高眼压性和正常眼压性原发性开角型青光眼视神经损害特征的比较

目的探讨高眼压性原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)和正常眼压性青光眼(NTG)患者视神经损害的不同特点。方法应用德国Heidelberg公司生产的视网膜断层扫描仪对高眼压性POAG39例(47只眼)和NTG32例(38只眼)进行定量视盘参数和神经纤维层检查,并行眼底立体照相观察视网膜神经纤维层(RNFL)缺损类型,检测静态定量视野,并对检查结果进行比较。结果(1)NTG组视盘总体参数和分区(除颞侧外)盘沿面积、沿/盘面积小于高眼压性POAG组,而C/D大于高眼压性POAG组;平均RNFL厚度和RNFL面积在颞下和颞上小于高眼压性POAG组;总体盘沿容积小于高眼压性POAG组,总体平均视杯深度和颞下视杯面积大于高眼压性POAG组,两组差异均有统计学意义(P<005)。两组颞侧视盘各参数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>005)。(2)RNFL缺损类型高眼压性POAG组RNFL弥漫性缺损占5319%,局限性缺损占426%;NTG组弥漫性缺损占2105%,局限性缺损占5526%。两组RNFL缺损类型构成比比较,差异有统计学意义(P<001)。结论NTG较高眼压性POAG具有较大的C/D值、C/D面积比和窄盘沿面积,RNFL丢失严重。高眼压性POAG患者的RNFL以弥漫性缺损为主,NTG患者的RNFL以局限性缺损为主。两者视神经损害具有不同特点,其损害机制可能不同。(中华眼科杂志,2005,41136140)     

Diagnostic Consistency and Relation Between Optical Coherence Tomography and Standard Automated Perimetry in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Purpose: To assess diagnostic consistency and relation between spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and standard automated perimetry (SAP) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: This retrospective study comprised 51 eyes of 51 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of POAG. The qualitative and quantitative SD-OCT parameters (retinal nerve fiber layer thicknesses [RNFL; average, superior, inferior, nasal and temporal], RNFL symmetry, rim area, disc area, average and vertical cup/disc [C/D] ratio and cup volume) were compared with parameters of SAP (mean deviation, pattern standard deviation, visual field index, and glaucoma hemifield test reports). Results: Fifty-one eyes of 51 patients with POAG were recruited. Twenty-nine eyes (56.9%) had consistent RNFL and visual field (VF) damage. However, nine patients (17.6%) showed isolated RNFL damage on SD-OCT and 13 patients (25.5%) had abnormal VF test with normal RNFL. In patients with VF defect, age, average C/D ratio, vertical C/D ratio, and cup volume were significantly higher and rim area was lower when compared to those of the patients with normal VF. In addition to these parameters, worsening in average, superior, inferior, and temporal RNFL thicknesses and RNFL symmetry was significantly associated with consistent SD-OCT and SAP outcomes. Conclusions: In routine practice, patients with POAG can be manifested with inconsistent reports between SD-OCT and SAP. An older age, higher C/D ratio, larger cup volume, and lower rim area on SD-OCT appears to be associated with detectable VF damage. Moreover, additional worsening in RNFL parameters might reinforce diagnostic consistency between SD-OCT and SAP.     

图形视网膜电图和图形视觉诱发电位同时记录青光眼及高眼压症的研究

对３０例５０只青光眼、１４例２８只高眼压症进行ＰＥＲＧ和ＰＶＥＰ同时记录。首次发现青光眼和高眼压症的ＲＣＴ延长，同时青光眼组ＡＰ５０、ＡＰ１００下降、ＬＰ１００延长，异常率分别为４６％、５２％￣５４％，高眼压症组ＡＰ５０和ＬＰ１００的异常率均为２８．５７％。青光眼组ＬＰ１００、ＲＣＴ与视野缺损、Ｃ／Ｄ在小呈正相关，ＡＰ１００与视野缺损、Ｃ／Ｄ大小呈负相关，ＡＰ５０与视野缺损呈负相关。本研究从电生理     

Tomographic identification of neuroretinal rim loss in high-pressure, normal-pressure, and suspected glaucoma

