体外膜肺氧合治疗ARDS期间氧代谢变化与预后的关系

目的探讨体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）治疗重症急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）期间的氧代谢、乳酸水平的变化与预后的关系。方法回顾性分析17例机械通气效果不佳、应用体外膜肺氧合治疗的急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者,以应用ECMO后30d为观察终点,分为存活组和死亡组,统计分析治疗前后两组患者的氧代谢、血乳酸水平变化,分析各项指标与预后的关系。结果应用体外膜肺氧合后,患者氧代谢情况明显改善,10例患者治愈,7例死亡。两组患者应用ECMO后氧供、氧耗均明显增加,存活组患者的氧摄取率基本维持在正常水平,乳酸水平呈下降趋势。死亡组患者的氧摄取率明显提高,乳酸水平未见明显下降。结论体外膜肺氧合治疗重症急性呼吸窘迫综合征,氧摄取率维持在正常水平、乳酸水平逐渐下降提示预后良好。     

The impact of respiratory variables on mortality in non-ARDS and ARDS patients requiring mechanical ventilation

Objectives: Primarily, to determine if respiratory variables, assessed on a daily basis on days 1–6 after ICU admission, were associated with mortality in non-ARDS and ARDS patients with respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Secondarily, to determine non-respiratory factors associated with mortality in ARDS and non-ARDS patients. Design: Prospective multicentre clinical study. Setting: Seventy-eight intensive care units in Sweden and Iceland. Patients: Five hundred twenty non-ARDS and 95 ARDS patients. Measurements and results: Potentially prognostic factors present at inclusion were tested against 90-day mortality using a Cox regression model. Respiratory variables (PaO₂/FIO₂, PEEP, mean airway pressure (MAP) and base excess (BE)) were tested against mortality using the model. Primary aim: in non-ARDS a low PaO₂/FIO₂ on day 1, RR (risk ratio) = 1.17, CI (95 % confidence interval) (1.00; 1.36), day 4, 1.24 (1.02; 1.50), day 5, 1.25 (1.02; 1.53) and a low MAP at baseline, 1.18 (1.00; 1.39), day 2, 1.24 (1.02; 1.52), day 3, 1.33 (1.06; 1.67), day 6, 2.38 (1.11; 5.73) were significantly associated with 90-day death. Secondary aim: in non-ARDS a low age, RR = 0.77 (0.67; 0.89), female gender, 0.85 (0.74; 0.98), and low APS (acute physiologic score), 0.85 (0.73; 0.99), were associated with survival; chronic disease, 1.31 (1.12; 1.52), and non-pulmonary origin to the respiratory failure, 1.27 (1.10; 1.47), with death. In ARDS low age, RR = 0.65 CI (0.46; 0.91), and low APS, 0.65 (0.46; 0.90), were associated with survival. Conclusions: No independent significant association was seen between 90-day mortality and degree of hypoxaemia, PEEP, MAP or BE for the first full week of ICU care in either ARDS or non-ARDS. In a sub-group of non-ARDS a lower PaO₂/FIO₂ and MAP tended to influence mortality where a significant association was seen for 3 of 7 study days. Age, gender, APS, presence of a chronic disease and a pulmonary/non-pulmonary reason for the respiratory failure were associated with mortality in non-ARDS, while only age and APS showed a similar association in ARDS. Received: 16 February 1999 Final revision received: 4 October 1999 Accepted: 24 February 2000     

