APOPTOSIS OF EPITHELIAL CELLS IN VIVO INVOLVES TISSUE TRANSGLUTAMINASE UPREGULATION

Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) has been implicated in producing some of the cytoplasmic changes seen in apoptosis in vitro . The aim of this study was to investigate tTg protein and mRNA expression in three different epithelia induced experimentally in vivo to undergo apoptosis. They were castration-induced prostatic atrophy with subsequent testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia, apoptosis induced by mild ischaemia in the liver from ligation of the distal portal vein, and hydronephrosis due to ureteric ligation. tTG protein was consistently expressed with apoptosis in all three models, whereas the mRNA levels were different in each model. tTG mRNA was elevated in the later stages of hydronephrosis, when apoptosis was still occurring. In the prostate, the levels remained unchanged during the process of involution, but increased early in association with testosterone-induced proliferation. In the liver model, the mRNA levels remained unchanged. tTG protein expression may be a universal feature of apoptosis of epithelial tissues, whereas changes in tTG mRNA expression appear to be unique to each apoptosis-inducing agent.     

5—羟色胺受体和P物质受体在培养的人胎盘滋养层细胞的定位研究

目的：探讨培养的人胎盘绒毛滋养层细胞是否存在5－羟色胺受体（5－HTR）和P物质受体（SPR）,方法：采用细胞培养法和免疫细胞化学技术。结果：培养的滋养层细胞为5－HTR与SPR免疫阳性反应,免疫阳性物质位于胞浆内,胞核为阴性。结论：人胎盘滋养层细胞自身含有5－HTR和SPR,为在离体培养条件下研究5－HT和SP对胎盘激素的合成与分泌的调控作用提供了形态学依据。     

EXPRESSION OF NUCLEOPHOSMIN/B23 IN NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC COLORECTAL MUCOSA

Nucleophosmin/B23 is a 38 kD molecular phosphoprotein involved in ribosome assembly and transport. In view of the fact that nucleophosmin/B23 appears to be more abundant in tumour cells than in normal cells, the mRNA expression and immunohistochemical localization of nucleophosmin/B23 were investigated in 19 samples of non-neoplastic mucosa, six adenomas, and 16 adenocarcinomas of the colorectum. Northern blot analysis revealed that nucleophosmin/B23 mRNA is expressed at a higher level in adenomas and carcinomas than in non-neoplastic mucosa of the colorectum. Immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections after microwave antigen retrieval, using a nucleophosmin/B23-specific monoclonal antibody, showed almost exclusively diffuse nuclear reactivity of a majority of the epithelial cells in non-neoplastic mucosa: in adenomas, reactivity was almost exclusively nucleolar and in carcinomas, nuclear as well as nucleolar staining was observed. During mitosis, the immunoreactivity of nucleophosmin/B23 appears in the cytoplasm. The results indicate that the expression of nucleophosmin/B23 is higher in neoplastic than in non-neoplastic colorectal mucosa. Furthermore, the pattern of nucleophosmin/B23 expression shifts from nuclear to nucleolar early in the adenoma–carcinoma sequence. The exact function of nucleophosmin/B23 in colorectal carcinogenesis remains to be determined.     

IN SITU ANALYSIS OF TISSUE DYNAMICS AND p53 EXPRESSION IN HUMAN GASTRIC MUCOSA

In situ tissue dynamics were studied in 12 cases of human gastric mucosa, including normal gastric body mucosa and gastric glands with intestinal metaplasia, obtained from gastrectomy specimens of adenocarcinoma. Cell proliferation was determined by Ki67 immunoreactivity. DNA fragmentation was studied in situ by TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labelling (TUNEL). In addition, p53 expression was examined by both immunohistochemistry and mRNA in situ hybridization. In the oxyntic gastric glands, Ki67 immunoreactivity was observed exclusively in the proliferative zone and TUNEL-positive cells were present predominantly in the surface foveolar epithelium. In the gastric glands with complete intestinal metaplasia, Ki67-positive cells were present in the lower portion of the glands and TUNEL-positive cells in the superficial epithelium. In the gastric glands with incomplete intestinal metaplasia, TUNEL-positive cells were detected in the lower gastric glands adjacent to cells immunoreactive for Ki67; the proportion of these gastric glands with TUNEL-positive cells (40 out of 108 glands) was significantly higher than for oxyntic glands (94 out of 620 glands) or for glands with complete metaplasia (31 out of 254 glands). Relatively strong p53 immunoreactivity and mRNA hybridization were also observed in the proliferative and apoptotic areas of gastric glands with incomplete intestinal metaplasia. These results indicate that incomplete intestinal metaplasia is associated with increased cell turnover and p53 overexpression, possibly in response to various noxious or DNA-damaging stimuli.     

EXPRESSION OF CRIPTO IN HUMAN GALL BLADDER LESIONS

The expression of cripto, a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, was examined by immunohistochemistry in benign lesions and carcinomas of the gall bladder. Cripto expression was detected in 6 (67 per cent) of 9 hyperplasias, 4 (58 per cent) of 7 adenomas, and 89 (68 per cent) of 132 adenocarcinomas of the gall bladder. The degree of cripto expression was not correlated with depth of tumour invasion, tumour stage or patient prognosis. The incidence of cases with cripto expression was significantly higher in papillary and well-differentiated adenocarcinomas (positive 73 per cent; strongly positive 38 per cent) than in moderately and poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas (positive 54 per cent; strongly positive 17 per cent) ( P <0·05). These results suggest that cripto expression may not relate to progression in gall bladder carcinomas, but may be associated with tumour differentiation.     

25kD蛋白在人骨骼肌中的定位及在人其他组织中的表达

25 k D蛋白是一种新的与重症肌无力相关的蛋白质。为了检测该蛋白在人体不同组织中的表达并明确其在人骨骼肌中的亚细胞定位。本研究提取和纯化 2 5 k D蛋白 ,免疫小鼠制备了 2 5 k D蛋白的抗体 ;用免疫印迹方法验证了抗体的特异性并检测2 5 k D蛋白在成年人及胎儿 8种不同组织中的表达 ;用免疫组化和免疫电镜方法明确了 2 5 k D蛋白在骨骼肌中的细胞及亚细胞定位。结果显示 ,2 5 k D蛋白抗体只与肌肉匀浆样品中 2 5 k D蛋白特异性反应。在成年人及胎儿 8种不同组织中 ,2 5 k D蛋白只见于骨骼肌。免疫组化可见在肌膜下和横纹上有不均匀的免疫染色 ;免疫电镜显示在肌膜下有电子致密物沉积 ,肌丝中未见有电子致密物沉积。这些结果表明 :2 5 k D蛋白抗体具有很高的特异性 ,2 5 k D蛋白只表达于人骨骼肌中 ,其亚细胞定位在骨骼肌的肌膜下。     

叉头框C2在人胚淋巴管发生过程中的表达

目的 探讨人淋巴管胚胎期的发生和发育及叉头框c2(FOXC2)的表达. 方法 用淋巴管内皮透明质酸受体1(LYVE-1)作为淋巴管的标记物,应用免疫组织化学SP染色及免疫荧光双标染色的方法 ,检测FOXC2和LYVE-1在妊娠5～11周的85例人胚胎标本淋巴管的表达及淋巴管的发生发育情况. 结果 妊娠7周后的胎儿颈部及胸部的淋巴管出现LYVE.1表达.在妊娠大约10周时,胎儿肠系膜间淋巴管内皮细胞开始出现LYVE-1表达.FOXC2的表达早于LYVE-1,于妊娠第6周开始在中胚层间充质明显表达.FOXC2不仅表达于淋巴管,并广泛分布于椎体、心血管等部位.妊娠11周后的胎儿淋巴管内皮细胞中仍能见到FOXC2和LYVE-1的表达. 结论 在妊娠7～8周间(人胚胎发育35～42d),淋巴管开始形成,FOXC2和LYVE-1与淋巴管的发生和发育相关.     

连体乳腺正常与病变组织微观结构变化的AR倒谱分析

乳腺组织微观结构的准周期性可以利用散射体平均间距来描述,本文利用ＡＲ倒谱方法对连体正常与病变乳腺组织的散射体平均间距进行了估计,得到了正常乳腺组织的散射体平均间距约为１２５±０２１ｍｍ,各类病变组织的平均间距较正常组织有明显的特异性,所得结果与乳腺组织的微观结构特征相符     

EXPRESSION OF ENDOTHELIN-1 IN PANCREATIC TISSUE OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PANCREATITIS

Chronic pancreatitis is characterized by the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate, progressive destruction of acinar cells, and fibrosis. The finding that endothelin-1, an endothelium-derived peptide with vasoconstrictive and mitogenic properties, reduces pancreatic blood flow in normal rats suggested that the peptide may be associated with the reduced pancreatic flow seen in animal models of chronic pancreatitis and in the morphological abnormalities of the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate sites of endothelin-1 expression in the pancreas of normal subjects and patients with chronic pancreatitis. The techniques of immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and Northern blotting were used. Endothelin-1-like immunoreactivity was localized predominantly to islet cells both in normal subjects and in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Semi-quantitative analyses of immunostaining showed that endothelin-1-like immunoreactivity in islet cells of patients with chronic pancreatitis was greater than in normal subjects. Co-localization studies with glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide showed that endothelin-1-like immunoreactivity co-exists with glucagon and insulin. There was no apparent co-existence of endothelin-1-like immunoreactivity with somatostatin or pancreatic polypeptide. Endothelin-1 mRNA was expressed in sites similar to those of the immunostaining, as well as in vascular endothelial cells. Northern blot analysis showed an increase in the expression of endothelin-1 mRNA in the patient population. There was a significant correlation between intensity of endothelin-1 immunostaining and severity of fibrosis in the patients with chronic pancreatitis. These findings suggest that an elevation in local expression of endothelin-1 may be associated with the morphological and haemodynamic changes of chronic pancreatitis.     

胎儿端脑突触素表达和突触发育的研究

为了探讨突触素(SYN)在不同周龄阶段胎儿端脑额叶中的表达与胎儿额叶皮质突触发育的关系,本研究采用免疫组织化学方法观察突触素在不同周龄阶段胎儿额叶的表达水平,利用计算机图像分析技术测量不同周龄阶段胎儿额叶突触素表达的平均光密度;同时取材、常规电镜技术处理、透射电镜观察额叶突触发育的超微结构变化。结果显示:(1)光镜下各组均可见SYN免疫阳性产物主要表达于胎儿的额叶皮层,其表达量随周龄的增加而增强,各组间呈现显著性差异(P<0.05),其中16～24周胎儿额叶的阳性产物位于神经元的胞浆内,呈均匀的浅黄色,神经元突起内未见阳性产物;25～29周额叶的阳性产物呈黄色,在胞浆和突起内均可见,但阳性产物的量却下降;而30～39周额叶的SYN阳性产物呈棕黄色的点状或颗粒状,主要位于神经元的突起内,神经元胞浆内未见阳性产物,阳性产物的量显著增加;(2)透射电镜下19～36周胎儿大脑额叶均可见到突触样结构,随着周龄的增加,突触的数量逐渐增多,结构逐渐清晰和完整。上述结果提示SYN的表达可以反映胎儿神经系统发育的程度,SYN的表达与突触的发育是一致的;SYN在胎儿大脑额叶的表达部位经历由神经元胞浆内表达为主到神经元终末表达为主的这一过程,可能是由于SYN先是在神经元胞浆内合成,再随着神经元的发育而逐步转移到神经元突起的末梢部位。     

人胚胎软骨组织内细胞坏死的形态学研究

收集人工引产或流产胚胎36例(胎龄为64天至8个月),取材自各标本的手指骨,其中尚有20例作了四肢及其他部位骨骺和骨端软骨的组织学切片。观察结果为:1.在胚胎的软骨组织内,不同程度地存在一些软骨细胞散在的退变消失现象及单个软骨细胞残影。2.坏死的软骨细胞可见单个,或者3～10个,有的形成小灶状。3.在部位分布上,增殖层表现比较明显。胎龄愈大,坏死细胞的检出率愈高。4.在残留的软骨细胞影子或细胞核碎片的周围,可见无细胞区及软骨巨细胞。作者认为,上述变化是一种轻微的、生理性的、一过性的形态学变化,甚至可能是一种必然要发生的改变,绝非是病理性的软骨细胞死亡。     

Bcl-2和Bax蛋白在人早孕胎盘绒毛和蜕膜组织中的表达

目的探讨Bcl-2和Bax蛋白在人早孕绒毛和蜕膜组织中的表达及其意义。方法应用免疫组织化学ABC法检测Bcl-2和Bax蛋白在孕5~7周绒毛和蜕膜组织细胞中的表达,用真彩色病理图像分析系统4.0图像分析软件测定Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的积分吸光度值。结果Bc1-2蛋白主要分布于孕5~7周绒毛合体滋养层细胞、蜕膜细胞的细胞质和细胞核中,蛋白表达积分吸光度值依次降低,其差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Bax蛋白在孕5~7周绒毛细胞滋养层细胞、合体滋养层细胞中均未见表达;孕6周,Bax蛋白表达于极少部分蜕膜细胞的细胞质中。结论Bc1-2和Bax蛋白在人早孕过程中参与了绒毛滋养层细胞增殖和分化、子宫内膜蜕膜化的过程,在绒毛的发生、发育、胎盘形成和组织结构改建及功能完善等方面发挥着重要作用。     

