/V)(1.52±0.39),尿素下降率为(70.70±10.52)%,明显优于临时静脉双腔管组的(1.08±0.50)和(56.44±17.33)%。透析并发症以高血压、低血压和透析失衡综合征为常见,高血压发生率达87.0%,而低血压和失衡综合征发生率仅为5.6%和4.7%。退出原因43.5%为回当地医院透析,17.4%肾移植,死亡1例(4.3%),放弃治疗2例(8.7%)...     

结肠次全切除术治疗巨结肠同源病23例

目的探讨小儿巨结肠同源病(HAD)的诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析23例巨结肠同源病的病例资料,男8例,女15例,年龄5个月～16岁,其中5个月～3岁4例,3～16岁19例。患儿均以便秘、腹胀为主诉,术前常规行钡灌肠、直肠肛管测压检查。其中11例行直肠粘膜活检术;5例因肠梗阻行结肠造瘘术;3例为先天性巨结肠术后复发便秘。结果全部病例均行腹会阴Soave法结肠次全切除术。23例中,钡剂灌肠均未见明显狭窄段、移行段,24h延迟拍片提示钡剂滞留;部分病例有结肠扩张和结肠冗长表现;直肠肛管测压均有抑制反射,11例直肠粘膜活检AchE阴性。23例术后病理诊断与术前诊断一致。术后均有不同程度腹泻,1例出现伤口裂开,2例直肠粘膜脱垂,2例粘连性肠梗阻;无吻合口瘘、肌鞘感染等并发症。结论腹会阴Soave法结肠次全切除术是治疗HAD较为彻底的术式。     

Hodgkin disease and the role of the immune system

Hodgkin disease (HD) is a malignancy of primarily B lymphocytes that has the unique ability to cause immunodeficiency, as well as provide immune evasion mechanisms to avoid self-destruction. In this review, the authors discuss Hodgkin disease, its association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the immune deficiency caused by HD, and tumor immune evasion mechanisms. Specifically, the authors closely evaluate the roles of regulatory T cells in HD, cytotoxic T cells, cytokine and chemokine secretion, down-regulation of Fas ligand, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) secretion.     

Hodgkin Disease and the Role of the Immune System

Hodgkin disease (HD) is a malignancy of primarily B lymphocytes that has the unique ability to cause immunodeficiency, as well as provide immune evasion mechanisms to avoid self-destruction. In this review, the authors discuss Hodgkin disease, its association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the immune deficiency caused by HD, and tumor immune evasion mechanisms. Specifically, the authors closely evaluate the roles of regulatory T cells in HD, cytotoxic T cells, cytokine and chemokine secretion, down-regulation of Fas ligand, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) secretion.     

Hodgkin disease in Iranian children

The epidemiological pattern of Hodgkin disease (HD) was studied in 139 Iranian children with an age range of 2.5–15 years (mean age 8.3) over a 17-year period (1972–1989). The main features observed were: a high male to female ratio of 3.21, a high frequency of HD in toddlers and young school children (73%), the prevalence of mixed cellularity subtype (74.5%) and rare occurrence of lymphocyte depletion subtype (2%) the high occurrence of constitutional symptoms (57%) and the high rate of stage III and IV patients (73.5%). Response to the treatment consisting mainly of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy was favourable and overall and disease-free survival rates of 91.4% and 74.2% were achieved over a follow up period of 6 months –17 years. According to these findings the epidemiological pattern of Iranian children with HD is similar to that occurring in rural areas of developed countries.     

