Outcomes of delayed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis with cholangitis

ObjectiveThe recommended treatment for acute biliary pancreatitis(ABP) with cholangitis is urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP). However, tight schedules in the endoscopy room mean that urgent ERCP may not always be performed. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of early (≤72 h) and delayed(>72 h) ERCP in patients with ABP with cholangitis.MethodsNinety-five patients diagnosed with ABP with cholangitis who underwent ERCP between May 2012 and April 2018 were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsSixty-seven patients(70.5%) were classified in the early ERCP and 28(29.5%) in the delayed ERCP groups. There was no significant difference in pancreatitis severity between the groups. Total bilirubin was higher in the early compared with the late ERCP group (5.7 ± 5.2 versus 3.5 ± 2.3 mg/dL, p = 0.03). Fewer patients in the early group had end-stage renal disease (0 versus 3, p = 0.006) and relatively fewer patients in the early group took aspirin (15(22.4%) versus 12(42.9%), p = 0.04). There were no significant differences between the early and delayed ERCP groups in terms of mortality (2(3.0%) versus 0), disease-related complications(11 (16.4%) versus 5(17.9%), p = 0.86), or ERCP-related complications(5(7.5%) versus 3(10.7%), p = 0.60). The total length of stay(LoS) was shorter in the early group(6.3 ± 4.4 versus 9.8 ± 6.1 days, p = 0.002). The rate of complete stone removal was lower in the early compared with the delayed ERCP group(32/42(76.2%) versus 18/18(100%), p = 0.02).ConclusionDelayed ERCP can be performed in selected patients with ABP with cholangitis, with similar complication rates but longer LoS compared with early ERCP.     

Preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is not necessary in mild gallstone pancreatitis

Background: The role of preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in gallstone pancreatitis is unclear. Therefore, we designed a study to establish whether ERCP is indicated in these cases. Method: We studied 55 patients who had been admitted with gallstone pancreatitis. All of them had mild pancreatitis (Ranson's criteria <3). ERCP was carried out within 4 days of admission, once the liver function tests and serum amylase had returned to normal levels. Results: ERCP did not demonstrate common bile duct stones in any of the patients. All patients then underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy during the same admission. Conclusion: Preoperative ERCP is not indicated for patients with mild gallstone pancreatitis. Received: 9 June 1998/Accepted: 7 March 1999     

重症急性胆源性胰腺炎内镜治疗时机探讨

目的探讨内镜治疗重症急性胆源性胰腺炎的时机。方法选择上海市第一人民医院1995年4月至2005年5月59例经内镜治疗的重症急性胆源性胰腺炎病例,分为早期治疗组(A组,<48h)31例,延迟治疗组(B组,>48h)28例。分别比较两组病例腹痛缓解时间、血淀粉酶恢复正常时间、平均住院天数及并发症发生情况。结果A组病例腹痛缓解时间、血淀粉酶恢复正常时间及平均住院天数均短于B组(P<0.05)。A组发生并发症5例,B组为9例。结论重症急性胆源性胰腺炎应尽早行内镜治疗。     

Management of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: related duodenal perforations

Background  As the performance of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, especially endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), has increased since 1968, so has the incidence of duodenal perforations. The frequency of ERCP use varies among hospitals and depends on the availability of trained endocopists, equipment, and facilities. Methods  A retrospective review of ERCP-related perforations to the duodenum was conducted to identify their incidence, optimal management, and clinical outcome. Charts were reviewed for the following data: ERCP indication, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, time to diagnosis and treatment, type of injury, management, length of hospital stay, and clinical outcome. Results  From April 1999 to February 2008, 4,358 ERCP were performed, 15 of which (0.34%) resulted in perforation to the duodenum. Only four of the perforations were discovered during ERCP, with another eight requiring computed tomography or abdominal radiography for diagnosis. Surgery was performed for 13 of the patients (87%), and 2 patients died (15%). One patient was managed conservatively with a successful outcome. Nine patients underwent surgery within 24 h after the ERCP, with only one patient undergoing surgery after 24 h. The overall mortality rate was 20% (3 of 15 patients). Conclusions  Clinical and radiographic features can be used to determine the surgical or conservative treatment of ERCP-related duodenal perforations, whereas patient age and intraoperative findings can determine the final outcome and morbidity or mortality. The interval between the perforation and the operation is of great significance. The mortality rate increases dramatically with late surgical management (>24 h). An algorithm for the selective management of ERCP-induced duodenal perforations is proposed. Presented at the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) annual meeting, 9–12 April, 2008, Philadelphia PA.     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎的临床疗效观察