床旁肺部超声在急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者中的应用价值研究

【】目的：探讨床旁肺部超声评价ARDS患者的肺水肿以及指导肺部治疗在急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者救治中的应用价值。方法: 收集上海市第七人民医院重症医学科收治的60例ARDS患者的临床资料进行分析,随机分为两组,肺部超声组和对照组,每组各30例患者。收集患者性别、年龄、病因,记录患者入科时及第7天的相关数据, APACHE II评分、SOFA评分WBC、CRP、PCT、血管外肺水指数、氧合指数、中心静脉压、机械通气治疗时间,肺部超声组收集肺部超声评分,两组患者的7天好转率、ICU住院时间、28天死亡率。研究：肺部超声在评估患者病情危重程度、治疗过程、预测预后的价值,以及肺部超声评分与血管外肺水指数等的相关性。结果: ①两组在治疗前的APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、氧合指数、血管外肺水指数、WBC、CRP、PCT无明显统计学差异(P>0.05),治疗7日后两组患者治疗后均有改善,肺部超声组改善更明显,且机械通气时间更短(P<0.05)。②两组患者治疗前中心静脉压(CVP)无明显差异,治疗7日后两组患者的CVP无明显差异(P>0.05)③肺部超声组患者7日好转率较对照组高,入住ICU时间较对照组缩短,28天死亡率肺部超声组比对照组低(P<0.05)。④所有患者治疗前后患者的血管外肺水指数与APACHE Ⅱ评分、血管外肺水指数、中心静脉压均呈正相关,与氧合指数呈负相关。⑤肺部超声组肺部超声评分与APACHE Ⅱ评分、SOFA评分、血管外肺水指数均呈正相关,肺部超声评分与中心静脉压呈正相关,肺部超声评分与与氧合指数呈负相关。结论：肺部超声在急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者中能有效评估患者的严重程度,指导ARDS患者的个体化治疗,预测患者预后,可作为重症监护室ARDS患者的常规诊疗方法。     

肺部超声评分在急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者预后及病情严重程度中的评估价值

[目的]探讨肺部超声(LUS)评分在急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者预后及病情严重程度中的评估价值.[方法]选取2018年1月至2019年1月在本院呼吸内科诊治的ARDS患者103例,根据柏林2012年ARDS病情标准分为轻度组11例,中度组43例,重度组49例;再根据预后分为存活组72例,死亡组31例.所有患者均于入院当天行LUS检查和动脉血气分析,并采用急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分评价预后并比较.采用逐步线性回归分析LUS评分与预后及病情严重程度的相关性.[结果]存活组患者LUS评分、APACHEⅡ评分分别为(15.71±2.31)分、(13.69±2.06)分,均显著低于死亡组的(23.77±4.82)分、(24.73±3.94)分,其差异均有统计学意义(t=11.726,P<0.001;t=10.861,P<0.001).轻、中、重度组LUS评分、呼气末正压通气(PEEP)依次升高;氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)依次降低,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).逐步线性回归分析显示:LUS评分与预后及病情严重程度呈正相关.[结论]LUS评分与ARDS患者预后及病情严重程度呈正相关,可作为评估ARDS患者病情和预后的重要辅助指标.     

5例应用体外膜肺氧合治疗重症急性呼吸窘迫综合征的护理

总结了5例应用体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)治疗重症急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的护理经验.5例中4例经ECMO治疗8d后成功撤离,病情好转出院,1例撤离ECMO后并发肺间质纤维化.ECMO治疗过程中加强基础护理,密切监测生命体征及血液生化等基础指标,做好机械通气及气道管理,细化ECMO管理,特别是重视并发症的预防与监护非常重要.     

60例急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者应用肺复张策略治疗的护理

目的 探讨呼气末正压递增法肺复张策略在急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用与护理.方法 选择急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者60例,在进行肺复张策略前后,观察患者的氧饱和度(SpO2)、氧合指数、肺静态顺应性、平台压的变化.结果 患者应用肺复张策略后,SpO2、氧合指数、肺静态顺应性明显增加,平台压进行性降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 肺复张策略能充分复张塌陷肺泡,改善气体交换,增加氧合及肺的顺应性,并且降低气道压等.     

1例禽流感患者行体外膜肺氧合后凝血异常的护理

总结1例禽流感合并重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者经体外膜肺氧合治疗后凝血功能异常的护理经验。护理要点:建立多学科医护团队,启动护理人力资源应急调配,严密隔离控制感染;动态监测凝血功能,确保体外膜肺氧合治疗安全;针对性预防并发症,降低患者出血风险;重视呼吸功能锻炼,加强早期康复治疗;贯彻落实早期心理干预,缓解患者焦虑、恐惧情绪。经过精心治疗及护理,患者痊愈出院。     

Acute polyneuropathy in critically ill patients

We studied five patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) with acute polyneuropathy. All had previously presented severe infectious processes, accompanied by diverse organ failure accompanied by the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in all cases. Two patients died and the three survivors suffered severe motor deficiencies. Electromyographic studies revealed axonal damage which predominately affected motor neurons. Cerebrospinal fluid was normal in all the patients except one, who showed a moderate increase of lymphocytes. The common causes of polyneuropathy were excluded, but in all cases a nutritional disorder was detected, based on laboratory values of proteins, serum albumin and transferrin. We conclude that polyneuropathy is relatively frequent among critically ill patients and must be closely monitored because of diagnostic difficulties and the repercussions on the progress of these patients. In spite of uncertainties about its cause, it appears to be related to severe infectious processes, ARDS, and nutritional disorders.     