Detection of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in plasma and lymph node biopsy samples of pediatric and adult patients with Hodgkin lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is commonly associated with latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. The aim of this study is a molecular analysis of the EBV status in both involved lymph node biopsies and plasma samples of patients with HL. Plasma and lymph node biopsy samples obtained from 15 pediatric and 10 adult HL patients were examined for EBV DNA using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The control group consisted of 30 healthy pediatrics and adults. In addition, immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA)-1 antibody was determined in sera of patients and controls using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IgG Anti EBNA-1 antibody was detected in 21 (84%) and 8 (26%) of patients and controls, respectively (P < .05). EBV DNA was detected in 12 (48%) and 1 (3%) plasma samples of patient and control cases, respectively. Significant difference was observed in plasma DNA detection between patients and controls (P < .05). Comparison of EBV DNA detection in plasma and biopsy samples between children and adult patients was only significant for plasma samples (P = .025). Significant correlation was observed in positive detection of EBV DNA between plasma and biopsy samples of the same individual (P < .001, r = .923). Frequency of EBV DNA in plasma and biopsy samples obtained from mixed-cellularity subgroup was higher than the nodular sclerosis; however, no significant difference was observed between these 2 subgroups. EBV detection in plasma of childhood Hodgkin lymphoma in a population with EBV seroconversion might be of value as a biomarker for EBV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma.     

Epidemiology of childhood Hodgkins disease: is it different in developing countries?

Childhood Hodgkins Disease (HD) is a lymphoma that displays characteristic epidemiological, clinical and pathological features according to various geographic areas, particularly according to the socio-economic level of a given country. India presents a similar sex, age and subtype distribution as other emerging countries: high male-to-female ratio, younger age at presentation, high proportion of advanced stages and presence of constitutional symptoms, predominance of mixed cellularity type of HD. The etiology of HD is still the subject of controversy and investigation, but it may occur as a sequel of a viral infection during early childhood, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Most cases of Indian childhood HD are associated to EBV, while genetic predisposition is seen in very rare cases.     

Prognostic factors and treatment outcome in childhood Hodgkin disease

BACKGROUND: The goals of this study included: (1) Identification of factors prognostic for event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS), and (2) Definition of risk groups for risk adapted therapy in children with Hodgkin disease (HD). PROCEDURE: From 1991 to 2003, 69 children with newly diagnosed, untreated biopsy-proven stage I-IV HD were treated with chemotherapy (CT) and low-dose involved field radiotherapy (LD-IFRT). The relationship of pretreatment factors to EFS and OS was analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The 5-year EFS and OS for all patients were 90.77% and 96.22%, respectively with a median follow-up of 73 months (3-137 months). Male to female ratio was 3:1 and 21 children (32.3%) were less than 7 years of age. Mixed cellularity was the predominant histologic subtype (38.5%). Factors associated with inferior EFS by univariate analysis were extranodal disease, hemoglobin level <11 g/dl, number of involved lymph node regions and stage. By multivariate analysis only stage IV disease was significant. CONCLUSION: Our study confirms that excellent results are achievable with combined modality therapy in childhood HD. In order to use risk-adapted therapy in children with HD, clinical prognostic factors should be validated with large, multicentered prospective clinical studies.     

Gonadal function in young patients successfully treated for Hodgkin disease

BACKGROUND: Gonadal function in pediatric and young adult survivors of Hodgkin disease is not very well defined. This study evaluates the outcome following the Multiple Drug Protocol (MDP) and the results are compared to the published experience. PROCEDURE: Ovarian and testicular function was assessed in 65 patients (36 males) with Hodgkin disease in first or second complete remission after treatment with either radiation (RT, n = 13), chemotherapy (CT, n = 9), or both (n = 43). Chemotherapy consisted of six cycles of the MDP (doxorubicin, procarbazine, prednisone, vincristine, and cyclophosphamide). Median age at diagnosis was 13.1 years (range, 2.4-22.6) and median age at evaluation was 22.6 years (range, 15.1-33.7), which was 6.7 years (range, 2.0-19.8) after the completion of all treatments. For the purpose of analysis, patients were divided into three groups: group A, patients who received only RT that did not include the pelvis (8 females, 5 males); group B, patients who received CT but no pelvic RT (15 females, 25 males); and group C, patients who received CT plus pelvic RT (6 females, 6 males). RESULTS: All patients progressed spontaneously through puberty and evaluable patients were found to be sexually mature (Tanner stage IV and V). Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was increased in 0/5, 13/25, and 5/6 and testicular volume was decreased in 1/3, 4/11, and 2/3 group A, B, and C male patients, respectively. Leydig cell dysfunction was uncommon; 91% and 88% of males had normal serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone, respectively. FSH and LH were increased in 0/8, 3/15, and 2/6 group A, B, and C female patients, respectively, at last follow-up, indicating a 17% prevalence of ovarian dysfunction. Serial data in seven females whose initial levels of FSH/LH were elevated revealed normalization in four. Six females delivered eight normal children. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of males who received CT +/- RT have evidence of germ cell dysfunction, while Leydig cell function is unaffected in most. In females, although abnormal function early after the end of treatment was observed, ovarian function remained or returned to normal in most young women. Thus, in females the results of hormone testing performed early after treatment may not be predictive of their eventual reproductive potential.     