目的观察内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎的效果。方法选取2016-02—2019-02间新蔡县人民医院收治的100例急性胆源性胰腺炎患者,按照随机数字表法分为2组,各50例。对照组采用药物治疗,观察组采用ERCP术治疗。比较2组治疗前后的血清炎症因子(CRP、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8)水平、肝功能指标(AST、ALT、GGT、TBiL)、生化指标,以及临床症状改善效果。结果治疗后观察组患者的血清炎症因子水平、肝功能指标,以及体温、肝功能、淀粉酶、白细胞计数、胃肠道功能恢复正常时间,和恶心、呕吐消失及腹痛缓解时间等指标比较,均明显优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用ERCP术治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎,能有效抑制炎症因子释放,有利于改善患者的症状和促进肝功能及生化指标的恢复,是处理急性胆源性胰腺炎的重要治疗方式。     

ERCP和EST在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的作用

目的 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(Laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC)中联合应用内镜技术治疗伴有胆总管结石的胆囊结石病人的疗效。方法 对210例(同济医院124例，武汉市第四医院86例)LC术前、术后可疑合并胆总管结石行内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogrophy，ERCP)和内镜括约肌切开术(Endoscopic sphincterotorny，EST)。结果 LC术前ERCP发现胆总管结石69例，EST清除63例，清除率91．3％(63／69)；LC术后ERCP发现胆总管残留结石9例，EST清除8例，清除率88．9％(8／9)。结论 LC联合ERCP、EST治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石是一种安全有效的方法，使病人避免开腹手术。     

Use of the urinary trypsinogen-2 dip stick test in early diagnosis of pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Background This study aimed to prove that the urinary trypsinogen-2 dip stick test can be used for early diagnosis of pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Methods For this prospective, blinded, pilot study, urine samples were collected before ERCP, 1 h after ERCP, and 4 h after ERCP. The urine dipstick test was used to detect trypsinogen-2 on the basis of immunochromatography. The dipstick results were compared with those of current methods used to diagnose post-ERCP pancreatitis. Once the patient disposition was finalized, pancreatic enzymes, clinical findings, and final diagnosis were obtained from the chart and compared with the urine trypsinogen-2 test findings. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated. Results The urine trypsinogen dip stick test was performed for 30 patients (15 men and 15 women). Post-ERCP pancreatitis was diagnosed in 5 of 29 patients by clinician assessment, serum pancreatic enzyme levels, or both. The amylase and lipase levels for post-ERCP patients with and without pancreatitis were 650 ± 145 vs 134 ± 26 (p = 0.023) and 1,658 ± 594 vs 84 ± 17 (p = 0.057), respectively. This statement proves that patients who developed post ERCP pancreatitis had significant elevation of amylase and lipase compared to patients who did not have pancreatitis. For the dip stick test, 6 of 28 patients had positive results in 1 h and 6 of 29 patients had positive results in 4 h. The sensitivity of the 1-h test was 1.0, and the specificity was 0.91. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 0.66, and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 1.0. The sensitivity of the 4-h test was 1.0, and the specificity was 0.96. The PPV was 0.8, and NPV value was 1.0. Conclusion The urinary trypsinogen-2 dip stick test is useful for early diagnosis of post-ERCP pancreatitis and allows the testing physicians to begin management early in its course.     

A new technique to assist in difficult bile duct cannulation at the time of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: At the time of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, deep cannulation of the bile duct is a prerequisite to be able to provide endoscopic therapy. We describe a simple technique to assist in difficult bile duct cannulation. METHODS: If the pancreatic duct is easily entered but the bile duct cannot be accessed, a guidewire is advanced into the pancreatic duct, and the cannulating catheter is removed leaving the tip of the wire in the mid pancreatic duct. Alongside the pancreatic wire, a catheter, preloaded with a second wire, is advanced via the channel of the endoscope. With the first wire in the pancreatic duct, the second wire is advanced above it in the anticipated bile duct axis. RESULTS: We have used this technique in 12 cases and succeeded in 10. No complications occurred. DISCUSSION: Inserting a pancreatic wire can assist in bile duct cannulation, by straightening and stabilizing the papilla. The use of this new technique can reduce the need for precut sphincterotomy, with its inherent increased risks of pancreatitis, bleeding, and perforation. The approach proposed by us can assist in any difficult bile duct cannulation, but it can be particularly useful when dealing with a papilla that is very prominent with a tortuous intraduodenal segment or a papilla located in a duodenal diverticulum.     

