Correlation between fetal activity and the neonatal behavioral assessment scale

Fourteen women were asked to record fetal movements by a subjective method during one week out of 36-38 weeks of pregnancy. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) exams were performed on the 14 newborn infants born to these women from three to five days of life. Correlations were computed between fetal activity and neonatal behavior. Negative correlation coefficients were significantly found between orientation-animate visual and the following fetal movements: Kicking, rolling and total movements, and orientation-animate visual and auditory and fetal rolling movements. Hiccup-like movements correlated significantly with pull-to-sit of NBAS. Prenatal-neonatal correlations were found in only three items of NBAS. We could not demonstrate positively the continuity of the development from the fetal to neonatal period.     

Correlation between fetal activity and the neonatal behavioral assessment scale

Fourteen women were asked to record fetal movements by a subjective method during one week out of 36‐38 weeks of pregnancy. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) exams were performed on the 14 newborn infants born to these women from three to five days of life. Correlations were computed between fetal activity and neonatal behavior. Negative correlation coefficients were significantly found between orientation‐animate visual and the following fetal movements: Kicking, rolling and total movements, and orientation‐animate visual and auditory and fetal rolling movements. Hiccup‐like movements correlated significantly with pull‐to‐sit of NBAS. Prenatal‐neonatal correlations were found in only three items of NBAS. We could not demonstrate positively the continuity of the development from the fetal to neonatal period.     

Dietary patterns and associated lifestyles in preconception, pregnancy and postpartum

OBJECTIVE: To identify dietary patterns in women who are planning immediate pregnancy in preconception, weeks 6, 10, 26 and 38 of pregnancy, and 6 months postpartum, and to describe how particular lifestyles, the body mass index (BMI) and sociodemographic factors are associated to these patterns. DESIGN: Longitudinal study throughout the reproductive cycle of food consumption carried out in a Spanish Mediterranean city. SETTING: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Rovira i Virgili University. SUBJECTS: In total, 80 healthy female volunteers who were planning immediate pregnancy. INTERVENTIONS: A seven-consecutive-day dietary record was used to evaluate the dietary intake. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify the main dietary patterns in each of the periods. Fitted multiple linear regression models were used to study the associations between the lifestyle and sociodemographic variables, and each dietary pattern. RESULTS: The 'sweetened beverages and sugars' pattern was identified from preconception to 6 months postpartum and the 'vegetables and meat' pattern to the end of pregnancy. The 'sweetened beverages and sugars' pattern is positively associated with smoking and negatively associated with physical activity before conception and in the first trimester of pregnancy. The 'vegetables and meat' pattern is negatively associated with the BMI during the preconception period and positively associated with age in weeks 10 and 38 of pregnancy. It is shown that the patterns do not change significantly throughout the period studied. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified two stable dietary patterns from preconception to postpartum. The 'sweetened beverages and sugars' pattern is associated with habits of risk for the health of the pregnant woman and her offspring. SPONSORSHIP: 'Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología' (CICYT: ALI89-0388) and 'Instituto de Salud Carlos III', RCMN (C03/08), Madrid, Spain'.     

Paternal Dietary Folate,B6 and B12 Intake,and the Risk of Childhood Brain Tumors

It is biologically plausible that a paternal preconception diet low in nutrients related to DNA integrity could affect sperm DNA and subsequently risk of cancer in the offspring. The aim of this analysis was to investigate whether paternal preconception dietary folate, B6, or B12 intake was associated with the risk of childhood brain tumors (CBT) in an Australian case-control study. Cases <15 years of age were recruited from 10 Australian pediatric oncology centers between 2005 and 2010, and controls from random-digit dialing, frequency-matched to cases on age, sex, and state of residence. Paternal dietary information was obtained by food-frequency questionnaires. Nutrient values were energy adjusted and divided into tertiles for analysis by unconditional logistic regression. In fathers with relevant data (237 cases and 629 controls), no association with dietary folate and B6 and risk of CBT was seen; high B12 intake was associated with an increased risk of CBT (odds ratio highest vs. lowest tertile: 1.74, 95% confidence interval: 1.14, 2.66) without an increasing trend. These results do not support the hypothesis that paternal dietary folate intake influences the risk of CBT. The increased OR observed between dietary B12 intake and risk of CBT is without any certain explanation.     