PURPOSE: To identify progressive rim loss and describe patterns of regional change in various clinical presentations of glaucoma by scanning laser tomography (SLT). METHODS: A previously described analytical approach was used to identify progressive rim area loss in SLT disc images of eyes of people with ocular hypertension (OHT, n = 97), early POAG (OHT converters; n = 30), asymmetric normal-pressure glaucoma (NPG, established and suspected in contralateral eyes; n = 26), and normal control subjects (n = 32). Analysis was performed longitudinally in individual image series, and cross-sectionally within groups at different time points. RESULTS: Reproducibly reduced rim area was detected in 2 (6.2%) of 32 normal control subjects, 11 (11%) of 97 OHT subjects, 27 (90%) of 30 OHT converters, 16 (58%) of 26 of suspected NPG eyes, and 15 (54%) of 26 of established NPG eyes (mean MD = -6.5 dB). Of 5 (19%) of 26 of suspected NPG eyes that converted on visual field testing, rim loss was detected in 3 of 5. In all groups, rim loss was common in the disc poles, especially inferiorly. Patterns of rim loss were similar within high-pressure and normal-pressure groups, whether or not eyes had field defects in each. In high-pressure groups, rim loss was more common nasally than temporally. Normal-pressure groups, unlike high-pressure groups, frequently had rim loss temporally. Suspected NPG eyes had more rim loss temporally and their rim area tended to be less compared with OHT and OHT converters, despite the three groups having equivalent baseline fields. CONCLUSIONS: There were similarities and differences in the pattern of rim loss in SLT disc images of high- and normal-pressure presentations of glaucoma. Progressive rim loss was detected in eyes without visual field defects, eyes that progressed to develop field defects, and eyes with established and more severe glaucoma.     

Prevalence of glaucoma in Thailand: a population based survey in Rom Klao District,Bangkok

AIM: To determine prevalence, demography, mechanism, and visual morbidity of glaucoma in urban Thai people. METHODS: 790 subjects aged 50 years or older from Rom Klao district, Bangkok, Thailand, were enumerated in a population based cross sectional study. Each subject underwent the following investigations: visual acuity, visual field testing, slit lamp examination, applanation tonometry, gonioscopy, and an optic disc examination after mydriasis. Main outcome measures included visual acuity (logMAR), visual fields, intraocular pressure (IOP), gonioscopic characteristics, vertical cup/disc ratio (VCDR), prevalence of types of glaucoma. Glaucoma was diagnosed on the basis of optic disc appearance and visual field defects. In eyes in which the optic disc could not be examined, glaucoma was diagnosed when visual acuity was <3/60 and either IOP >99.5th percentile or there was evidence of previous glaucoma surgery. RESULTS: 701 subjects were examined (response rate 88.7%). In eyes with "normal" suprathreshold visual fields, the mean IOP was 13.3 mm Hg (97.5th percentile = 20 mm Hg). The 97.5th and 99.5th percentiles of VCDR were 0.72 and 0.86 respectively. Of the 701 subjects examined in the clinic, 27 had glaucoma (3.8%, 95% CI: 2.5 to 5.6), 16 had primary open angle glaucoma (POAG, prevalence 2.3%, 95% CI: 1.3 to 3.7), six were primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG, prevalence 0.9%, 95% CI: 0.3 to 1.9), and five were secondary glaucoma (SecG, prevalence 0.7%, 95% CI: 0.2 to 1.7). Among the 43 unilaterally blind subjects, glaucoma was the cause in five subjects (12%). One subject was bilaterally blind due to glaucoma (prevalence 11%, 95% CI: 0.3 to 61.9). 28 people (4%) were glaucoma suspects on the basis of optic disc appearance and six on the basis of visual fields only. 98 subjects (14%) had "occludable angles" in either eye, 22 of whom had primary angle closure (PAC, prevalence 3.1%, 95% CI: 1.9 to 4.7); 14 had peripheral anterior synechiae in either eye and eight had ocular hypertension (OHT). CONCLUSIONS: POAG accounted for 67% of all glaucoma, PACG 21%, and secondary glaucomas 12%. Glaucoma was the second most common cause of severe unilateral visual loss.     

