改良式乙状结肠代膀胱术的临床应用

目的:评价改良式乙状结肠代膀胱术的临床效果。方法:对15例行根治性膀胱全切术膀胱癌的患者,在原Mainz膀胱Ⅱ式手术基础上进行可控尿流术式,即改良式乙状结肠代膀胱术。结果:术后3个月随访,B超检查3例有单侧肾盂轻度扩张2cm,排尿稳定可控,最大容量400～600ml,5例电解质血CO2cp提示偏酸,肾功能均在正常范围。尿粪均完全分开,大便成形。结论:改良式乙状结肠代膀胱术简单易行,对肠道干扰小,在减少尿粪合流、逆行感染、代谢性酸中毒等方面效果明显,且适应证相对较广,是一种较好的可控性尿流改道方法。     

Continent catheterizable urinary conduit constructed from defunctionalized colon

The authors describe a technique for construction of a continent catheterizable stoma from distal defunctionalized colon in a patient with imperforate anus, urethral atresia, and sacral agenesis.     

Continent cutaneous urinary diversion: long-term follow-up of more than 800 patients with ileocecal reservoirs

We report the clinical outcome of more than 800 patients, who underwent continent cutaneous urinary diversion with an ileocecal reservoir (Mainz-pouch I) in two urological tertiary referral centers at a mean follow-up of 7.6 years. Complications related to the continence mechanism (intussuscepted ileal nipple vs. submucosally embedded in situ appendix) and the antirefluxive uretero-intestinal anastomosis (submucosal tunnel vs. serosa-lined extramural tunnel) were recorded retrospectively. Stomal stenosis was observed in 23.5% of the patients with appendix stoma and in 15.3% of the patients with intussuscepted ileal nipple. The incidence of calculi was 10.8% in reservoirs with intussuscepted ileal nipple and 5.6% in reservoirs with appendix stoma. Eleven patients (eight with appendix, three with ileal nipple) required reoperation because of ischemic degeneration of the continence mechanism. The overall continence rate (day and night) was 92.8%. Anastomotic strictures of the afferent limb occurred in 6.5% of renal units (RUs) with a submucosal tunnel and in 5.0% of RUs with a serosa-lined extramural tunnel. Continent cutaneous urinary diversion with an ileocecal pouch is a highly satisfactory and safe option for patients, in whom orthotopic urinary diversion is impossible or contraindicated.     

小儿阑尾输出道可控性肠膀胱术(附七例报告)

目的 探讨阑尾输出道可控性肠膀胱术在小儿泌尿外科的应用效果。方法 报道7例小儿阑尾输出道可控性肠膀胱术治疗经验。男3例女4例,平均年龄8岁。车祸致膀胱、石输尿管及双睾丸缺失1例,先天性完全性尿失禁4例（尿生殖窦畸形、膀胱外翻各1例,短尿道2例）,神经源性膀胱2例。结果 5例（70％）达到预期效果,2例仍有尿自尿道排出。结论 阑尾输出道可控性膀胱术对需行尿流改道的患儿是一种有效的手术方式。     

An alternative continence tube for continent urinary reservoirs: evaluation of surgical technique,pressure and continence study in an ex-vivo model

Objective  Despite the large number of surgical techniques for continent cutaneous diversion described in literature, the creation of a reliable, continent and easily catheterizable continence mechanism remains a complex surgical procedure. Aim  Aim of this study was the evaluation of a new method for a catheterizable continence mechanism using stapled pig intestine. Methods  Small and large pig intestines were used for construction. A 3 or 6 cm double row stapling system was used. Three variations using small and large intestine segments were constructed. A 3 or 6 cm long stapler line was placed alongside a 12 Fr catheter positioned at the antimesenterial side creating a partially two-luminal segment. Construction time for the tube was measured. The created tube was then embedded into the pouch. Pressure evaluation of the continence mechanism was performed for each variation. Intermittent external manual compression was used to simulate sudden pressure exposure. Results  All variations were 100% continent under filling volumes of up to 700 ml and pressure levels of 58 ± 6 cm H₂O for large intestine and 266 ml and 87 ± 18 cm H₂O for small intestine, respectively. With further filling above the mentioned capacity suture insufficiency occurred but no tube insufficiency. Construction time for all variations was less than 12 min. Conclusion  The described technique is an easy and fast method to construct a continence mechanism using small or large intestine. Our ex vivo experiments have shown sufficient continence situation in an ex-vivo model. Further investigations in an in-vivo model are needed to confirm these results.     