Preconception maternal iron status is a risk factor for iron deficiency in infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency during pregnancy, and maternal anemia has been associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. However, it is still not clear how directly maternal iron status is linked to the infant's iron status postpartum. We investigated the impact of maternal iron deficiency on the hematological status of infant rhesus monkeys. Two groups of females, 8 iron deficient and 8 iron sufficient were assessed through pregnancy and for 6 mo postpartum. At conception, 4 females in each group were provided an iron-enriched diet. Iron status of the infant at birth reflected the preconception status of the mother, regardless of diet. Serum ferritin (Ft) concentrations were significantly higher in infants born to iron-sufficient mothers and were correlated with maternal transferrin saturation at entrance to the study (r = 0.52, P < 0.04). Infant iron status continued to reflect prenatal conditions through 6 mo of age. Our study confirmed the importance of iron sufficiency in gravid female monkeys for ensuring their infants' normal hematological development postpartum. A dietary intervention during pregnancy with only a moderate addition of iron was not sufficient to prevent the offspring from developing iron deficiency. These findings stress the importance of improving iron nutriture prior to conception.     

Comparing nutrient intake from food to the estimated average requirements shows middle- to upper-income pregnant women lack iron and possibly magnesium

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether nutrient intake from food alone was adequate across trimesters for middle- to upper-income pregnant women when compared with estimated average requirements (EAR), and to determine whether food intake exceeded the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for any nutrient. DESIGN: Observational study in which pregnant women completed 3-day diet records each month during their pregnancy. Records were analyzed for nutrient content, and usual intake distributions were determined. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Subjects were low-risk women in their first trimester of pregnancy (living in middle- to upper-income households). Ninety-four women were recruited, and sixty-three participated. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED: Nutrient intake data were adjusted to achieve normality by using a power transformation. A mixed model method was used to assess trends in intake over time, and to estimate mean intake and within-subjects and between-subjects variance. The usual intake distribution for each nutrient was determined and compared with the EAR and UL. RESULTS: The probabilities of usual nutrient intake from food being less than the EAR were highest for iron (.91), magnesium (.53), zinc (.31), vitamin B6 (.21), selenium (.20), and vitamin C (.12). Women were not at risk of exceeding the UL from food intake for any nutrient studied. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Study participants did not consume adequate amounts of iron from food to meet the needs of pregnancy, and therefore iron supplementation is warranted in this population. Intake of magnesium was suboptimal using the EAR as a cut-point for adequacy.     

孕母间断补铁对预防婴儿缺铁性贫血的作用观察

[目的]观察孕母间断补铁预防新生儿及婴儿缺铁性贫血（iron deficiency anemia,IDA）的作用.[方法]对预防组109例孕妇从孕20周开始进行两周一次的间断补铁,每次补充元素铁105mg,共8次,对照组109例不补铁剂.实验前后对两组孕妇血以及脐血检测血红蛋白质（Hb）、血清铁蛋白（SF）、红细胞锌原卟啉（ZPP）等指标.对两组婴儿随访6～12月,评估婴儿IDA的患病情况.[结果]实验前两组孕妇间Hb、SF、ZPP差异无显著性（P＞0.05）;实验结束后对照组各项指标均低于预防组,差异有非常显著性（P＜0.01）;预防组新生儿脐血SF值和出生体重高于对照组（P＜0.05）;预防组婴儿6月龄时Hb均数高于对照组（P＜0.05）.[结论]孕期间断补铁可明显改善孕妇及胎儿或新生儿铁营养状况,有利于减少婴儿IDA的发生.     

Maternal prenatal vitamin B12 intake is associated with speech development and mathematical abilities in childhood

Deficiencies of many nutrients in pregnancy have adverse effects on fetal brain development with consequent impaired cognitive function in childhood. However, it is unclear whether deficiencies of vitamin B12 prenatally are harmful to the developing fetus. We therefore used the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children to test the hypothesis that cognitive outcomes in childhood are reduced if their mothers consumed a diet low in vitamin B12 during pregnancy. A detailed exposome analysis was used to identify 9 factors independently associated with low vitamin B12 intake. These were taken into account in each of 26 outcome analyses. Results showed that the children of women with the lowest 10% intake of B12 were at increased risk of poor vocabulary at 24 months, reduced ability at combining words at 38 months, poor speech intelligibility at 6 years, poor mathematics comprehension at school years 4 and 6 (ages 8-9 and 10-11 years), and poor results on the national mathematics tests (age 13). There were no such significant adjusted associations for reading or spelling abilities, or for verbal or full-scale IQ (Intelligence Quotient) at 8 or at 15. Thus, we have confirmed that there are adverse effects on the child's development if the pregnant woman has a low intake of vitamin B12, and we have shown that these are specific to certain speech and mathematical abilities.     