清醒俯卧位通气在急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者中的应用进展

清醒俯卧位通气是在意识清醒患者中使用的一种辅助体位通气方式。清醒俯卧位通气能够显著改善急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的氧合指数,降低气管插管率、病死率等。该文介绍了清醒俯卧位通气的定义、适应证、禁忌证、启动与终止时机、重点监测内容、并发症的预防与处理,并对应用过程中存在的护理难点进行总结并提出建议,以期为清醒俯卧位通气患者的护理提供参考依据,改善患者临床结局。     

Lipid peroxidation and vitamin E in human coronary atherosclerotic lesions

Background: We aimed to assess the oxidant/antioxidant status within the ex vivo human coronary endarterectomy samples. Methods: To achieve this, we measured products of lipid oxidation (malondialdehyde, 7-ketocholesterol), lipids (cholesterol, cholesteryl esters) and vitamin E in endarterectomy samples. Results: Content of malondialdehyde in the plaque ranged from 0.23 to 37.36 μg/g. Unesterified cholesterol content ranged from 0.30 to 1.94 mg/g. It was 9.04±4.32% of total cholesterol. Total cholesterol content ranged from 1.73 to 23.69 mg/g. Cholesteryl palmitate content ranged from 0.57 to 19.10 mg/g, which is 11.43–60.86% of the total esters (mean±SD 40.27±18.42%). Cholesteryl oleate content ranged from 0.24 to 5.76 mg/g, being 9.97–21.81% of total esters (mean±SD 14.35±4.51%). Cholesteryl linoleate content ranged from 1.05 to 8.21 mg/g, being 17.84–45.15% of total esters (mean±SD 30.78±11.69%). Cholesteryl arachidonate content ranged from 0.51 to 4.20 mg/g, which is 7.56–22.87% of total esters (mean±SD 14.60±5.60%). The cholesteryl linoleate/cholesteryl oleate ratio (CL/CO) ranged from 1.01 to 4.33. Content of 7-ketocholesterol in the plaque ranged from 0.0 to 577.5 ng/g of wet weight. The 7-ketocholesterol/total cholesterol ratio was 0.003±0.003% (range from 0.0% to 0.008%). The 7-ketocholesterol/unesterified cholesterol ratio was 0.024±0.023% (range from 0.0% to 0.066%). The plaque content of vitamin E ranged from 0.0 to 40.9 μg/g of wet weight. Conclusion: The present study, comprising measurements of lipids, products of lipid peroxidation and vitamin E in 12 human coronary endarterectomy samples, lends the evidence for ongoing lipid peroxidation within an atherosclerotic lesion.     

产前应用地塞米松预防早产儿发生呼吸窘迫综合征的临床疗效

目的 探讨产前应用地塞米松预防早产儿发生呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)的临床疗效.方法 分析自2008年10月至2010年1月收治的早产儿92例,根据孕妇产前是否给予地塞米松分为:观察组即给予地塞米松组42例,对照组未给予地塞米松组50例,比较两组临床总体疗效,早产儿RDS发生情况,持续呼吸道正压通气(CPAP)使用率及时间和死亡情况.结果 地塞米松组与对照组比较,RDS发生率、CPAP应用率及应用时间均下降,P＜0.05.地塞米松组总有效率为100.0％,对照组总有效率为79.0％,地塞米松组总有效率明显高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 产前应用地塞米松是预防早产儿发生RDS的有效方法,且能降低CPAP的临床应用及早产儿病死率,值得临床推广使用.     

