浙江省奉化市居民吸烟现状调查

目的 了解浙江省奉化市居民吸烟现状。 方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样的方法,抽取600名居民进行问卷调查。 结果 奉化市居民吸烟率为25.83%,标化吸烟率为24.79%,其中男性吸烟率为58.56%,女性吸烟率为0.30%;吸烟者开始吸烟的平均年龄为21.13岁,每日平均吸烟量为20.13支,平均每盒烟费用14.93元;戒烟率为28.90%,被动吸烟率为54.83%。 结论 男性是实施控烟健康教育的重点人群,开始吸烟者年龄趋于年轻化,奉化市控烟工作比较艰巨,相关部门应引起重视。     

宁夏固原市乡村医生吸烟及控烟现状调查分析

[目的]了解乡村医生烟草接触及控烟状况.[方法]对固原市5个县区的173名乡村医生进行一对一访谈式问卷调查.[结果]45名女性乡村医生均不吸烟.128名男乡医中,吸烟率为48.1%;乡医被动吸烟率女性高于男性（χ2=33.34,P〈0.001）;乡村医生对烟草危害的知晓率为48.2%,吸烟者与不吸者对烟草危害的认知无显著性差异（χ2值=5.64,P〉0.05）;男性乡医经济条件越好吸烟率越高;绝大多数（86.7%）乡村医生支持无烟村卫生室的创建.有65.9%的乡医在诊疗过程劝阻过病人戒烟,吸烟者与不吸烟者劝说吸烟患者戒烟的行为有显著性差异（P〈0.001）.[结论]宁夏固原市乡村医生的吸烟率低于1996年全国调查的男性医务人员吸烟率,但其吸烟和戒烟均与经济水平有关.     

浙江省中学生吸烟状况调查

目的 掌握浙江省中学生吸烟的流行水平,了解对吸烟危害认识程度,为烟草控制及健康教育提供科学依据.方法 采用多阶段随机整群抽样的方法,对浙江省30个县区、221个学校、249个班级的11 638名初一至高三的中学生进行集中调查,采用自我管理式问卷调查方法.结果 调查对象的尝试吸烟率为30.30%,城市27.77%、农村31.88%,农村显著高于城市;男生42.99%、女生17.19%,男生显著高于女生;现在吸烟率为7.88%,城市6.59%、农村8.68%;男生13.58%、女生1.99%;调查对象吸1整支烟报告率为16.12%,城市14.13%、农村17.37%;男生27.01%、女生4.87%;调查对象被动吸烟率为16.65%,城市20.69%、农村14.07%;男生16.22%、女生17.04%.结论 浙江省中学生吸烟现象普遍,中学生周围人的吸烟行为对中学生吸烟行为有严重影响,应及时对中学生开展健康教育,采取积极有效的应对措施.     

北京市疾病预防控制中心系统控烟现状调查

目的　了解北京市疾病预防控制中心（CDC）系统工作人员控烟能力及控烟环境现状,为CDC系统开展控烟工作提供参考依据。 方法　采用普查的方法,对北京CDC系统所有在职工作人员进行问卷调查,同时,对每个 CDC室内外环境的吸烟情况进行3 d现场观察,以了解控烟规定的执行情况。结果　北京市CDC系统工作人员的吸烟率为21.6%,其中男性45.2%,高于女性5.2%;无论男性还是女性,吸烟率均随年龄的增加而增加;被动吸烟率为49.0%;烟草危害健康核心知识的知晓率普遍较高,为77.1%～98.9%;非吸烟者和吸烟者支持中心全面禁烟的比例差别较大,分别为87.6%和51.2%;北京市12个CDC有全面禁止吸烟的规定,6个CDC有部分场所禁止吸烟的规定,另有2个CDC对吸烟行为没有任何限制;CDC内吸烟现象比较普遍,其中62.5%的吸烟者在非吸烟区吸烟,且在非吸烟区吸烟遇到劝阻的比例只有30%。结论　北京市CDC系统的控烟工作有一定的基础,但仍需在吸烟者教育和政策制定及有效执行方面做大量工作。     