定量测量视网膜神经纤维层厚度联合视觉电生理检查开角型青光眼

目的 比较光学相干断层成像术（ＯＣＴ）测量视网膜神经纤维层（ＲＮＦＬ）厚度与视觉电生理检查在原发性开角型青光眼（ＰＯＡＧ）早期损害中的敏感性并分析其间相互关系。方法 对早期、进展期或晚期ＰＯＡＧ患者２６例（５０眼）联合进行ＯＣＴ及ＰＥＲＧ、ＰＶＥＰ和ＯＰｓ的检查。结果 ＯＣＴ测量ＲＮＦＬ厚度在ＰＯＡＧ早期中的异常率为４０．９１％,低于ＰＥＲＧ（７８．９５％）和ＰＶＥＰ的异常率（６４．６４％）,高于ＯＰｓ（２８．５７％）。ＲＮＦＬ百度与ＰＶＥＰ和ＰＥＲＧ振幅显著正相关,与ＰＶＥＰ潜伏期负相关,与ＯＰｓ总值不相关。结论 联合ＯＣＴ测量ＲＮＦＬ厚度与视觉电生理检查更有利于青光眼的早期诊断。     

联合多种视功能检查对原发性开角型青光眼早期诊断的意义

了解原发性开角型青光眼视觉电生理和计算机自动视野检查结果的变化特征并对其视功能状况进行综合分析以寻找比较敏感和特异的参数，为原发性开角型青光眼较早期和早期诊断提供依据。方法：对３６例原发性开角型青光眼患者，８例可疑性青光眼患者，３０例正常对照者分别进行视网膜振荡电位，视网膜电图，视诱发电位和Ｈｕｍｐｈｅｒｙ计算机自动视野检查。     

Polarimetric measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in glaucoma diagnosis

PURPOSE: To evaluate reliability and diagnostic value of polarimetric measurements of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in the diagnosis of glaucoma. METHODS: The study included 81 eyes with perimetric glaucoma with glaucomatous changes of the optic disc and visual field defects; 52 eyes with preperimetric glaucoma with glaucomatous optic disc abnormalities and normal achromatic visual fields; and 70 normal eyes. For determination of reliability, four examiners repeated polarimetric measurements five times in ten normal subjects. RESULTS: The polarimetric variables were significantly correlated with increasing mean visual field defect and decreasing neuroretinal rim area. In correlation analyses with visual field defects, correlation coefficients were highest for the variable "superior/nasal ratio" and "the Number," a variable calculated by the neural network of the device. In correlations with neuroretinal rim area, correlation coefficients were highest for measurements of the inferior nerve fiber layer thickness. The preperimetric glaucoma group and the control group differed significantly in the variables "superior/nasal ratio" and "the Number" and, to a smaller degree, in the variables "superior/temporal ratio" and "superior/inferior ratio." The Number variable had a sensitivity of 82% and 58% at a predefined specificity of 80% in separating perimetric glaucoma patients and preperimetric glaucoma patients, respectively, from control subjects. Reproducibility of the polarimetric measurements ranged between 70% and 89%. CONCLUSION: Polarimetric measurements of the RNFL thickness can detect glaucomatous optic nerve damage in patients with visual field loss, and in some patients with preperimetric glaucomatous optic nerve damage. Considering the fast performance, easy handling, and low maintenance costs, RNFL polarimetry may be helpful in glaucoma diagnosis.     