油酸致大鼠急性呼吸窘迫综合征氧化应激反应和纳洛酮的拮抗作用

目的探讨纳洛酮对油酸所致大鼠急性呼吸窘迫综合征治疗作用的可能机制。方法将30只健康的Wist—ar大鼠随机分为对照组、油酸组、纳洛酮组。由股静脉注入油酸0．1ml／kg建立ARDS模型,测定肺组织MDA、SOD含量,并计算左肺湿／干重比值．行肺组织病理学及超微结构观察。结果油酸组与对照组比较,左肺湿／干重比值、肺组织中MDA含量明显升高,SOD活性明显降低,肺组织出现明显病理损害,纳洛酮组动物肺损伤轻于油酸组。结论纳洛酮可抑制MDA升高．提高SOD活性．对实验性大鼠油酸型急性呼吸窘迫综合征有一定的治疗作用。     

Biochemical changes in tumor tissues of oral cancer patients

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to assess the oxidative stress in tumor tissues of oral cancer patients by measuring the levels of lipids, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and antioxidants. DESIGN AND METHODS: This study has been conducted on oral tumor tissues of 48 adult male oral cancer patients with various clinical stages (stage II to stage IV; 16 of each) and normal tissues of an equal number of age and sex matched disease free healthy subjects. The levels of lipids, lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in buccal mucosa of healthy subjects and oral cancer patients were assayed using colorimetric methods, except for vitamin E (fluorometriy). RESULTS: Total cholesterol and esterified cholesterol were markedly increased whereas phospholipids and free fatty acids were significantly decreased in tumor tissues as compared to normal tissues. The decrease in TBARS levels and functional compromise of antioxidant defense mechanisms were observed in the tumor tissues as compared to normal subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The low availability of peroxidizable substrates and the enhanced antioxidant capacity in tumor tissues make them less susceptible to oxidative stress, conferring a selective growth advantage on tumor cells.     

112例SARS病人及疑似病例的临床护理与隔离管理

目的：探讨SARS病人的临床护理和隔离消毒管理方法。方法：对112例SARS病人及疑似病例进行全面细致的基础护理；严密监测生命体征、动脉血氧变化，观察治疗、用药反应；做好并发症的护理和心理护理；严格执行隔离消毒和自我防护措施。结果：病人全部康复出院，无1例病人死亡，未发生院内交叉感染，未发生医护人员感染。结论：落实护理措施，严格隔离消毒管理、可行、有效，能提高SARS病人的护理质量，有效地预防和控制疾病的传播。     

新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的临床和X线分析

目的:探讨新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的X线诊断及其分级。材料与方法:分析52例新生儿呼吸窘迫征患者的X线表现及其与分级的关系。结果:根据其X线表现的不同,可将新生儿呼吸窘迫征分为4级。结论:X线表现及其分级是诊断新生儿呼吸窘迫征极为有效的方法。     

分体式俯卧位通气垫的设计及应用

目的 自行设计分体式俯卧位通气垫,探讨其在重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征（acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS）患者俯卧位通气治疗中的应用效果。 方法 分体式俯卧位通气垫包括头肩垫、髋部垫、手肘垫、腿垫4个部分。便利选取2017年3月—2019年11月在山东省某三级甲等医院重症医学科住院并行俯卧位通气治疗的60例ARDS患者,随机分为试验组和对照组各30例,试验组使用分体式俯卧位通气垫行俯卧位通气治疗,对照组采用软枕将头部和胸部抬高的传统俯卧位通气方式。比较两组氧合情况（PaCO₂、氧合指数）、操作用时、治疗时长及不良事件（压力性损伤、人工气道弯折、人工气道滑脱）发生率。 结果 治疗后,试验组的PaCO₂为（30.37±2.41） mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）、氧合指数为（288.23±19.34） mmHg;对照组的PaCO₂为（38.93±3.59） mmHg、氧合指数为（197.53±45.22） mmHg,两组比较,差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.001）。试验组操作用时为（3.60±0.56） min,治疗时长为（46.20±3.40） h;对照组操作用时为（5.63±1.00） min,治疗时长为（33.23±2.69） h,两组比较,差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.001）。试验组压力性损伤发生率为23.3%,人工气道弯折发生率为0;对照组压力性损伤发生率为53.3%,人工气道弯折发生率为70.0%,两组比较,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。试验组人工气道滑脱的发生率为0,对照组为6.7%,两组比较,差异无统计学意义（P=0.492）。 结论 使用分体式俯卧位通气垫能有效延长俯卧位通气治疗时间,改善治疗效果,降低不良事件发生率,减少医护人员工作量。     

Cardiac index and oxygen delivery during low and high tidal volume ventilation strategies in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a crossover randomized clinical trial

Introduction

The beneficial effect of low tidal volume (TV) ventilation strategy on mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been attributed to the protective effect on ventilator-induced lung injury, and yet its effect on cardiovascular function might also play an important role. The aim of this study was to assess whether low TV ventilation improves cardiac output and oxygen delivery compared with high TV ventilation strategy in patients with ARDS.

