公路交通对土壤重金属污染的研究

目的评价公路交通引起的土壤中重金属污染。方法选择320国道马龙路段进行耕作土采样,用原子吸收光谱法和分光光度法分析土壤中重金属Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Ni含量,采用清洁对照区土壤剖面重金属含量作为参比值,应用地积累指数法对重金属污染叠加进行评价。结果研究区土壤中Cu、CA、Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Ni的含量显著高于对照区（P〈0．01）。Cd为中等污染～强污染,Pb为中等污染,Cr和Cu为轻污染～中等污染。污染晕带沿公路延伸方向展开,自公路起向其两侧强度运渐减弱,扩散范围约为150m。土壤对重金属元素的吸收及污染程度;Cd〉Pb〉Cr〉Cu〉As〉Zn〉Ni。结论公路旁土壤重金属污染以Cd、Pb和Cr为主,污染叠加重金属来源主要为机动车燃料、轮胎、机械中所含微量重金属成分。     

淮河安徽段沉积物中重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

目的 了解淮河安徽段沉积物中重金属污染现状,为淮河流域水环境质量的综合评价及污染治理等提供科学依据.方法 于2007年3月,在淮河安徽段上设置6个采样断面(分别是王家坝、田家庵、蚌埠闸、吴家渡、临淮关和小柳巷),在每个采样断面设置3～5个采样点,采集每个断面各采样点表层(0～20 cm)的沉积物样品,测定样品中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Hg元素的质量浓度,并采用单因子指数法、综合污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法进行评价.结果 沉积物中重金属污染物除Zn、Cu为中等程度污染外,其余均为低程度污染,污染程度顺序为Zn＞Cu＞As＞Cd＞Pb＞Cr＞Hg;重金属的潜在生态风险评价显示,除田家庵断面的Hg和吴家渡断面的Hg、Cd属于中等生态危害程度外,其他各点重金属的潜在生态危害都很轻微,潜在生态危害顺序为Cd＞Hg＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Cr＞Zn.结论 淮河安徽段沿岸人类的活动尚未对沉积物中重金属构成造成影响,河流沉积物中重金属污染不显著,处于轻微污染水平.     

积累指数法对公路旁土壤中重金属污染的评价

目的评价公路旁土壤中重金属污染.方法以319国道龙岩市新罗区路段为例,应用积累指数法对公路环境土壤介质中重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As、Cr、Ni、Fe、Mn)污染叠加进行评价. 结果研究区土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr和Cu元素含量高于福建省土壤背景值,其平均含量分别是福建省土壤背景值的23.6倍、4.6倍、1.7倍和1.5倍.已形成强污染的元素为Cd,中等污染的元素为Pb,轻污染的元素为Cr.土壤对重金属元素的吸附及污染程度Cd＞Pb＞Cr＞Cu＞As＞Zn＞Ni＞Mn＞Fe.结论公路旁土壤中Cd、Pb污染严重,重金属污染物质主要来源于机动车辆燃料和轮胎中所含微量重金属成分.     

电子废弃物拆解场地土壤重金属健康风险评价

为了解电子废弃物拆解场地重金属污染情况,于2010年对台州某拆解场地土壤中Cd、Ni、Cr、Cu、Pb、As、Hg含量进行调查,利用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法、USEPA提供的健康风险评价模型,评价研究区生态、健康风险.结果显示,研究区土壤中的主要污染物为Cd和Hg,其余重金属对研究区污染较小或者没有超过标准;除了Cd和Hg外,研究区土壤其他重金属处于轻度-中等污染,土壤中7种重金属根据各自地累积指数确定的污染程度依次为Cd＞Hg＞Ni＞Cr＞Cu＞Pb＞As;7种重金属的生态风险为D级,生态危害程度很强;人群的非致癌和致癌风险在可接受范围内.     