Severe feed restriction of pregnant swine and rats: effects on postweaning growth and body composition of progeny

Rats and swine were restricted in feed during pregnancy to determine the effect on postnatal growth and development of the progeny. Restriction of rats to 50% of preconception feed intake during the first 2 wk of gestation was associated with higher body weight of the progeny at 21 wk postpartum than was ad libitum feeding throughout gestation. However, maternal intake during gestation had no effect on perirenal and gonadal fat weight or adipocyte size in male and female offspring at 160 d of age. Restriction of swine to one-third of recommended feed intake during the first 10 wk of pregnancy was associated in the progeny with less perirenal and subcutaneous backfat and smaller adipocytes in depot fat compared with progeny of adequately fed swine. It is concluded that feed restriction of pregnant rats to one-half of preconception intake for the first two-thirds of pregnancy results in increased weight gain in the resulting progeny while restriction of swine to one-third of the recommended feed allowance during the first two-thirds of pregnancy results in reduced postweaning weight gain and decreased fat accretion during young adulthood.     

Evidence-Based Recommendations for an Optimal Prenatal Supplement for Women in the U.S., Part Two: Minerals

The levels of many essential minerals decrease during pregnancy if un-supplemented, including calcium, iron, magnesium, selenium, zinc, and possibly chromium and iodine. Sub-optimal intake of minerals from preconception through pregnancy increases the risk of many pregnancy complications and infant health problems. In the U.S., dietary intake of minerals is often below the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), especially for iodine and magnesium, and 28% of women develop iron deficiency anemia during their third trimester. The goal of this paper is to propose evidence-based recommendations for the optimal level of prenatal supplementation for each mineral for most women in the United States. Overall, the evidence suggests that optimal mineral supplementation can significantly reduce a wide range of pregnancy complications (including anemia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, hyperthyroidism, miscarriage, and pre-eclampsia) and infant health problems (including anemia, asthma/wheeze, autism, cerebral palsy, hypothyroidism, intellectual disability, low birth weight, neural tube defects, preterm birth, rickets, and wheeze). An evaluation of 180 commercial prenatal supplements found that they varied widely in mineral content, often contained only a subset of essential minerals, and the levels were often below our recommendations. Therefore, there is a need to establish recommendations on the optimal level of mineral supplementation during pregnancy.     

Maternal Vitamin D and Newborn Telomere Length

Nutrition is important during pregnancy for offspring health. Gestational vitamin D intake may prevent several adverse outcomes and might have an influence on offspring telomere length (TL). In this study, we want to assess the association between maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy and newborn TL, as reflected by cord blood TL. We studied mother–child pairs enrolled in the Maternal Nutrition and Offspring’s Epigenome (MANOE) cohort, Leuven, Belgium. To calculate the dietary vitamin D intake, 108 women were asked to keep track of their diet using the seven-day estimated diet record (EDR) method. TL was assessed in 108 cord blood using a quantitative real-time PCR method. In each trimester of pregnancy, maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentration was measured. We observed a positive association (β = 0.009, p-value = 0.036) between newborn average relative TL and maternal vitamin D intake (diet + supplement) during the first trimester. In contrast, we found no association between average relative TL of the newborn and mean maternal serum 25-OHD concentrations during pregnancy. To conclude, vitamin D intake (diet + supplements), specifically during the first trimester of pregnancy, is an important factor associated with TL at birth.     

Biochemical indexes of the B vitamins in cord serum are predicted by maternal B vitamin status

BACKGROUND: The concentration of total homocysteine (tHcy) is higher in newborns than in older children. Vitamin B-12 is the major determinant of tHcy in newborns. Maternal status of folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-6 during pregnancy may affect the biochemical markers of these micronutrients in newborns. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to study the relation between concentrations of the metabolites and B vitamins in maternal sera and concentrations in the umbilical venous blood of the corresponding newborns. DESIGN: We studied healthy pregnant women at the time of labor who were expecting healthy, full-term, appropriate-birth-weight babies. Samples were available from 82 mother-infant pairs. RESULTS: Concentrations of B vitamins were higher in cord samples than in maternal blood (folate, 2-fold; vitamin B-12, 1.5-fold; and vitamin B-6, 6-fold). Concentrations of cystathionine and methylmalonic acid (MMA) were also higher in the infants than in the mothers (x +/- SD: cystathionine, 462 +/- 189 and 343 +/- 143 nmol/L; MMA, 353 +/- 144 and 233 +/- 110 nmol/L). No significant differences in tHcy concentrations were observed between fetal and maternal samples. Concentrations of vitamin B-12 did not differ significantly between mothers of infants from different quartiles of cord MMA. Higher fetal MMA concentrations were related to higher maternal MMA and vitamin B-12 concentrations and lower fetal concentrations of vitamin B-12. Fetal concentrations of cystathionine were predicted by maternal cystathionine, gestational age, fetal vitamin B-6, and fetal tHcy. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal concentrations of the metabolic markers of B vitamins predict values in fetal blood at delivery. Fetal tHcy concentrations were low but were predicted by the vitamin status of the mother. The effect of increasing maternal intake of vitamins B-12 and B-6 during pregnancy on the fetal concentrations of the metabolites should be investigated.     