Methods

In this crossover randomized clinical trial 16 ARDS patients were recruited in an intensive care unit at a university-affiliated hospital. Each patient was ventilated for 30 min with low (6 mL/kg) and 30 min with high (12 mL/kg) TV. The two experimental periods, applied in random order and with allocation concealment, were separated by 30 min of basal ventilation. Minute ventilation was constantly maintained by appropriate respiratory rate changes.

Results

Compared with high TV ventilation, low TV ventilation showed decreased pH (7.37 vs. 7.41, P = 0.001) and increased PaCO₂ (49 vs. 43 mmHg; P = 0.002). Cardiac index and oxygen delivery index were increased with low compared with high TV ventilation (3.9 vs. 3.5 L.min^-1.m^-2, P = 0.012, and 521 vs. 463 mL.min^-1.m^-2, P = 0.002, respectively), while oxygen extraction ratio decreased (0.36 vs. 0.44, P = 0.027). In four patients oxygen extraction ratio was >0.5 during high TV but not during low TV strategy. The magnitude of the change in cardiac index was positively associated with PaCO₂ variation (P = 0.004), while it was unrelated to the magnitude of changes in TV and airway pressure. The decrease of cardiac index was predicted by PaCO₂ reduction, with and area under ROC curve of 0.72.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that a low TV ventilation strategy increases cardiac index and oxygen delivery, thus supporting the hypothesis that the beneficial effect of low TV ventilation in patients with ARDS could be partially explained by hemodynamic improvement. In other words, low tidal volume ventilation could be protective also for the cardiovascular system and not only for the lung. The slight increase of PaCO₂ during low TV ventilation seems to predict the increase of cardiac index.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov: {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00713713","term_id":"NCT00713713"}}NCT00713713     

IL-13在急性肺损伤小鼠肺内的表达及其意义研究

[目的]观察急性肺损伤(ALI)小鼠肺内白介素-13(IL-13)表达及其在肺损伤炎症反应中的作用.[方法]采用气管注射脂多糖(LPS)复制ALI小鼠ALI动物模型,采用real-time PCR和ELISA法分别检测小鼠肺内IL-13 mRNA和支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)以及血清中IL-13含量.采用IL-13中和抗体预处理小鼠后,观察其对LPS诱导的小鼠ALI的炎症反应的影响,运用ELISA法检测小鼠BALF和血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和IL-1β的含量,HE染色观察肺组织形态学改变.[结果]与对照组相比,气管注射LPS诱导的ALI小鼠肺组织中IL-13 mRNA以及BALF和血清IL-13蛋白含量显著增加.与ALI组相比,IL-13中和抗体预处理组小鼠肺内TNF-α和IL-1β含量进一步增高,肺组织形态学损伤加重.[结论]ALI时小鼠肺内IL-13含量应激性增加,抑制IL13的受体活性,加重LPS诱导的小鼠ALI,提示IL-13是ALI内源性保护因子.     

SARS的X线胸片与CT影像学分析

目的 提高对SARS的X线胸片及CT表现的认识 方法 对临床诊断SARS有完整临床及影像学资料的89例进行回顾性分析。 结果 89名患者均高热(100％),>39℃占总数52％男性48例,女性41例,医务工作者8例年龄6～78岁、所有患者均有系列胸片,胸片阴性做CT发现病灶6例、治疗期CT检查16例,X线胸片及CT表现为双肺纹理粗乱,小斑片、硬币样渗出性病变,磨玻璃样病变。病灶变化快,可在2～3天内快速融合实变,病变可呈单病灶或多病灶。出院后复查做CT检查2例,显示肺纤维索条影。 结论 SARS肺部影像学特点为多发性、多形性、多变性、游走快,既三多一快。肺部阴影可以完全吸收消散,肺损伤持续时间长.少数病人可出现肺纤维化