兰州百合种植土壤重金属污染特征及潜在风险分析

目的研究兰州百合种植土壤重金属污染特征和潜在风险。方法于2013—2015年春季采集兰州百合种植土壤65份样品,测定砷(As)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)的含量,以NY/T 391—2013《绿色食品产地环境质量》为评价标准,并应用潜在生态危害指数法对其潜在生态风险进行评价。结果百合种植土壤重金属Cd、Cr、Pb、As、Hg含量分别为0.18~0.34、32.52~63.74、22.61~35.78、9.3~13.13、0.024~0.08 mg/kg。其中Cd、Pb和Hg分别为甘肃省土壤背景值的2.76、1.25和2.65倍,Cr和As未超出背景值,百合种植土壤质量符合国家绿色食品产地环境质量的要求,百合种植土壤重金属潜在生态危害风险依次为CdAsHgPbCr,综合潜在生态危害指数(RI)为32.55,潜在生态风险危害程度为低等。结论本次调查的百合种植土壤中重金属污染程度相对较低,但需重点防范Cd、Pb和Hg的蓄积和潜在污染风险。     

干旱区绿洲土壤-油菜系统重金属污染实验研究

为研究干旱区绿洲土壤重金属的复合污染对油菜的影响及其对人体造成的潜在健康风险,制备低剂量重金属污染土壤(Cd:0.75mg/kg,Zn:100mg/kg,Pb:150mg/kg)和高剂量重金属污染土壤(Cd:2.50mg/kg,Zn:450mg/kg,Pb:450mg/kg)进行盆栽试验。结果显示,所有油菜样品中Zn含量均未超过GB13106—1991规定限值;Pb、Cd含量最大值分别为2.63和0.35mg/kg,超过GB18406.1—2001规定限值。高剂量重金属污染土壤种植的油菜中Pb、Cd摄入的健康风险指数分别为7.01和7.25,存在严重的健康风险。     

龙岩市某地环境重金属含量水平调查

[目的]为了解龙岩市某区域内一般环境中重金属污染情况,为今后防治提供科学依据.[方法]对调查区域内的环境随机定点,采集样品进行Pb、Cd、Cu、Cr、Zn、Hg、As含量分析.[结果]土壤中Pb为2.5～127.1 mg/kg.超标严重,超标率为86.4%(19/22).其他金属镉Cd为0.067 2～0.545 mg/kg、Cu为8.4～40.4 mg/kg、Cr为2.5～127.1 mg/kg、zn为28.5～460.4 mg/kg、Hg为0.001～0.572 mg/kg、As为0～2.62 mg/kg;稻、鱼、鸡、鸭、猪中,Cr为0～27.4mg/kg,超标严重,超标率为86.49%(32/37).鱼中铬最高含量27.4 mg/kg.是标准的13.7倍.其他金属Pb为0～0.117mg/kg、Cu为0～0.525 mg/kg、Cd为0～0.303 mg/kg、Zn为2.78～37.9 mg/kg、Hg为0～0.009 2 mg/kg、As为0～0.13 mg/kg;水中各金属都未检出.[结论]调查区域内一般环境中重金属含量有的己严重超过国家相关的标准,能引起人群的慢性毒害,应引起有关部门的重视.     

三峡库区典型支流沉积物重金属污染特征及评价

目的了解三峡库区典型支流沉积物中重金属含量及形态特征。方法于2016年4月采集澎溪河流域沉积物,测定Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr、Zn和Ni的总量及各形态组分的含量,并采用地质累积指数进行评价。结果澎溪河流域沉积物中Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr、Zn和Ni的平均含量分别为77.56、47.85、0.82、56.33、115.98、36.10 mg/kg。地质累积指数分析表明,Cd和Pb为中等污染,Cu和Zn为无污染至中等污染,Cr和Ni为无污染级别;污染程度依次为CdPbCuZnNiCr。形态测试结果表明,Cd,Pb,Cu和Zn非残渣态含量较高,对水环境潜在生态风险较大,而Cr和Ni主要以残渣态为主,形态稳定性最好。结论澎溪河流域沉积物中Cd和Pb含量较高,且形态稳定性较差,具有较高的生态风险。     