人胎儿睾丸发生过程中表皮生长因子与细胞增殖核抗原的表达

目的　观察表皮生长因子 (EGF)与细胞增殖核抗原 (PCNA)在人胎儿睾丸发生过程中的表达特征 ,探讨两者在睾丸发生中的作用。　方法　用SP免疫细胞化学技术检测了人胎儿 12～ 32周睾丸间质细胞、支持细胞、生殖细胞EGF、PCNA阳性细胞表达率。　结果　EGF在胎儿 12周龄睾丸组织未见表达 ,16～ 32周龄睾丸间质细胞呈阳性表达 ,16～ 2 0周为表达高峰 ,随着胎龄的增长呈逐渐下降趋势 (P <0 0 1) ;PCNA在胎儿睾丸间质细胞、支持细胞和生殖细胞均有不同程度表达 ,16～ 2 0周为表达高峰 ,随着胎龄的增长呈逐渐下降趋势 (P <0 0 1)。　结论　EGF与PCNA在人胎儿睾丸发育过程中有不同程度的表达 ,表明EGF与PCNA在睾丸发育过程中起着一定的作用     

Calbindin-D28k在出生前人海马本部及下托神经元的表达及其变化

本实验采用免疫组织化学方法研究了１３～３８ 周人胎儿海马本部及下托含Ｃａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ 神经元的分布和发育。结果表明：在１３～１４ 周时,许多含Ｃａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ 锥体细胞可见于ＣＡ１ 区锥体细胞层中部及深部,随着胎龄增大,ＣＡ１ 区含Ｃａｌ－ｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ 锥体细胞的数量及密度逐渐下降,最终消失,并且这种下降及消失首先从含Ｃａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ 锥体细胞区浅部开始,然后向深部推进;在１３～２８ 周期间,ＣＡ２ 和ＣＡ３ 区也有许多含Ｃａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ 锥体细胞,但至３２ 周以及其后,ＣＡ３ 和ＣＡ２ 区则不见含Ｃａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ 锥体细胞,仅在ＣＡ２ 与ＣＡ１ 交界区见到少量弱染的含Ｃａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ 锥体细胞。此外,在２８～３８ 周期间,ＣＡ３ 和ＣＡ２ 区锥体细胞层周围可见许多含Ｃａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ 的苔藓纤维,其密度随胎龄增大而增加。１４～３８ 周期间,许多含Ｃａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ 的锥体细胞也出现于下托锥体细胞层全层及前下托锥体细胞层浅部（细胞岛区）及中部。这些区域含Ｃａｌ－ｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ 锥体细胞的数量及染色强度在１４～２４ 周期间逐渐增     

CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN TERATOMA CELL LINES FOR THEIR IN VITRO DEVELOPMENTAL PROPERTIES AND EXPRESSION OF EMBRYONIC AND MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY LOCUS-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS

Five human teratoma cell lines have been characterized for the presence of a certain number of marker antigens whose presence or absence has been shown to be characteristic of mouse embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. Four out of the five lines have been shown to respond to at least some of the criteria associated with murine EC cells even though only limited in vitro differentiation could be demonstrated. The significance of certain unusual marker antigen combinations present on the cell line Tera I and its clones and so far unobserved for the murine model is discussed. The observation in Tera I populations of cells carrying simultaneously both the F9 and β₂-microglobulin or HLA antigens, suggest that the human cell lines may represent a novel material for the study of mammalian differentiation.     

兔抗脱氢表雄酮抗体的鉴定及脱氢表雄酮在人胎盘的定位

为了鉴定脱氢表雄酮抗体的特异性及使用效价,观察脱氢表雄酮在人早期胎盘绒毛的细胞定位。方法：免疫组织ＡＢＣ法。结果：脱氢表酮抗体烃度为１：１０００～１：２０００时,胎盘切片仍显示较强的脱氢表雄酮免疫反应阳性,抗体经过量的脱氢表雄雄酮－ＢＳＡ偶联复合物吸收后,再进行孵育时,胎盘切片呈阴性反应,提示该脱氢表雄酮本有较高的使用效价及特异性。人胎盘绒毛两层滋养层细胞和基质细胞均早脱氢表雄酮免疫反应性,阳性反     

胎儿阑尾淋巴组织发生与炎性样肠腺关系的探讨

共收集12～38周胎儿阑尾标本68例,取其中段作部分连续切片,光镜观察。结果发现:淋巴组织出现于第17周’17～20周的半数阑尾可见淋巴组织,21周后阑尾淋巴组织的出现率为90%左右。淋巴组织的形态在28周以前以淋巴细胞群为主,29周以后以淋巴小结为主。阑尾的淋巴组织多,其炎性样肠腺的出现率高。相反,切面上的炎性样肠腺数越多,其淋巴组织就越丰富。