可控性尿流改道术中原位阑尾输出道的选择及应用

目的 探讨在可控膀胱术中原位阑尾输出道的选择方法和临床应用经验。方法 自1990年以来共进行原位阑尾输出道的可控膀胱术26例,其中阑尾套叠组11例,阑尾埋藏组15例。结果 全部患者白天尿流可控率为100％;3例夜间间断尿失禁,均发生在阑尾套叠组;3例插管困难,1例阑尾穿孔,均发生在阑尾埋藏组;1例阑尾缩入腹腔,3例阑尾黏膜脱垂。结论 阑尾埋藏的方法较阑尾套叠的方法可控效果好,使用原位阑尾作输出道较其他方法有操作简单、省时、可控效果佳、并发症少等优点,我们认为原位阑尾输出道是尿流改道手术中一种理想的可供选择的方法。     

可控性膀胱术与回肠新膀胱术(附68例报告)

目的　评价不同术式可控性膀胱术及回肠新膀胱术的疗效。　方法　对 6 8例膀胱全切除术后患者采用 4种可控性尿流改道及回肠新膀胱术式 ,术后对患者控尿、导 (排 )尿 ,贮尿囊容积、内压 ,影像学及血生化资料进行比较。　结果　回肠套叠式输出道 3例中有 2例部分脱套致术后尿失禁 ,需再次手术 ;缩窄末端回肠式输出道 44例控尿均良好 ,除 1例插管困难外余均能用 16～ 2 0F尿管自行导尿。去管折叠式贮尿囊 39例 ,其中回肠贮尿囊 3例、结肠 2 2例、回结肠 14例 ,能达到低压贮尿囊要求 ,但早期有 8例发生贮尿囊过度扩张 ,容量 1470～ 16 5 0ml;去带结肠贮尿囊 8例 ,容量 430～6 0 0ml,充盈压 30～ 45cmH2 O(1cmH2 O =0 .0 98kPa) ,有蠕动波 ,术后早期有 2例尿漏。回肠新膀胱2 1例 ,容量 35 0～ 46 0ml,充盈压 12～ 2 0cmH2 O ,日间尿失禁 1例 ,夜间尿失禁 2例 ,其余无尿失禁。　结论　盲升结肠 30cm剖开对折成形可控性膀胱可满足低压贮尿囊要求 ,去带结肠贮尿囊由于易发生术后尿漏或粘连 ,内压较高 ,不够理想。缩窄末段回肠式输出道控尿效果好、内腔大、插管顺利、并发症少 ,明显优于回肠套叠输出道。回肠新膀胱术贮尿排尿功能良好 ,术后生活质量高 ,但应严格选择手术适应证。     

Use of the Mitrofanoff principle in urinary reconstruction

The catheterization of a urinary reservoir by way of a narrow conduit such as appendix or ureter has proved a very successful additional technique in urinary reconstruction. The Mitrofanoff principle can be added to our armamentarium in a variety of clinical settings. Closure of the vesical neck, as indicated in previous reports, is not necessarily required.     