Results of little or no treatment for lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin disease in children and adolescents

PURPOSE: The nodular lymphocyte-predominant form of Hodgkin disease (LPHD) is a distinct clinicopathologic entity with a favorable prognosis. To see if children and adolescents could be spared the adverse sequelae of treatment, the authors adopted a policy of little or no treatment of localized LPHD in 1989. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Presentation, pathology, and outcomes were reviewed for 15 consecutive children and adolescents with LPHD seen at a single institution since 1989. One patient was lost to follow-up and two patients were seen only once in consultation and treated elsewhere. These three cases were excluded, leaving twelve: nine males and three females, ranging in age at diagnosis from 2 to 17 years (median 11). Eleven of the 12 had stage I disease, and 1 had stage II. Six received no treatment following excisional biopsy, while five received a brief treatment with chemotherapy only. One was initially treated with involved field radiotherapy (IFRT) due to an initially imprecise histologic diagnosis of classic Hodgkin disease. RESULTS: All patients are alive, without evidence of disease, for periods ranging from 2 to 13+ years after diagnosis (median 6 years). One patient recurred locally with LPHD 6 years after initial brief chemotherapy and was then treated with IFRT, achieving a prolonged second remission. CONCLUSION: Children and adolescents with localized LPHD have an excellent prognosis and may be safely approached either with a wait-and-see attitude of no initial therapy after initial adenectomy or with less aggressive treatments.     

儿童霍奇金淋巴瘤34例临床分析

目的 认识儿童霍奇金淋巴瘤(HL)的病理及临床特点,总结根据危险度分层治疗即化疗联合低剂量受累野放疗的疗效,探讨治疗相关毒性作用.方法 前瞻性研究2003年1月至2009年4月我院治疗的34例霍奇金淋巴瘤患儿;全部行活检病理形态及免疫组化检查,参照世界卫生组织(WHO)2001病理分型标准诊断、按霍奇金淋巴瘤An arbor分期标准分期.根据患儿不同的危险因素及对治疗反应将患儿分成低危、中危、高危3个治疗组.结果 男28例,女6例;以Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期居多.22例为经典混合细胞型(64.7%).侵犯部位广泛;巨大瘤块18例(52.9%);大于4个淋巴结区受累16例;B组症状15例.25例行EB病毒感染指标即潜伏膜蛋白(LMP)或EB病毒编码RNA(EBER)染色,100%阳性.随访时间(26.1±16.3)个月.低危组0例,中危组14例,高危组20例.总体生存率100%、预计5年无事件生存率94.1%;中、高危患儿Ⅲ、Ⅳ度血液学不良反应累积发生率分别为40.0%和70.8%.结论 儿童时期霍奇金淋巴瘤男多于女,与EB病毒相关,病理以混合细胞型居多,预后相对较好,根据疾病危险度进行联合化疗及低剂量受累野放疗方案的近期疗效可靠,但随访时间尚短,需进一步观察远期不良反应.     