光学相干断层成像术对原发性开角型青光眼视网膜神经纤维层的定性和定量检测

OBJECTIVE: To study the characteristics of optical coherence tomography (OCT) of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), the difference of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness between normal persons and patients with POAG and the correlation between RNLF and visual field index. METHODS: Eighty-three cases (149 eyes) with POAG and 83 normal persons (150 eyes) were tested by OCT with circular scans around the optic nerve head (diameter = 3.46 mm) to observe the features of OCT. Statistic analysis was taken to compare the difference of RNFL thickness in quadrants and means between normal and glaucomatous group, and the difference of the thickness among the stages in POAG. Linear correlation and regression analysis was used to show the correlation between RNFL thickness and visual field index of 115 eyes of glaucomatous patients. RESULTS: The RNFL thickness measured by OCT in normal subjects is the thickest in superior and inferior quadrants, less in thickness in temporal and the thinnest in nasal quadrant. The curve showed double peaks. The RNFL of glaucomatous patients showed local thinness or defect, diffuse thinness or combination of the above two types. The mean RNFL thickness of normal group was (90.1 +/- 10.8) microm, (140.4 +/- 10.5) microm, (85.2 +/- 14.0) microm, (140.4 +/- 9.7) microm and (114.2 +/- 6.0) microm, of glaucomatous group was (56.0 +/- 31.0) microm, (81.0 +/- 36.3) microm, (47.1 +/- 27.5) microm, (73.4 +/- 38.4) microm and (64.6 +/- 28.8) microm in temporal, superior, nasal, inferior quadrant and the whole area, respectively. There is significant difference of RNFL thickness between the normal and glaucomatous group (P < 0.000), and there are significant differences among the three stages (early, developing and late) of glaucomatous group (P < 0.000). There is a close negative relationship between RNFL thickness and visual field index (r = -0.796, P < 0.0001). The sensitivity and specificity of RNFL thickness measured by OCT were 93.3% and 92.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: OCT can quantitatively measure the RNFL thickness and show the difference of RNFL between normal persons and glaucomatous patients. The RNFL thickness gradually decreases while visual field defect increases with the development of POAG.     

Reduction of posterior pole retinal thickness in glaucoma detected using the Retinal Thickness Analyzer

OBJECTIVES: To report evidence of changes in posterior pole retinal thickness in glaucoma and preperimetric glaucoma. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred forty participants (140 eyes): 31 normal subjects, 33 with ocular hypertension, 43 with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), and 33 with preperimetric glaucoma. INTERVENTION: Posterior pole retinal thickness measurements using the Retinal Thickness Analyzer (RTA; Talia Technology Ltd., Neve-Ilan, Israel). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The mean foveola average thickness (VAV), foveola minimum thickness (VMI), perifoveal average thickness (PFAV), perifoveal minimum thickness (PFMI), posterior pole average thickness (PPAV), and posterior pole minimum thickness (PPMI) were compared among the groups. The correlation between RTA values and visual field values was evaluated. The area under the receiver operator characteristic (AROC) curve, the optimal cut values, and the predictability values were estimated statistically between normal and the other groups using RTA values. RESULTS: Results from 91 eyes (65%) were included. Perifoveal average thickness values in preperimetric glaucoma (190.4+/-15.6 microm; mean+/-standard deviation) and POAG (185.7+/-16.8 microm) were significantly less than in normal controls (211.4+/-16.8 microm) and in eyes with ocular hypertension (211.6+/-15.9 microm). Perifoveal minimum thickness, PPAV, and PPMI were significantly less in preperimetric glaucoma and in POAG than in normal controls; VAV and VMI were not significantly different among groups. Perifoveal average thickness, PFMI, PPAV, and PPMI significantly correlated with visual field mean defect (R = -0.38, -0.42, -0.36, and -0.41, respectively) and loss of variance (R = -0.29, -0.30, -0.26, and -0.17, respectively). The AROC using PFAV, PFMI, PPAV, and PPMI was significantly larger than 0.5 between normal and preperimetric glaucoma (0.83, 0.92, 0.82, and 0.87, respectively) and between normal and POAG eyes (0.86, 0.97, 0.83, and 0.93, respectively). When using the PFMI, the sensitivities at the minimum specificity cutoffs of 90% were highest in comparisons between normal and preperimetric glaucoma (sensitivity, 75%) and between normal and POAG eyes (sensitivity, 95%). By the logistic regression analysis, PFAV, PFMI, PPAV, and PPMI distinguished between normal and preperimetric glaucoma (R(2) = 0.30, 0.49, 0.27, and 0.37, respectively) and between normal and POAG (R(2) = 0.37, 0.59, 0.31, and 0.51, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Posterior pole retinal thickness decreases in early- and moderate-stage glaucoma. Reduction of perifoveal retinal thickness is correlated with visual field loss. In vivo measurements of posterior pole retinal thickness may help distinguish between normal and glaucomatous eyes.