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in conjunction with laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Summary Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become the primary surgical treatment for symptomatic cholelithiasis. In conjunction with the dramatic rise in LC there has been an increase in the number of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies (ERCPs) performed. For this study, the records of patients referred to the surgical endoscopy department between January 1991 and February 1992 were reviewed. Seventy-seven ERCPs were performed in conjunction with LC. The indications for ERCP included jaundice or a history of jaundice, gallstone pancreatitis, a suspicious filling defect on either ultrasound or intraoperative cholangiogram, abnormal liver function tests, cholangitis, or postoperative bile leak. Sixty-two procedures were performed prior to LC and 15 procedures after LC. Forty-two patients were female (54.5%) and the patients ages ranged from 14 to 92 years (mean 54.1 years). Of the 62 patients having ERCP preoperatively 35 patients (56.5%) had no evidence of common bile duct (CBD) stones and underwent LC as planned. Twenty-three patients were found to have CBD stones, of which six were referred for an open cholecystectomy and CBD exploration, because of large multiple CBD stones or the presence of a large duodenal diverticulum. Seventeen patients had their CBD cleared endoscopically, and four patients were not successfully cannulated.Fifteen patients had ERCP after LC. There were two patients with CBD injuries who were referred for surgical correction. Two patients had leakage from the cystic duct stump, and four patients had CBD stones, all of whom were successfully treated with endoscopic sphincterotomy. There were four patients who had a normal postoperative ERCP and two patients who could not have their CBD cannulated.There were no mortalities, but there were four cases of complications. Two patients had bleeding after stone extractions, and they required blood transfusions. One patient developed cholangitis from stenosis of the papilla after an endoscopic sphincterotomy, and one patient developed pancreatitis which resolved with conservative treatment. There is an increasing role for ERCP and sphincterotomy in patients undergoing LC. ERCP carries an inherent morbidity and therefore routine ERCP is not justified. However, with the proper suspicion of CBD stones a preoperative ERCP is indicated prior to a planned laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

适时采用十二指肠乳头括约肌开窗术降低ERCP术后胰腺炎的临床价值

目的 评价适时采用十二指肠乳头括约肌开窗术对于ERCP术中插管困难患者术后胰腺炎发生的影响,探讨该手术的有效性和安全性.方法 回顾性分析2006年7月至2009年12月上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院收治的181例ERCP术中插管困难患者的临床资料,其中98例继续采用传统方式插管患者为对照组,83例适时行十二指肠乳头括约肌开窗术患者为研究组,比较两组患者选择性胆管插管的成功率及术后胰腺炎的发生率.计量资料的比较采用t检验,计数资料的比较采用x2检验,等级资料采用Wilcoxon秩和检验.结果 对照组和研究组患者首次插管成功率、术后高淀粉酶血症发生率、术后胰腺炎发生率分别为85.7％ (84/98)、7.1％(7/98)、10.2％( 10/98)和94.0％ (78/83)、18.1％ (15/83)、2.4％( 2/83),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=10.12,5.03,4.41,P＜0.05).对照组和研究组患者中轻、中、重度胰腺炎分别为3、5、2例和1、1、0例,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.11,P＜0.05).结论 对于ERCP术中插管困难的患者适时采用十二指肠乳头括约肌开窗术可减少ERCP术后胰腺炎的发生,是一种安全、有效的方法.     

吲哚美辛对ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎的预防作用

目的观察常规直肠应用吲哚美辛栓剂对内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic rectrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)术后高淀粉酶血症、胰腺炎的预防作用。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2014年12月,池州市人民医院消化内镜中心行ERCP治疗的166例临床患者资料,其中术前预防性使用吲哚美辛栓纳肛的病例94例,未使用吲哚美辛72例,比较两组ERCP术前、术后3 h、术后24 h血清淀粉酶水平及术后高淀粉酶血症、胰腺炎的发生率。结果 2组患者术前血淀粉酶无统计学差异(78.0±6.9 vs 87.8±7.8,P0.05),但吲哚美辛组术后3 h血淀粉酶水平显著低于对照组(175.6±67.7 vs438.6±77.4,P0.01),24 h血淀粉酶也低于对照组(227.8±37.3 vs 239.8±38.1,F=19.93,P0.01)。吲哚美辛纳肛组ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症发生率低于对照组(3.2%vs 5.6%,P0.01),吲哚美辛纳肛组ERCP术后胰腺炎发生率也低于对照组(7.4%vs 12.5%,P0.01)。结论 ERCP术前使用吲哚美辛可以预防ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症及术后急性胰腺炎的发生,可以作为常规预防手段使用。     

Endoscopic sphincterotomy for prevention of the recurrence of acute biliary pancreatitis in patients with gallbladder in situ: long-term follow-up of 88 patients