湘江衡阳段沉积物重金属污染特征与生态风险评价

目的 了解湘江衡阳段沉积物重金属污染特征及其生态风险.方法于2007年调查湘江衡阳段10个断面18个采样点的表层沉积物重金属(Cd、Hg、Pb、AB、Cr、Zn、Cu)污染特征.运用Hanksnson潜在生态危害指数法评价表层沉积物重金属的富集程度和潜在生态风险.结果 该区段河流沉积物重金属Cd潜在生态危害系数(Etr)均值为352.1,为极强生态危害程度;Hg次之,Etr均值为272.1,属于很强生态危害;Pb和As的Etr均值分别为150.1和104.7,为强生态危害程度;Cr、Zn、Cu的Etr均值小于40,为轻度生态危害.多种重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)为913.4.结论 本次调查的湘江衡阳段沉积物存在一定程度的重金属污染,且具有较为明显的复合型污染特点.具有很强的潜在生态危害.     

猪粪、底泥和土壤中6种重金属测定与污染情况分析

目的 了解猪粪、底泥和土壤中的重金属污染情况。方法 采集某县2个不同规模生猪养殖场的猪粪、附近水源水底淤泥和农田土壤样品，参照GB/T 17141—1997,采用酸消化法对样品进行消化处理，通过测定标准物质确定和优化测定方法后，采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GF-AAS)测定重金属Cd,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定重金属元素Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni等，绘制标准曲线，计算方法的检出限和定量限，测定30份样品含量后对其重金属含量进行评估。结果 Pb在0～500μg/L,Cd在0～10μg/L,Cu、Ni、Cr、Zn在0～1 000μg/L质量浓度范围内线性良好，相关系数均>0.999;相对标准偏差(RSD):Cd为1.50%～5.12%,Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni为1.25%～3.52%;方法检出限：Cd为0.042 mg/kg, Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni分别为0.038、0.048、0.162、0.044、0.384 mg/kg。与底泥和土壤样品相比，猪粪样品中Cu、Zn、Cd的含量较高，Pb、Cr、Ni含量较低，差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为6.78～36.12,P值均&...     

Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Roadside Surface Soil and Vegetation from the West Bank

Concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Cr) were investigated in roadside surface soil and the common perennial herb inula (Inula viscosa L., Compositae). Samples were collected at different distances (0–200 m) perpendicular to a main road that connects two main cities in the West Bank. Average concentrations of metals in soil samples were: Pb, 87.4; Cd, 0.27; Cu, 60.4; Zn, 82.2; Fe, 15,700; Mn, 224; Ni, 18.9; and Cr, 42.4 g · g^–1. In plant leaves, concentrations were: Pb, 7.25; Cd, 0.10; Cu, 10.6; Zn, 47.6; Fe, 730; Mn, 140; Ni, 4.87; and Cr, 7.03 g · g^–1. Roadside contamination was obvious by the significant negative correlations between concentrations of metals in soil and plant samples and distance from road edge. Only cadmium concentrations in soil and plant samples were not associated with roadside pollution. Roadside contamination in plants and soil did not extend much beyond a 20 m distance from road. I. viscosa reflected roadside contamination better than soil and their metal concentrations showed much less fluctuations than those in soil samples. Washing plant leaves decreased Pb and Fe concentrations significantly, indicating a significant aerial deposition of both. I. viscosa can be considered as a good biomonitor for roadside metal pollution.     