The Influence of Nutritional Supplementation for Iron Deficiency Anemia on Pregnancies Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Anemia is a very common occurrence during pregnancy, with important variations during each trimester. Anemia was also considered as a risk factor for severity and negative outcomes in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. As the COVID-19 pandemic poses a significant threat for pregnant women in terms of infection risk and access to care, we developed a study to determine the impact of nutritional supplementation for iron deficiency anemia in correlation with the status of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In a case-control design, we identified 446 pregnancies that matched our inclusion criteria from the hospital database. The cases and controls were stratified by SARS-CoV-2 infection history to observe the association between exposure and outcomes in both the mother and the newborn. A total of 95 pregnant women were diagnosed with COVID-19, having a significantly higher proportion of iron deficiency anemia. Low birth weight, prematurity, and lower APGAR scores were statistically more often occurring in the COVID-19 group. Birth weight showed a wide variation by nutritional supplementation during pregnancy. A daily combination of iron and folate was the optimal choice to normalize the weight at birth. The complete blood count and laboratory studies for iron deficiency showed significantly decreased levels in association with SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Puerperal infection, emergency c-section, and small for gestational age were strongly associated with anemia in patients with COVID-19. It is imperative to screen for iron and folate deficiency in pregnancies at risk for complications, and it is recommended to supplement the nutritional intake of these two to promote the normal development and growth of the newborn and avoid multiple complications during pregnancy in the COVID-19 pandemic setting.     

2017年成都市孕早中期妇女铁补充剂摄入量对妊娠期糖尿病的影响

目的探讨成都地区孕早中期妇女铁补充剂摄入量对妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)的影响。方法采用前瞻性研究,于2017年2-4月通过立意抽样方法选取成都市某妇幼保健机构产前门诊807名孕早期妇女为研究对象。通过问卷调查于孕早期收集孕妇基本信息,于孕早、中期收集孕妇铁补充剂摄入剂量及频率,计算铁补充剂平均日摄入量,采用连续3天24小时膳食回顾法收集孕妇孕早、中期食物摄入量。根据WHO推荐孕期补铁60 mg/d为分界点,<60 mg/d为低水平组,≥60 mg/d为高水平组。于孕24~28周进行口服葡萄糖糖耐量试验,根据《中国妊娠合并糖尿病诊治指南(2014)》诊断GDM。采用多因素非条件Logistic回归方法分析孕早、中期妇女铁补充剂平均摄入量和摄入水平对GDM的影响。结果最终纳入有效样本739例,年龄(28.22±3.75)岁。孕早、中期铁补充剂使用率分别为5.0%和67.9%,铁补充剂摄入量≥60 mg/d比例分别为3.8%和47.1%。调整年龄、孕次、产次、孕前体质指数、膳食铁摄入量、膳食能量摄入量等混杂因素后,孕中期铁补充剂平均摄入量与GDM发生风险呈正相关(OR=1.059,95%CI 1.016~1.104);孕中期铁补充剂摄入高水平组(≥60 mg/d)GDM发生风险是孕中期铁补充剂摄入低水平组(<60 mg/d)的1.406倍(95%CI 1.019~1.939)。未发现孕早期铁补充剂摄入量与GDM发生有关。结论孕期铁补充剂使用可能会增加GDM发生风险,孕妇铁补充剂适宜摄入量值得探讨。     

Surveillance of preconception health indicators among women delivering live-born infants--Oklahoma, 2000-2003