Background Endoscopic sphincterotomy without cholecystectomy is a therapeutic option in selected patients after acute biliary pancreatitis. We conducted a prospective evaluation of the long-term effects of sphincterotomy in terms of the need for of subsequent cholecystectomy and the recurrence of gallstone pancreatitis.Methods We studied 88 patients with acute biliary pancreatitis and an intact gallbladder who, underwent endoscopic sphincterotomy either because they were high-risk candidates for surgery or because they had refused of cholecystectomy. The median follow-up was 51 months (range, 5–86).Results Only two patients (2.2%) experienced recurrent pancreatitis. Subsequent cholecystectomy was performed in 10 patients because of acute cholecystitis in eight cases and biliary colic in two cases. Sixty-six patiens (75%) remained asymptomatic.Conclusions Endoscopic sphincterotomy is a safe and acceptable alternative to cholecystectomy for the prevention of recurring attacks of gallstone pancreatitis. As a result of this procedure, 75% of patients remained free of symptoms in the long term.     

Temporary pancreatic stent to prevent post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: a preliminary, single-center, randomized controlled trial

Background Post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (post-ERCP) pancreatitis is the most common complication of ERCP, which can occasionally become serious or fatal. This preliminary study was to prospectively evaluate the efficacy of a temporary unflanged pancreatic duct stent (PS) to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis. Methods A total of 64 patients were randomly divided into a control group, which did not undergo stenting, and a stent group. The stent used was a 5-Fr pigtail PS without an inner flange. Results Placement of an unflanged PS was successful and without complications in all 32 patients. The rates of hyperamylasemia were 50.0% and 34.4% in the control and stent groups, respectively (P > 0.05), and the mean serum amylase levels were 456.2 and 257.9 IU/l, respectively (P = 0.035). The overall rates of post-ERCP pancreatitis diagnosed according to Cotton's criteria were 12.5% and 3.1% in the control and stent groups, respectively (P > 0.05). The severity of pancreatitis was severe in one patient, moderate in one, and mild in two in the control group, whereas in the stent group, the single case of pancreatitis was mild. Conclusions Placement of an unflanged 5-Fr PS may be useful in preventing post-ERCP pancreatitis.     

Intraoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to remove common bile duct stones during routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy does not prolong hospitalization: a 2-year experience

Background: There is still some controversy regarding the optimal timing and best method for the removal of common bile duct stones (CBDS). Intraoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (IO-ERCP) is an alternative method that should be considered for this procedure. The aim of our study was to investigate the clinical outcome of a single-step procedure (IO-ERCP) to remove CBDS, thereby combining two existing high-volume clinical modalities—i.e., laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and ERCP. Methods: Between January 2000 and December 2001, 674 patients, 192 male and 482 female, underwent cholecystectomy at our hospital. Therewere 612 LC (90.8%), 37 converted procedures (5.5%), and 25 open operations (3.7%). In 592 of the patients, (87.8%) intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) was performed. In 34 (5.7%) of those who had and IOC, an IO-ERCP was performed. While the surgeon waited for the endoscopist, care was taken to introduce a thin guidewire through the lOC catheter and pass it through the sphincter of Oddi, out into the duodenum. This complementary procedure greatly facilitated the subsequent cannulation of the bile ducts. Results: The cannulation frequency of the CBD was 100%. Common bile duct stones were successfully extracted in 93.5%. Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST), followed by the insertion of a plastic endoprosthesis, was performed in two patients with remaining stones. The CBD of these two patients was cleared by postoperative ERCP. None of the patients developed postoperative pancreatitis. The operating time was prolonged as compared with the time for LC (192 vs 110 mins; p < 0.05). The length of hospitalization for IO-ERCP patients did not differ from that for patients undergoing cholecystectomy alone (2.6 vs 2.1. days; NS). Conclusions: The study suggests that elective IO-ERCP is a safe and efficient method for removing CBDS that has a low risk of inducing postoperative pancreatitis and does not prolong postoperative hospitalization. This technique enables perioperative extraction of CBDS without open or laparoscopic surgical exploration of the CBD and can be used safely in a routine clinical setting.     