肛门直肠畸形合并先天性巨结肠的诊治

目的 总结儿童先天性肛门直肠畸形(ARM)合并先天性巨结肠(HD)的临床特点,探讨其病因和适宜的诊治方法.方法 回顾性分析2004年1月至2008年4月6例ARM合并HD患儿的临床资料、诊治过程及预后情况.年龄1岁8个月～1I岁,平均4.1岁;男女比例1:5.所有病例于ARM矫正手术后有不同程度便秘、腹胀等症状,钡灌肠显示结直肠均有显著的扩张,仅有2例可见明确痉挛段和移行段.6例患儿直肠肛管测压直肠肛门抑制反射不能引出.2例采用经肛门Soave术式,4例采用经腹肛门Soave巨结肠根治术.结果 术后病理检查6例标本远端肠壁内均未见神经节细胞.免疫组化组织蛋白酶D:近段阳性,远端阴性.结论 对于ARM患儿,特别是对于ARM畸形矫正术后仍有便秘的患儿要警惕合并HD的可能.此外,ARM合并HD患儿往往同时存在有多种畸形,在胚胎发育过程中这些畸形的发生可能存在着一定的关联.     

先天性巨结肠肠壁Cx43蛋白和Cajal间质细胞的分布

目的：观察缝隙连接蛋白43（Cx43）及Cajal 间质细胞(ICC)在先天性巨结肠(HD)肠壁中的分布,探讨Cx43和ICC与HD发病的关系。方法：运用免疫组织化学方法观察42例经病理诊断为HD的肠壁标本内各层之间Cx43蛋白和ICC的分布情况,其中男33例,女9例（年龄2个月至10岁）,实验标本均为散发病例,全部取材经组织病理学检测符合HD诊断,包括常见型30例,短段型12例,并取5例肠套叠患儿（30 d至8岁,男4例,女1例）作为对照组。结果：HD狭窄段(无神经节细胞肠段)肠壁肌层内Cx43和ICC表达缺失,各层中几乎未见Cx43表达和ICC分布,与HD扩张段（有神经节细胞肠段）及正常对照组之间的差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。HD移行段肠壁Cx43和ICC有中等强度表达,与扩张段、狭窄段之间差异有显著性(P<0.01)。HD扩张段肠壁Cx43和ICC呈强阳性分布,黏膜下层和纵肌层未见或少见Cx43表达。HD扩张段和正常对照组肠壁内Cx43和ICC表达差异无显著性。结论：Cx43表达缺失或减少、缝隙连接结构的破坏及ICC结构、分布异常,导致细胞间物质、电信号的传递障碍,可能是HD发病的原因之一。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（3）：213-216］     

Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus DNA in Plasma and Lymph Node Biopsy Samples of Pediatric and Adult Patients with Hodgkin Lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is commonly associated with latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. The aim of this study is a molecular analysis of the EBV status in both involved lymph node biopsies and plasma samples of patients with HL. Plasma and lymph node biopsy samples obtained from 15 pediatric and 10 adult HL patients were examined for EBV DNA using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The control group consisted of 30 healthy pediatrics and adults. In addition, immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA)-1 antibody was determined in sera of patients and controls using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IgG Anti EBNA-1 antibody was detected in 21 (84%) and 8 (26%) of patients and controls, respectively (P < .05). EBV DNA was detected in 12 (48%) and 1 (3%) plasma samples of patient and control cases, respectively. Significant difference was observed in plasma DNA detection between patients and controls (P < .05). Comparison of EBV DNA detection in plasma and biopsy samples between children and adult patients was only significant for plasma samples (P = .025). Significant correlation was observed in positive detection of EBV DNA between plasma and biopsy samples of the same individual (P < .001, r = .923). Frequency of EBV DNA in plasma and biopsy samples obtained from mixed-cellularity subgroup was higher than the nodular sclerosis; however, no significant difference was observed between these 2 subgroups. EBV detection in plasma of childhood Hodgkin lymphoma in a population with EBV seroconversion might be of value as a biomarker for EBV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma.