四逆汤对高胆固醇喂饲所致动脉粥样硬化形成和氧化损伤的影响

为了观察四逆汤对高胆固醇喂饲所致家兔实验性动脉粥样硬化形成和氧化损伤的影响，采用高胆固醇喂饲模型；将24只新西兰家兔随机分为3组：正常组、模型组、四逆汤组，分别给予普通饲料(正常对照组)和高胆固醇饮食(其它2组)喂养，四逆汤组另加用四逆汤方药；实验结束后，观察血管病理变化、血和血管超氧化物歧化酶活性、血浆和血管丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶蛋白和基因表达。结果发现，与模型组相比，四逆汤组主动脉脂质斑块面积、内膜斑块面积和厚度明显降低；血和血管超氧化物歧化酶活性明显增加；血浆和血管丙二醛的含量明显增加；血管超氧化物歧化酶蛋白和基因表达明显增强。研究结果提示，四逆汤具有较好的抗动脉粥样硬化作用，抗氧化损伤可能是四逆汤产生抗动脉粥样硬化作用的重要机制之一。     

四逆汤抗实验性动脉粥样硬化的作用及其机制

为探讨四逆汤抗实验性动脉粥样硬化的作用及其可能机制，运用图像分析法测定主动脉内膜脂质斑块面积百分比，脂代谢指标分别运用酶动力学法、一步法、公式计算法、免疫透射比浊法等方法测定，血清一氧化氮及血浆内皮素分别用酶法及放射免疫法检测，血浆超氧化物歧化酶与丙二醛分别运用微量快速测定法、改良的八木国夫法测定。结果发现，四逆汤可明显缩小主动脉内膜脂质斑块面积，降低血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、载脂蛋白Ｂ及血浆内皮素和丙二醛浓度，提高血清一氧化氮水平、载脂蛋白Ａ含量与血浆超氧化物歧化酶活性，四逆汤高剂是组效果为佳。结果提示，四逆汤具有较好的抗实验性动脉粥样硬化作用，其作用机制与调节脂代谢、抗脂质过氧化损伤及保护血管内皮细胞功能等有关。     

霍山石斛胶囊降血脂疗效的实验研究

目的以高脂血症模型大鼠研究霍山石斛胶囊(DHC)降血脂作用。方法用高脂饲料喂养大鼠4w,建立实验性高脂血症大鼠模型,而后进行低、中、高三种剂量DHC及阳性对照药血脂康实验性治疗,给药4w、6w后检测模型大鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量,并计算动脉粥样硬化指数(AI);同时测定血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)和一氧化氮(NO)含量。结果与高脂血症模型组相比,DHC低、中、高剂量组能不同程度地降低高脂模型大鼠血清TC、TG、LDL-C含量;升高血清HDL-C含量;升高血清SOD活性和NO含量,并降低其MDA含量,且呈量效关系,尤其以DHC中、高剂量组作用最为显著。结论适宜剂量的DHC具有明显的降血脂、保护血管内皮和抗脂质过氧化作用,对高脂血症和动脉粥样硬化的发生有一定的防治作用。     

海洋活性物质2,3-吲哚醌抗鹌鹑实验性动脉粥样硬化作用及其机制

目的研究2,3-吲哚醌对实验性动脉粥样硬化的抑制作用,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法取雄性鹌鹑随机分为空白对照组、高脂组、洛伐他汀组、2,3-吲哚醌小剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组。除空白组喂饲基础饲料外,其余组均喂饲高脂饲料,各用药组同时灌胃给药,连续用药8周。于用药第5周和8周末测定血清及组织中脂质含量,对主动脉、冠状动脉、肝脏进行肉眼及光镜组织学检查,检测2,3-吲哚醌对血清总超氧化物歧化酶、血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、血清总抗氧化能力及脂质过氧化物丙二醛含量的影响。结果连续灌胃给药8周末时,与高脂组比较3种剂量的2,3-吲哚醌均可降低血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和载脂蛋白B的水平(P<0.05,P<0.01),升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和载脂蛋白A的水平(P<0.05,P<0.01);2,3-吲哚醌组主动脉壁、肝脏及心肌中胆固醇和甘油三酯含量也明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);病理检测结果发现,2,3-吲哚醌组冠状动脉和主动脉内膜粥样硬化斑块的病变程度较高脂组明显减轻;2,3-吲哚醌可升高血清总超氧化物歧化酶、血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的含量和血清总抗氧化能力,降低脂质过氧化物丙二醛的含量(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论2,3-吲哚醌预防性用药可抑制动脉粥样硬化形成,其作用机制与其降血脂和抗氧化作用有关。     

血脂康对血脂和血管内皮细胞活性物质的影响

探讨血脂康对高胆固醇饮食家兔血脂和血管内皮细胞活性物质的影响.健康纯种新西兰白兔30只,随机分为对照组(饲以普通饲料)、高脂组(饲以普通饲料+1.5%胆固醇)、治疗组[饲以普通饲料+1.5%胆固醇+血脂康0.8 g/(kg*d)].在实验不同阶段,观察各组家兔血清脂质、一氧化氮及血浆内皮素、前列环素、血栓素含量及血管内皮细胞病理形态学改变.实验前各组血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血浆内皮素、血清一氧化氮、血浆血栓素及6-酮-前列腺素等无明显差异.实验12周,高脂组、血脂康治疗组血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血浆内皮素、血清一氧化氮、血浆血栓素及6-酮-前列腺素比值明显高于对照组,但治疗组上述指标明显低于高脂组(P值均<0.05);高脂组和治疗组血清一氧化氮低于对照组(P<0.05),但治疗组高于高脂组(P<0.05).病理结果显示血脂康治疗组主动脉、冠状动脉粥样硬化病变及血管内皮细胞损伤明显轻于高脂组.提示血脂康具有明显的调整脂质代谢和影响血管内皮细胞活性物质生成的作用.     