丙泊酚联合地佐辛在日间经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术麻醉中的应用

目的分析丙泊酚联合地佐辛用于日间经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)麻醉的安全性及有效性。方法选择我院行ERCP患者566例,男292例,女274例,年龄40~70岁,体重40~85kg,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为丙泊酚联合芬太尼组(F组)和丙泊酚联合地佐辛组(D组),每组283例。F组先给予芬太尼100μg,D组给予地佐辛5mg,3min后两组均给予丙泊酚2mg/kg,术中调整丙泊酚用量在3~5mg·kg-1·h-1,维持BIS值在50~55。记录患者丙泊酚总用量、麻醉时间、苏醒时间及术后不良反应(呃逆、呛咳、恶心、呕吐)发生情况;统计术后48h内患者出院情况。结果D组苏醒时间(5.1±1.1)min明显短于F组(5.6±2.5)min(P0.05);D组术后恶心、呕吐发生率(4%和0%)明显低于F组(9%和1%)(P0.05);术后48h内D组出院率(30%)明显高于F组(18%)(P0.05)。结论丙泊酚2mg/kg联合地佐辛5mg/kg应用于ERCP手术血流动力学更稳定,恶心、呕吐发生率低,住院时间短。     

Selective role for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in abdominal trauma

Background: Emergency endsocopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is rarely indicated in trauma patients; however, in cases of suspected pancreatic or bile duct injury or bile leak, it may be useful. The purpose of this paper is to review our ERCP experience in trauma patients. Our Level I Trauma Center admits 1800 patients annually. Methods: Since January 1991, we have performed ERCP in 12 trauma patients, nine after blunt injury and three after penetrating injury. Results: ERCP was used as a diagnostic tool to evaluate the pancreatic duct in six stable patients with equivocal CT scans and unexplained abdominal pain, fever, and an elevated amylase or a peripancreatic pseudocyst. Based on their ERCP findings—one intact pancreatic duct, one transected duct, and four pseudocysts—five of the six patients had operations. We performed ERCP in six patients for persistent bile leaks (five cases) or jaundice (one case). The findings were one case of bilemia (intrahepatic biliovenous fistula), one case of common bile duct disruption, and four cases of persistent bile leaks from the liver after liver injuries. Endobiliary stents placed in five patients successfully stopped the four bile leaks and closed the biliovenous fistula. The one case of ductal disruption required an open choledochojejunostomy. The only ERCP complication was an episode of cholangitis treated with antibiotics. The earliest ERCP was 3 days after injury, and most were performed within 2 months. Conclusions: ERCP is a helpful procedure for diagnosing biliary and pancreatic duct injury in a select group of trauma patients who do not have obvious indications for exploration. In addition, ERCP techniques are also effective for treating most bile leaks. Received: 21 April 1997/Accepted: 22 September 1997     

Endoscopic clearance of the pancreatic duct in chronic pancreatitis with severe pain

Summary In a phase I study endoscopic removal of pancreatic duct stones and protein plugs was attempted in five patients suffering from chronic pancreatitis with severe chronic pain. The pancreatic duct contents could be extracted after successful sphincterotomy in three patients. Clearance of the pancreatic duct was followed by complete or partial relief of pain. The follow-up period was 17–48 months. Endoscopic extraction is, however, not without complications; it is technically difficult, and many attempts may be required. The combination of endoscopic therapy and extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy may be a better alternative.     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胆总管结石复发的相关因素研究进展

胆总管结石是消化系统常见病,内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)是目前治疗胆总管结石的重要手段,但常存在术后结石复发的问题。胆总管结石从清除到复发涉及到复杂的因素,主要包括既往胆道手术史、胆管扩张、壶腹周围憩室、胆道感染等。笔者就ERCP术后胆总管结石复发的相关因素作一综述,以期为临床预防及治疗提供帮助。     

Duodenum-preserving total pancreatic head resection without segment resection of the duodenum for chronic pancreatitis

Purpose  The purpose of this study was to describe a duodenum-preserving total pancreatic head resection procedure without segment resection of the duodenum for the treatment of chronic pancreatitis with an enlarged pancreatic head. Materials and methods  Between January 1999 and December 2006, 35 patients with chronic pancreatitis were operated on by duodenum-preserving total pancreatic head resection procedure without segment resection of the duodenum. These patients were followed up to estimate the outcomes of the surgical procedure. Results  The mortality of the surgical procedure was 0. The overall morbidity was 17%. One patient developed pancreatic fistula, three patients developed bile leakage, and no patient developed duodenal fistula. Twenty-one patients who suffered abdominal pain in preoperative stage obtained complete pain relief, the mean European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 pain scale decreased from 59 ± 27 to 13 ± 21. In the postoperative stage, the endocrine function of the patients compared equally to the preoperative stage. Conclusion  The modified procedure obtains acceptable postoperative outcomes and benefits on extirpation of inflammatory lesions and avoidance of the anastomosis of the residual pancreatic head and the jejunum.