回肠膀胱术后输尿管回肠代膀胱吻合口闭锁的微创治疗

目的：探讨回肠膀胱术（Bricker术）后输尿管回肠代膀胱哟合口闭锁微创治疗的远期疗效。方法：回顾性分析我院2008年1月-2011年6月年治疗的12例Bricker术后输尿管回肠代膀胱吻合口闭锁患者的临床资料,经膀胱镜及磁共振水成像及泌尿系彩超明确诊断,采用顺行结合逆行方式行膣内钛激光切开,术中先经皮。肾顺行插入F5输尿管导管至输尿管远端,注入亚甲蓝,经代膀胱在膀胱软镜下向输尿管遥端穿刺,见有蓝色液体流出后,钬激光切开该处建立通道。术后留置F7号双J管4-6周拔除,并定期随访肾积水情况。结果：8例一次手术成功,2例改开放手术,1例一期行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术,待肾功能恢复后再行微创手术治疗成功,1例孤立伴有慢性肾功能不全,行经皮肾造瘘长期留置造瘘管引流。9例行微创治疗的患者术中无大出血的并发症,随访6-18个月,平均12个月,治愈6例,好转2例,无效1例,总有效率为88．9％。结论：微创经皮肾穿刺顺行输尿管软镜联合电子膀胱镜,并用钬激光治疗Brieker术后输尿管-肠段吻合口闭锁安全,有效,可作为替代开放手术,减少创伤,减轻患者痛苦。     

机器人辅助根治性膀胱切除术+体内回肠膀胱术手术经验分享(附光盘)

虽然开放根治性膀胱切除术(open radical cystectomy,ORC)是治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的金标准,但机器人辅助根治性膀胱切除术(robot-assisted radical cystectomy,RARC)的应用报道目前越来越多。RARC在达到和ORC一样的瘤控手术效果的同时更为微创。机器人手术系统的巨大优势是开放和传统腹腔镜无法比拟的,例如手术视野、灵巧性、精确性和稳定性。因此,RARC在背深静脉复合体缝合,新膀胱和尿道吻合,神经血管束的保留等操作方面有得天独厚的优势。机器人手术系统的应用也使完全体内尿流改道成为可能。     

Harvesting the free fibular graft: A modified approach

Background:

The conventional technique of free non-vascularized fibular grafting is attended with some amount of morbidity and a long scar. We report a technique with little interference to the surrounding soft tissues to harvest more than one-third of whole length fibula.

Patients and Methods:

Thirty four patients of average age 23.5 years (range 8 to 51 years) having various pathologies like simple bone cysts (n=9), fibrous dysplasias (n=6), giant cell tumors (n=7), fracture non-union (n=10) and aneurysmal bone cysts (n=2) were taken up for the study. The fibula were harvested by two separate incisions, 1 cm each at proximal and distal extent of proposed donor site for taking out of graft after elevating the periosteum circumferentially using a periosteum stripper. Compression bandage and above knee plaster immobilization was applied to reduce the dead space collection.

Results:

The mean followup is 34 months. The patients were evaluated clinicoradiology. Thirty three patients showed good results. One patient had fair result due to delayed wound healing from hematoma which was treated surgically.

Conclusion:

The approach of harvesting fibula suggested by author reduces donor site morbidity and is safer than conventional approach.     

Changes in the upper urinary tract after radical cystectomy and urinary diversion: a comparison of antirefluxing and refluxing orthotopic bladder substitutes and the ileal conduit

PURPOSE: We evaluated and compared the effects of different types of urinary diversion on functional and radiographic changes in the upper urinary tract. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data on 275 patients who underwent radical cystectomy and urinary diversion for bladder cancer and were observed at least 12 months. Of the patients 197 received an orthotopic bladder substitute, including antirefluxing ureteral anastomoses in 111 (group 1) and refluxing ureteral anastomoses in 86 (group 2). Ileal conduits were created in 78 patients (group 3). Serial serum Cr, radiographic changes in the upper urinary tract after diversion and the number of episodes of APN were compared by diversion method. Mean followup was 52 months (range 12 to 174 months) with no difference among the groups. RESULTS: Compared with group 3 patients in groups 1 and 2 demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of moderate to severe hydronephrosis (p = 0.001) but the incidence was similar between groups 1 and 2 (6.3%, 8.3% and 1.4% of the renal units in groups 1 to 3, respectively). Stabilized postoperative Cr did not differ among the groups. CRF, defined as Cr 3.0 mg/dl or greater, occurred in 2.7% of the patients in group 1 and in 3.5% of those in group 2 but in none in group 3. APN was noted in 3.3%, 4.4% and 0.4% of patients in groups 1 to 3, respectively (p = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: An ileal conduit with a lower rate of diversion related hydronephrosis, CRF and morbidity associated with APN was superior to orthotopic bladder substitutes. Between the refluxing and antirefluxing types of orthotopic bladder substitutes no significant difference in functional or radiographic changes was noted.     