浙江省被动吸烟暴露流行现况研究

目的 了解浙江省被动吸烟暴露流行程度,探索可能的影响因素,为烟草控制及卫生决策提供参考依据。 方法 采用多阶段、按地理位置进行整群随机抽样,针对浙江省15岁及以上居民,采用家庭入户调查方式,完成被动吸烟暴露问卷调查共2112份,这些数据被用来估算整个人口中被动吸烟暴露的程度。 结果 浙江省受到被动吸烟暴露的非吸烟者人数为1670.5万(56.69%),每天都受到被动吸烟暴露的非吸烟者人数1042.2万(35.37%);受到被动吸烟暴露的男性(62.34%)和女性(58.38%),城市居民(65.37%)和农村居民(53.67%);被动吸烟暴露的地点在家庭中(60.89%)和室内工作场所(65.34%),城乡、年龄、教育程度和收入等相关因素对被动吸烟暴露有影响。 结论 浙江省整体被动吸烟暴露情况严重,仅提高人群健康知识并不能减少人群被动吸烟暴露,需要制定更综合性策略保护人群免受被动吸烟的危害。     

浙江省城乡居民慢性病患病率及危险因素变化趋势研究

目的了解居民慢性病患病率及危险因素的变化情况。方法分别于1998和2003年在浙江省采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,抽取12个县区,约2万居民使用卫生部统一设计的卫生服务调查问卷进行入户调查。结果城市居民慢性病患病率较1998年上升了6.37%,农村上升了25.29%,农村上升幅度高于城市。高血压居慢性病首位。高血压、糖尿病、心脏病等患病率有明显上升。男性吸烟率上升25.33%,农村男性吸烟率升高幅度较城市更明显。重度吸烟者增加了33个百分点。居民经常饮酒率从1998年的20.43%,下降为2003年的17.97%。城乡居民体育锻炼率2次调查结果基本持平。结论随着人口老龄化、吸烟率及吸烟量的增加,浙江省城乡居民慢病患病率将呈现上升趋势,应进一步加强吸烟等危险因素的干预和控制工作。     

郊区吸烟者的吸烟现状及戒烟意愿调查

目的调查郊区吸烟者的吸烟现状与戒烟意愿,从而为医务人员有针对性地为郊区吸烟者开展戒烟干预提供依据。方法选择北京市郊区某综合性医院门诊的228例成年吸烟者,以匿名方式进行尼古丁依赖量表问卷调查。结果在228例现在吸烟者中,男性占81.58%,文化程度在高中及以下者占77.63%,合并慢性疾病者占58.77%,烟龄中位数达20年,每日吸烟者占94.30%,每日吸烟量中位数为18.32支,尼古丁依赖程度较重(中度及以上者占56.59%),从未尝试过戒烟者占71.05%;尼古丁依赖评分与年龄、每月买烟费用、总烟龄、每日吸烟量呈正相关(P0.05),与文化程度呈负相关(P0.05),居住在周边农村及山区的吸烟者尼古丁依赖评分明显高于居住在县城的吸烟者(P0.05),合并慢性疾病的吸烟者尼古丁依赖评分显著高于未合并慢性疾病的吸烟者(P0.05),每日吸烟者的尼古丁依赖评分显著高于偶尔吸烟者(P0.05)。医疗付费方式(自费)、总烟龄长、吸第一支烟年龄早是影响戒烟意愿的阻碍因素。结论北京市郊区吸烟者存在吸烟行为居高不下、戒烟意愿低的严峻现状,应当全面实施戒烟干预,尤其应注意增强医疗付费方式为自费、总烟龄长、吸第一支烟年龄早的吸烟人群的戒烟动机。     

"五日戒烟班"效果初探

据中国人群2002年吸烟和被动吸烟的现状调查,15岁以上吸烟者达到3.5亿人,烟草导致的疾病负担在未来30-50年内将成为现实[1].而吸烟者仅有3.6%戒烟成功,且复吸人数与戒烟人数几乎相等[2].因此帮助吸烟者戒烟成了医务工作者刻不容缓的任务.本次研究从2002年到2009年,共举办了7期五日戒烟班,有181人参加,取得了满意的效果,现报道如下.     