Promoting preconception health of women is a key public health strategy in the United States to decrease morbidity and mortality associated with adverse maternal and infant outcomes. In 2006, CDC published 10 recommendations for improving the health of women before pregnancy; one recommendation proposed maximizing public health surveillance to monitor preconception health. Toward this end, data collected in Oklahoma (the only state to develop a detailed survey question on preconception health) during 2000-2003 from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) were analyzed to 1) estimate the prevalence of women who did not report three selected preconception health indicators, (i.e., pre-pregnancy awareness of folic acid benefits, multivitamin consumption, and receipt of health-care counseling) and 2) identify those subpopulations of women who were more likely not to report these indicators. Results of this analysis indicated that 21.5% of Oklahoma women with a recent live birth were not aware of folic acid benefits before they became pregnant, 73.5% did not consume multivitamins at least four times per week during the month before pregnancy, and 84.8% did not receive preconception counseling from a health-care provider. Subpopulations of women with characteristics (at the time of conception) significantly associated (p<0.05) with not reporting at least two of the three indicators included those who were younger, were unmarried, had < or =12 years of education, had no health insurance, had an unintended pregnancy, or had a previous live birth. Other states might use this analysis to help develop preconception health questions to be included in their own PRAMS surveys; Oklahoma state and local health officials can use the results to help prioritize preconception health objectives and identify subpopulations of women in need of targeted programs.     

孕期营养评价及干预措施对妊娠结局的影响

目的:了解厦门市孕妇孕期营养状况,分析日常饮食对体内营养素的影响,评价营养干预措施的效果,为制定合理的孕期膳食计划提供科学依据。方法:2006年1月～2008年8月间,在厦门市妇幼保健院营养科接受营养咨询的孕妇571例,分别在孕20周前、孕26～27周、孕35～36周进行3次前3天的膳食调查,同时检测体内营养素水平,探讨日常饮食与体内营养素变化的关系,评价孕期营养。随机选取同一时期在本院分娩、孕20周前正常者,但未接受孕期营养指导的产妇254例,作为对照组。追踪随访两组孕妇的妊娠结局,评价营养干预措施的效果。结果:①两组孕妇在日常膳食中,脂肪摄入占总能量的比例均达营养素推荐摄入量(RNI)的要求,88.3%的孕妇摄入过高,超过了RNI的要求。孕中、后期,孕妇钙、铁的摄入不足,尤其是孕末期,钙、铁摄入量达到RNI的孕妇分别占29.8%及8.5%。孕中、晚期,锌、维生素C、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2摄入量达到RNI的孕妇分别占40.9%、36.2%、44.8%、22.7%、45.9%。②孕期同时增加补充铁及维生素C,能较好地延缓血清铁蛋白浓度下降的趋势(P0.05),增加维生素B2的摄入是孕期胆固醇水平升高的保护因素(P0.05),而脂肪摄入过高,则是危险因素(P0.05)。③孕期能量摄入水平控制在1900～2600kCal/d,蛋白质摄入水平控制在70～115g/d时,新生儿出生体重异常的发生比例最低。④孕期接受过营养知识健康教育和指导的孕妇,其孕期营养相关并发症发生率、剖宫产率、新生儿出生体重异常率均低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:厦门市孕妇膳食结构有待于进一步改进,建议孕妇注重蛋白质、各类矿物质和维生素补充,减少脂肪摄入,能量与蛋白质摄入应在适宜范围内。同时大力提倡孕期营养咨询与指导,要加大孕期营养知识健康教育力度,普及营养知识,提高孕妇营养知识水平,改善妊娠结局。     

Maternal Dietary Intake of Folate and Vitamins B6 and B12 During Pregnancy and Risk of Childhood Brain Tumors

Childhood brain tumors (CBT) are the second most common childhood cancers, yet their etiology is largely unknown. We investigated whether maternal gestational intake of folate and vitamins B6 and B12 was associated with CBT risk in a nationwide case-control study conducted 2005–2010. Case children 0–14 years were recruited from all 10 Australian pediatric oncology centers. Control children were recruited by national random digit dialing, frequency matched to cases on age, sex, and state of residence. Dietary intake was ascertained using food frequency questionnaires and adjusted for total energy intake. Data from 293 case and 726 control mothers were analyzed using unconditional logistic regression. The odds ratio (OR) for the highest versus lowest tertile of folate intake was 0.70 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.48, 1.02]. The ORs appeared lower in mothers who drank alcohol during pregnancy (OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.93), mothers who took folic acid (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.42, 1.06) or B6/B12 supplements (OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.25, 1.06) and in children younger than 5 years (OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.93). These findings are consistent with folate's crucial role in maintenance of genomic integrity and DNA methylation. Dietary intake of B6 and B12 was not associated with risk of CBT.     