The use of the Mitrofanoff principle in achieving clean intermittent catheterisation and urinary continence in children

The Mitrofanoff principle has been used to achieve clean intermittent catheterisation (CIC) and urinary continence in 28 children. The mean age at operation was 10.1 years (range, 1 to 19 years). A catheterisable conduit was created using the appendix (19), ureter (8), or vas deferens (1). CIC was commenced 10 to 28 days postoperatively (median, 15 days). After a mean follow-up of 13 months (range, 2 to 45 months), 24 children (86%) have achieved successful CIC and urinary continence. Use of the Mitrofanoff principle is a valuable adjunct to the treatment of urinary incontinence in children and may allow successful CIC in patients who are unable to catheterise urethrally.     

Retropubic repair of genitourinary fistula using a free supporting graft

OBJECTIVE: To report the repair of genitourinary fistulae using a retropubic extraperitoneal transvesical approach using a support graft (free graft) from the anterior abdominal wall fat. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 26 women with genitourinary fistulae (25 with vesicovaginal and one uterovesical) were operated using the free graft method. RESULTS: All patients had no leakage after surgery; while 15 developed urgency three had recurrent urinary tract infection and one developed a small bladder capacity. CONCLUSION: This operation has the advantages of a short operative duration, an easy technique and fewer postoperative complications with a high success rate.     

Fluoroscopy guided retrograde ureteral stent insertion in patients with a ureteroileal urinary conduit: method and results

PURPOSE: We evaluated retrograde double pigtail stent placement in patients with ureteroileal anastomosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Procedures were performed under digital C-arm fluoroscopic guidance and the patient under sedation analgesia. Radiography of the conduit was done to delineate urinary diversion anatomy and identify ureteral reflux. A purpose designed, angled tip catheter was used to direct a straight glide wire across the ureteroileal anastomosis. The glide wire was exchanged for a stiff guide wire for stent placement. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical records of 7 men and 5 women with a mean age of 54.3 years in a 7-year period. In 11 patients a new stent was placed because of ureteroileal stricture in 5, anastomotic leakage in 3, ureterolithiasis in 2 and recurrent malignancy in 1. RESULTS: New stent placement was successful in 10 of the 11 patients (90.9%, 13 of 16 ureters or 81.3%). Stent placement was successful in the 8 ureters in which reflux was noted on radiography of the conduit and in 5 of the 9 (55.6%) in which no reflux was noted. Stent replacement was accomplished in all 22 ureters (6 patients) in which it was attempted. Mean radiological screening time for new stent placement was 13.3 minutes (range 4.7 to 19.7), while for exchange it was 6.4 minutes (range 0.8 to 15.1). There were no immediate complications. CONCLUSIONS: This technique represents a useful approach to the ureter and should be considered an alternative to percutaneous nephrostomy and surgical revision. The approach is also useful for other ureteral procedures, including stone or migrated stent retrieval.     

结肠粘膜重建尿道的实验研究

目的：探讨结肠粘膜重建尿道的可能性。方法：选择6条雌性杂种成年犬，在全麻下切开尿道，剥离全段尿道粘膜，取相等长度的结肠粘膜替代尿道粘膜，12周后将犬处死，取其尿道作病理检查。结果：犬尿道病理组织学检查示移植于尿道的结肠粘膜全部成活，大部分腺上皮已转变为移行上皮。结论：应用结肠粘膜重建尿道是一种新的方法，这种技术可应用于包皮或膀胱及颊粘膜不适合时的尿道重建。