成都市城乡社区吸烟环境及相关知识调查研究

目的了解成都市城乡社区居民吸烟环境、相关知识的认知及差异。方法2010年12月随机抽样选取城市和农村社区各1个,被选人群中35～70岁常住居民按年龄和性别1：1配对,城乡各30例,男女各15例,共60例。采用问卷调查方式了解被调查者就吸烟环境、相关知识的看法及认知程度。结果成都城乡居民48．3％（29／60）认为家庭室内可以随意吸烟,其中农村为56．7％（17／30）高于城市40．0％（12／30）;仅13．3％（8／60）城乡居民认为室内所有区域应禁止吸烟。城乡居民86．7％～98．3％知晓吸烟可引起心脏病、脑卒中、肺癌;城市居民有16．7％知晓吸烟可引起糖尿病,而农村则无人知晓。城市居民通过大众传媒了解戒烟宣传人数达91．7％,明显高于农村。95．O％城乡居民否认社区有戒烟机构或途径。结论成都市城乡居民对限定吸烟环境认识不足,禁烟法律知识缺乏,烟草广告及戒烟宣传存在城乡差异,需继续加强宣传教育,控制烟草广告,主动提供戒烟途径。     

成都市区新生儿父母吸烟危害性知识及吸烟态度调查

[目的 ]了解新生儿父母对吸烟危害性知识的掌握程度以及对改变吸烟行为的态度 ,为制定减少婴幼儿家庭内被动吸烟的控烟计划提供依据。 [方法 ]采用整群抽样的方法 ,从成都市 4所妇产专科医院抽取 5 2 0户 10 40位新生儿父母进行问卷调查。[结果 ]新生儿父亲现在吸烟率为5 1.0 % ,现在吸烟者的居室内吸烟率为86.2 % ,新生儿父亲对 16项吸烟危害健康相关知识条目的平均知晓率为 64 .5 % ,新生儿母亲平均知晓率为 68.1%。新生儿母亲吸烟危害性知识水平高于新生儿父亲(P <0 .0 1)。 3 2 .8%的现在吸烟者在今后6个月内有戒烟打算 ,无戒烟打算的现在吸烟者中 ,78.8%的人表示今后会减少吸烟量 ,没有人表示今后在家中会当着婴幼儿的面吸烟 ,95 .8%新生儿母亲表示将干预丈夫的居室内吸烟行为。 [结论 ]孩子的出生可作为对吸烟者居室内吸烟行为进行干预的切入时点 ,应给予新生儿父母必要的知识、信念及技术支持 ,文化程度较低的人群应作为重点宣教人群。     

Serum thiocyanate, smoking habits and smoking cessation trial in patients with peripheral atherosclerosis

The smoking habits in patients with atherosclerosis in the lower limbs and the effect of advising them to stop smoking was studied by means of self-declaration of the number of cigarettes smoked per day and determination of serum thiocyanate. Ninety-six per cent of males and 70 per cent of the females were smokers or ex-smokers. The number of years of smoking was about 40 for the smokers of both sexes and the male ex-smokers and 23 for the female ex-smokers. The number of cigarettes smoked per day reported by the patients was less than that reported by the smokers in a reference population. The serum thiocyanate levels confirmed the smoking status of the non-smokers and showed that about one-sixth of the ex-smokers had smoked in the last month prior to the study, and that the smokers on the average were heavy smokers smoking much more than the self-reported number of cigarettes. The effect of advising the patients to quit smoking was very disappointing. A maximum of 15 per cent of the smokers stopped smoking while some of the ex-smokers resumed smoking.     

Smoking behavior and desire to quit among low-income female caregivers.

The purpose of this study was to examine smoking behavior and the desire to quit among low-income women. Two hundred and eight women caregivers were surveyed about their smoking status, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the home, and desire to quit smoking. Most of the smokers (74%) wanted to quit smoking. With a logistic regression model, the number of years smoked was the only significant predictor variable for the dependent variable of thoughts about quitting when age, years of smoking, number of children, marital status, number of smokers in the home, cigarettes smoked per day, and money spent per week on cigarettes were entered as independent variables. The fewer years smoked the more likely the women wanted to quit.     