3种孕期增重曲线特征及增重推荐范围探讨

目的:分析孕前体质指数(BMI)正常母亲不同类型孕期增重曲线特征,探讨与巨大儿关系,并提出12～38周孕期增重的适宜、临界及干预推荐范围。方法:①收集上海市1990～2005年新生儿出生体重45392例。②收集上海市659例孕妇年龄、身高、孕前体重、孕期体重测量记录及其婴儿出生体重。对446例孕前BMI正常(18.2～22.6kg/m2)的母亲,按其婴儿出生体重分为A组(2.5～3.5kg)、B组(3.5～4.0kg)和C组(≥4.0kg)。③应用LMS软件,建立3组孕期累积增重百分位曲线,并根据累积增重的中位数计算孕期每周增重及每周增重速率。④据百分位研究,推导上海市孕前BMI正常母亲每周增重的推荐范围。⑤使用方差分析探讨出生体重与母亲相关因素。结果:①上海市巨大儿发生率自1999年的5.9%缓慢上升至2005年的6.6%,男婴发生率高于女婴。②孕前BMI正常的3组孕母的增重曲线呈现有规则的变化:3组孕期累积增重的中位数曲线呈平行上升,巨大儿组曲线在12周后一直高于A和B曲线。3组每周增重曲线均呈先上升后下降的钟形。巨大儿组开始每周增重较慢,后迅速上升,19周后高于曲线A和B。其峰值在24周达到(0.74kg/周),且高于曲线A和B。每周增重速率曲线C在13周时为9.8%,明显低于曲线A(15.2%)和B(18.2%),此后略有上升,至22周时3组曲线以相似速率持续下降(约10.3%)。③巨大儿与母亲身高、孕前体重、孕前BMI和孕期增重有关,与胎龄和母亲年龄无关。④孕前BMI正常的孕妇孕期增重(38周)的适宜范围、临界范围和干预范围分别为12.0～15.5kg、15.5～16.9kg和>16.9kg,并列出各推荐范围的在12～38周的每周推荐值。结论:①孕前BMI正常母亲巨大儿各类曲线的特征不同于正常体重婴儿。②研制了孕前BMI正常母亲12～38周孕期增重的适宜范围、临界范围和干预范围,首次在国内研制出孕期增重的每周推荐值。     

A cross sectional study of maternal iron status of Korean women during pregnancy

The purpose of this study was to determine the iron status of Korean women during pregnancy and to assess the relationship between maternal iron status and the outcome of their newborns. A total of eighty-one pregnant women living in Gwangju, Korea, participated in the study: 26 women were in the first trimester, 23 in the second trimester, and 32 in the third trimester. Maternal red blood cell (RBC) number, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and serum iron and ferritin levels were reduced significantly in the last trimester (p < 0.05) compared to the findings both in the first and second trimesters. On the other hand, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin level, and the ratio of sTfR to ferritin in the third trimester were higher (p < 0.05) than those both in the first and second trimesters. Dietary intake of iron in the three trimesters was 9.7 ± 2.3, 13.3 ± 4.3, and 10.6 ± 2.5 mg/day, respectively. All were far below the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) of iron for pregnant women. Approximately, ninety percent of the subjects consumed iron supplements after the 20th week of their pregnancies until delivery. The supplemental iron intake in the second and third trimesters was 40 ± 12 and 46 ± 11 mg/day, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the maternal Hb level in the third trimester and the birth weight of infants. In conclusion, maternal iron status deteriorated during pregnancy, although most subjects consumed more than the RDA of iron by taking iron supplements after the 20th week of pregnancy. The results confirm that maternal iron deficiency during pregnancy negatively affects the outcome of newborns.     

不同胎龄初生儿坐高与身长比值关系研究

目的:研究孕26～44周初生儿坐高与身长比值关系,探索初生儿胎内体格发育规律。方法:引用《2005年深圳不同胎龄初生儿体格发育均值研究》和《我国不同胎龄新生儿体格发育现状》两篇文章的坐高、身长均值数据,研究比值规律。结果:孕28～44周坐高与身长的比率是67.0%～68.0%,(身长-坐高)/身长的比率是31.9%～33.5%,(身长-坐高)/坐高的比率是46.0%～49.0%;2005年深圳调查数据和1986年中国15城市调查数据呈现基本一致规律。结论:坐高、身长、(身长-坐高)三者之间的比值相当恒定,三者的均值呈现均衡增长的规律,三者的比值不受孕周大小和胎儿体格发育增长速度的影响。