Influence of traffic activity on heavy metal concentrations of roadside farmland soil in mountainous areas

Emission of heavy metals from traffic activities is an important pollution source to roadside farmland ecosystems. However, little previous research has been conducted to investigate heavy metal concentrations of roadside farmland soil in mountainous areas. Owing to more complex roadside environments and more intense driving conditions on mountainous highways, heavy metal accumulation and distribution patterns in farmland soil due to traffic activity could be different from those on plain highways. In this study, design factors including altitude, roadside distance, terrain, and tree protection were considered to analyze their influences on Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb concentrations in farmland soils along a mountain highway around Kathmandu, Nepal. On average, the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb at the sampling sites are lower than the tolerable levels. Correspondingly, pollution index analysis does not show serious roadside pollution owing to traffic emissions either. However, some maximum Zn, Cd, and Pb concentrations are close to or higher than the tolerable level, indicating that although average accumulations of heavy metals pose no hazard in the region, some spots with peak concentrations may be severely polluted. The correlation analysis indicates that either Cu or Cd content is found to be significantly correlated with Zn and Pb content while there is no significant correlation between Cu and Cd. The pattern can be reasonably explained by the vehicular heavy metal emission mechanisms, which proves the heavy metals' homology of the traffic pollution source. Furthermore, the independent factors show complex interaction effects on heavy metal concentrations in the mountainous roadside soil, which indicate quite a different distribution pattern from previous studies focusing on urban roadside environments. It is found that the Pb concentration in the downgrade roadside soil is significantly lower than that in the upgrade soil while the Zn concentration in the downgrade roadside soil is marginally higher than in the upgrade soil; and the concentrations of Cu and Pb in the roadside soils with tree protection are significantly lower than those without tree protection. However, the attenuation pattern of heavy metal concentrations as a function of roadside distance within a 100 m range cannot be identified consistently.     

An Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in Wastewater-Irrigated Areas of Titagarh,West Bengal,India

The effects of municipal wastewater irrigation on the accumulation of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu and Ni) in soil and vegetables were investigated by monitoring wastewater-irrigated agricultural field of Titagarh, 24-Parganas (North), West Bengal, India. The mean concentrations of Pb, Ni, Cu in the irrigation water and the mean Cd content in soil were much above the recommended level. The concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr and Ni in all the examined vegetables were beyond the safe limits. The study reveals that heavy metal-contaminated vegetables grown in wastewater-irrigated areas may pose public health hazards.     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in mullet (Mugil cephalus) and oyster (Crassostrea madrasensis) from Pulicat lake, south east coast of India

The accumulation of six heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni) in sediment, water and in tissue parts of Mugil cephalus and Crassostrea madrasensis was studied in two locations of Pulicat lake, Southeast coast of India, which receives considerable quantity of effluents from industries located in North Chennai coastal region. The results reveal that the metal concentration in water is decreasing in the following order of Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd both in lake and barmouth and highest concentration was observed for Zn (32.5 μg L(-1) in lake and 25.2 μg L(-1) in bar mouth). Metals were highly concentrated in sediments when compared to water and biota. Metals abundance in sediments has following sequential order of Cr > Ni > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd and the accumulation pattern in barmouth showed minor variation indicating the following pattern of Zn > Ni > Cr > Cu > Pb > Cd. The geoaccumulation index (I(geo)) for Pulicat lake sediments indicate that the sediments are extremely contaminated with Cd and moderately contaminated with Cu and Ni. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Mugil cephalus and Crassostrea madrasensis showed marked differences in the accumulation patterns. It is observed that Zn, Cu and Pb are accumulated in elevated concentrations in various parts of the fish and oyster when compared with other metals.     

公路旁土壤中重金属和类金属污染评价

目的 评价公路旁土训重金属和类金属污染。方法 选择３１９国道龙岩市新罗区路段进行土壤４ 采样,用原子吸收光谱法和分光光度法分析封保重金属和类金属（Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ、Ａｓ）的含量。结果 土壤综合污染指数为１．６３,ｄ、ｂ,轻度污染的元素为Ｃｕ、Ｃｒ,污染晕带自公路起向其两侧扩散范围约为２５０ｍ,土壤对重金属元素的吸附及污染程度：Ｃｄ〉Ｐｂ〉Ｃｕ〉Ｃｒ〉Ｚｎ〉Ｎｉ〉Ａｓ。结论 公路旁     

Heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi, India

Heavy metal contamination of soil resulting from wastewater irrigation is a cause of serious concern due to the potential health impacts of consuming contaminated produce. In this study an assessment is made of the impact of wastewater irrigation on heavy metal contamination of Beta vulgaris (palak); this is a highly nutritious leafy vegetable that is widely cultivated and consumed in urban India, particularly by the poor. A field study was conducted at three major sites that were irrigated by either treated or untreated wastewater in the suburban areas of Varanasi, India according to normal practice. Samples of irrigation water, soil, and the edible portion of the palak (Beta vulgaris L. var All green H1) were collected monthly during the summer and winter seasons and were analyzed for Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Mn, and Ni. Heavy metals in irrigation water were below the internationally recommended (WHO) maximum permissible limits set for agricultural use for all heavy metals except Cd at all the sites. Similarly, the mean heavy metal concentrations in soil were below the Indian standards for all heavy metals, but the maximum value of Cd recorded during January was higher than the standard. However, in the edible portion of B. vulgaris, the Cd concentration was higher than the permissible limits of the Indian standard during summer, whereas Pb and Ni concentrations were higher in both summer and winter seasons. Results of linear regression analysis computed to assess the relationship between individual heavy metal concentration in the vegetable samples and in soil showed that Zn in soil had a positive significant relationship with vegetable contamination during winter. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Mn in soil and plant showed significant positive relationships only during summer. Concentration of Cr and Pb during winter season and Zn and Ni during summer season showed significant negative relationships between soil and plant contamination. The study concludes that the use of treated and untreated wastewater for irrigation has increased the contamination of Cd, Pb, and Ni in edible portion of vegetables causing potential health risk in the long term from this practice. The study also points to the fact that adherence to standards for heavy metal contamination of soil and irrigation water does not ensure safe food.     

Heavy Metal Contamination and Ecological Risk Assessment of Swine Manure Irrigated Vegetable Soils in Jiangxi Province,China

Heavy metal are often added to animal fodder and accumulate in the soils with swine manure. In this study, heavy metal (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, As and Cr) concentrations were determined in agricultural soils irrigated with swine manure in Jiangxi Province, China. Results showed that the average concentrations of Cu, Zn, As and Cr (32.8, 93.7, 21.3 and 75.8 mg/kg, respectively) were higher than the background values, while Pb and Cd (15.2 and 0.090 mg/kg, respectively) were lower than the background values. Contamination factors \(\left( {C_{f}^{i}} \right)\) indicated that they were generally moderate for Cu, Zn, As and Cr and generally low for Pb and Cd. The contamination degree (C _d ) was calculated to be 7.5–10.0 indicating a moderate degree of contamination. The geoaccumulation index (I_geo) indicated that the soils were unpolluted with Zn, Cd and Pb, while unpolluted to moderately pollute with Cr, Cu and As. The single ecological risk factor \(\left( {E_{r}^{i}} \right)\) revealed that the six heavy metals all belonged to low ecological risk. The ecological risk indices suggested that all the sampling sites were at low risk level.     

Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer

Heavy metal pollution of soils resulting from sewage and wastewater irrigation is causing major concern due to the potential risk involved. In the present study Musi River and its environs were assessed for heavy metal contamination. The study area was assessed for Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Co and Pb in soils, forage grass, milk from cattle, leafy and non-leafy vegetables. Partitioning pattern of soil revealed high levels of Zn, Cr, and Cu associated with labile fractions, making them more mobile and plant available. The associated risk was assessed using hazard quotient (HQ). Human risk was assessed in people known to consume these contaminated foods by analyzing metals concentrations in venous blood and urine. Results showed high amounts of Pb, Zn, Cr, and Ni compared to permissible limits. HQ was found to be high for Zn followed by Cr and Pb with special reference to leafy vegetables particularly spinach and amaranthus.