Sex differences in nicotine dependence among addictions clients accessing a smoking cessation programme in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

ACCESSIBLE SUMMARY: ? The purpose of this study was to examine differences in substance use disorders, psychiatric disorders and nicotine dependence among 323 women and men accessing a smoking cessation programme in an addiction treatment setting in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. ? Individuals with substance use and psychiatric disorders have smoking prevalence rates nearly double that of the general population. Yet, there are distinct differences between men and women in their smoking behaviour and responses to smoking cessation treatment. Few studies have examined such sex differences among individuals with substance use and psychiatric disorders. ? The study found that compared with individuals with no psychiatric diagnosis, those with a mood, anxiety and psychotic disorders were significantly more likely to be female; whereas compared with those without a substance use disorder, individuals with alcohol, cocaine or marijuana disorder were more likely to be male. Moreover, among women having an anxiety disorder history and smoking a greater number of cigarettes per day were significantly associated with high nicotine dependence. Among men, smoking a greater number of cigarettes per day and having a lower confidence in quitting were significantly associated with high nicotine dependence. ? These findings suggest the need for appropriate assessment of smoking behaviour and nicotine dependence among individuals accessing addictions treatment services. Moreover, these findings further provide evidence of the need for tailored interventions for tobacco dependence among men and women with histories of substance use and psychiatric disorder. ABSTRACT: Most individuals in drug treatment programmes use tobacco and are dependent on nicotine. For 323 participants (65% men, mean age = 49.3 years) with a history of substance use disorder (SUD) and/or psychiatric disorders (PD) enrolled in a tobacco dependence clinic programme, we compared baseline characteristics among women and men and examined factors associated with nicotine dependence (ND). Individuals with mood, anxiety and psychotic disorders were more likely to be female, whereas men were more likely to be characterized by alcohol, cocaine and marijuana use, older age, older age at smoking initiation and higher confidence in quitting smoking scores. In stratified multivariate analyses, among women, history of an anxiety disorder and a greater number of cigarettes smoked per day were associated with higher ND scores; among men, a greater number of cigarettes smoked per day and higher confidence in quitting scores were associated with higher ND scores. Given the differences in smoking, SUD and PD histories between women and men accessing addiction treatment, and differential associations with ND, it is important to further explore factors that may enhance tailored treatments and inform future studies examining biological and psychosocial factors for tobacco use in SUD and PD treatment populations.     

Serum thiocyanate and smoking: interpretation of serum thiocyanate levels observed in a large health study

In a Norwegian health study involving 25,300 persons the mean serum thiocyanate level in non-smokers was 33.9 mumol/l for males and 33.5 mumol/l for females. In moderate smokers (five to nine cigarettes per day) the mean level was 59.6 mumol/l for males and 70.9 mumol/l for females. In heavy smokers (greater than 25 cigarettes per day) the mean level was 87.3 mumol/l in males and 99.7 mumol/l in females. The difference between the thiocyanate levels in females and males smoking the same number of cigarettes can be explained by the sex difference in distribution volume for thiocyanate. Among non-smokers the mean level of serum thiocyanate was the same whether the persons had been indirectly exposed to tobacco smoke or not. The mean serum thiocyanate levels were up to 10 mumol/l higher in the last half part of the year than in the first part. This can be explained by seasonal variations in the content of thiocyanate in the diet. The range of the individual thiocyanate level was great both in non-smokers and in smokers, resulting in a large overlap. Serum thiocyanate can therefore not distinguish all non-smokers from all smokers. However, by choosing suitable 'cut-off levels' it is possible to extract from the total population groups consisting of a large majority of smokers and only a few non-smokers and vice versa.     

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs): views of aficionados and clinical/public health perspectives

Background: Electronic cigarettes (e‐cigs) have experienced a rapid growth in popularity but little is known about how they are used. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify the e‐cig products used by experienced e‐cig users, their pattern of e‐cig use and the impact on tobacco use. Method: Face‐to‐face survey of 104 experienced e‐cig users. Results: Of all the e‐cig users, 78% had not used any tobacco in the prior 30 days. They had previously smoked an average of 25 cigarettes per day, and had tried to quit smoking an average of nine times before they started using e‐cigs. Two‐thirds had previously tried to quit smoking using an FDA‐approved smoking cessation medication. The majority of the sample had used e‐cigs daily for at least a year. Three quarters started using e‐cigs with the intention of quitting smoking and almost all felt that the e‐cig had helped them to succeed in quitting smoking. Two‐thirds used e‐cig liquid with a medium to high concentration of nicotine (13 mg +). Only 8% were using the most widely sold types of cigarette‐sized e‐cigs that are typically powered by a single 3.7 volt battery. Instead most used e‐cigs designed to enable the atomizer to more consistently achieve a hotter more intense vapour. Conclusion: Until we have more evidence on the safety and efficacy of e‐cigs for smoking cessation, smokers should be advised to use proven treatments (e.g. counselling and FDA‐approved medicines). However, for those who have successfully switched to e‐cigs, the priority should be staying off cigarettes, rather than quitting e‐cigs.     

Smoking characteristics and saliva cotinine levels in Taiwanese smokers: gender differences

Aims.  The present study examined the smoking characteristics and a biomarker of a community‐based sample of Taiwanese individuals, seeking to determine the correlates of nicotine dependence for each gender. Background.  Nicotine dependence is a key barrier to smoking cessation. Additionally, nicotine metabolism may influence smoking behaviour and dependence. Correlates of nicotine dependence and biochemical markers of smoking for the Taiwanese population have not yet been studied. Methods.  Participants were 402 men and 110 women smokers, who had recently smoked at least one cigarette every day over a recent year. All participants completed a questionnaire which included demographic data, smoking background, self‐reported quantity of cigarettes per day and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. The participants also provided saliva samples. Results.  Female smokers were younger, more likely to be unmarried and were on average higher educated than males. A higher percentage of females reported that family members smoked and tended to be younger at initiation and were also more likely to have attempted to quit on previous occasions. Males reported smoking significantly more cigarettes than females, however, there was no significant difference in the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence scores between the two groups. The average saliva cotinine level was significantly higher for males than females (228·8 ng/ml vs. 94·6 ng/ml, p < 0·0001). Family and friends smoking were risk factors of nicotine dependence among both men and women smokers, but there was a stronger association of both factors on dependence levels for women. Being married is a risk factor for dependence for women but not for men. Conclusion.  These findings support the evidence that smoking characteristics and a biochemical marker differ between the males and females. Relevance to clinical practice.  The results of the study are useful for health policymakers, assisting them in planning tobacco control activities in light of gender differences.     

吸烟与老年人认知功能障碍

背景 随着老龄化社会的到来,认知功能障碍发病率的逐渐上升,人们开始关注吸烟对认知功能障碍的影响. 目的 探讨吸烟对老年人认知功能障碍的影响,寻求进行干预的可能性. 设计随机整群抽样调查. 单位一所大学医院的神经内科. 对象以抽签的方法从重庆市高新区、渝北区、渝中区中分别抽取了两个居委会≥ 60岁老年人共 3 012人,男 1 668人,女 1 344人. 方法用简易智能量表( MMSE) 进行认知功能测定,采用 t检验和 Logistic回归多因素分析方法对测定结果进行分析. 主要观察指标①吸烟的人口学分布.②老年人认知功能障碍的单因素和多因素分析结果. 结果对 3 012人完成了 MMSE测定,总吸烟率为 35%,重庆市老年人认知功能异常率为 11.95%;吸烟人群中,现在吸烟者引起认知功能障碍为 11.8%,过去吸烟者为 4.5%,不吸烟者引起认知功能障碍为 5.3%. 结论吸烟与认知功能障碍密切相关 (χ 2=6.59, P=0.047),文化程度、年龄、职业和性别均是老年人认知功能障碍的影响因素.吸烟人群中现在吸烟者对认知功能障碍的危险性较大 (RR=2.33, 95% CI= 1.37～ 5.82).吸烟是老年人认知功能减退的重要危险因素,老年人戒烟可能是降低认知功能障碍发生的有效策略.     

Smoking as a precipitating factor for migraine: a survey in medical students

Our aim was to analyse the relationship between migraine and smoking in medical students. Medical students who had already received teaching on migraine were asked to answer an ad hoc questionnaire. A total of 361 students filled in the questionnaire: 245 (68%) were women. International Headache Society criteria were fulfilled by 58 (prevalence of migraine 16%) students. A total of 74 (20%) were current smokers: 21 males (18% of men were smokers) and 53 females (22% smokers). Within those 58 students with migraine, 17 (29%) smoke: only 2 were males (14% of males with migraine smoked) while the remaining 15 were females (34% of women with migraine smoked). Within those 17 students who were smokers and migraineurs, 12 (71%) thought that smoking worsens migraine and 10 (59%) that smoking precipitates attacks. The minimum number of cigarettes which subjectively precipitates attacks was 5. Migraine prevalence in the 20s in Spain is 16%. Our data obtained in medical students suggest that smoking can be a precipitating factor for migraine attacks, as the prevalence of active smoking is one-third higher in migraineurs and as there seems to be a relationship between the number of cigarettes and the development of migraine attacks.