黑木耳抗脂质过氧化的初步探讨

本次动物实验，主要探讨黑木耳的抗脂质过氧化作用。４５只新西兰白兔随机分为正常组，胆固醇组和黑木耳加胆固醇组，实验期为三个月。实验期间除测定血清总胆固醇（ＴＣ），血清β脂旦白（β－Ｌｐ）和动脉硬化程度以外，还测定各组动物实验前后血清中脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量的变化，用荧光法测定主动脉弓和腹主动脉组织中超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）的活性。实验结果表明：黑木耳除具有降血脂和抗动脉粥样硬化效果外，还具有抗脂质过氧化作用。脂质过氧化与衰老有密切关系。高脂血症和动脉粥样硬化均为老年人易患疾病。故老年人经常食用黑木耳将有利于防治高脂血症和冠心病及延缓衰老等作用。黑木耳可作为老年人的保健食品加以推广。     

敌百虫加重高脂饮食致兔动脉粥样硬化作用与降低对氧磷酶活性有关

目的 为了探讨慢性口服有机磷酸酯类农药敌百虫能否导致动脉粥样硬化的发生及其机制.方法 32只健康新西兰免随机分为正常饲料组、正常饲料+敌百虫18 mg/(kg·d)组、正常饲料+高脂饲料组、正常饲料+高脂饲料+敌百虫组,动物单笼饲齐70 d.处死后进行离体血管功能、生化参数及病理组织学分析以及血液生化参数的分析.结果 兔口服敌百虫70 d,其血清对氧磷酶和胆碱酯酶及超氧化物歧化酶活性降低;丙二醛含量升高;血管内皮依赖性舒张反应降低.高脂饮食除导致与敌百虫相似的参数改变外,尚有血浆总胆固醇和脂蛋白的升高及血管壁具有动脉粥样硬化特征的病理形态学改变.敌百虫单独导致了血管内功能的皮损伤、血浆一氧化氮浓度降低和诱发了氧化应激反应,加重了高脂饮食的致动脉粥样硬化作用.结论 长期慢性口服敌百虫可加重高脂饮食的致动脉粥样硬化作用,其机制可能与敌百虫降低体内对氧磷酶活性和触发机体的氧化应激反应有关.     

补阳还五汤抗家兔动脉粥样硬化形成及机制

为了观察补阳还五汤抗动脉粥样硬化的作用及机制 ,给予家兔高脂饮食和补阳还五汤 ,用组织学方法观察动脉壁病理形态学改变 ,并测定血清中总胆固醇、甘油三酯、内皮素、一氧化氮及FⅦ促凝活性水平。结果显示 ,与高脂组相比 ,补阳还五汤组血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯明显降低 (P <0 .0 1) ;血浆FⅦ促凝活性和一氧化氮水平明显降低 (P <0 .0 1) ;主动脉、腹主动脉和冠状动脉粥样斑块面积显著减少 (P <0 .0 1)。提示补阳还五汤具有抗动脉粥样硬化形成的作用 ,其机制可能与降低血脂和FⅦ促凝活性有关     

不同浓度脂联素通过减轻氧化应激损伤保护缺血再灌注心肌

目的观察不同浓度脂联素对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤及其所引起的氧化应激的影响,以探讨脂联素保护缺血再灌注心肌是否与减轻氧化应激有关。方法将80只健康SD大鼠随机分成假手术组、缺血再灌注组、低浓度脂联素组(60 ng/g)、中浓度脂联素组(120 ng/g)和高浓度脂联素组(180 ng/g),每组16只。假手术组只穿线,不结扎,旷置225 m in;缺血再灌注组冠状动脉前降支结扎45 m in后,再灌注180 m in;各脂联素组于缺血前30m in经股静脉给予不同浓度脂联素,再进行缺血再灌注。各组进一步随机分为两个亚组。亚组1(8只)在缺血45m in再灌注180 m in后,用Evans b lue-TTC双染法测定心肌梗死面积;亚组2(8只)在大鼠再灌注180 m in后对左心室内压及单位时间左心室内压变化值(±dp/dt)等血流动力学指标进行检测。实验结束后,在心尖处取血并取心肌组织,测定大鼠血清超氧化物歧化酶活性、心肌组织总一氧化氮合酶及一氧化氮含量。结果与假手术组比较,缺血再灌注组大鼠血清中超氧化物歧化酶活性及心肌组织中总一氧化氮合酶和一氧化氮含量明显下降,心肌梗死面积增大;与缺血再灌注组比较,各浓度脂联素组心肌梗死面积减小,心肌舒缩功能有所改善,大鼠血清超氧化物歧化酶活性及心肌组织总一氧化氮合酶和一氧化氮含量显著增加,并随脂联素浓度增加而增加。结论脂联素对缺血再灌注心肌细胞有保护作用,减少缺血再灌注心肌的梗死面积,改善心脏舒缩功能;其作用机制可能是通过增加缺血再灌注心肌组织总一氧化氮合酶和一氧化氮含量及血清超氧化物歧化酶活性,从而减轻氧化应激损伤。     

茶多酚对家兔实验性动脉粥样硬化的抑制作用

目的 观察茶多酚对喂饲高脂饲料后家兔血脂水平和抗氧化酶活性的影响。方法选取1.5～2.0kg的老年家兔(兔龄36个月)24只随机分为4组:正常对照组、动脉粥样硬化模型组、低剂量茶多酚组、高剂量茶多酚组。正常对照组喂饲基础饲料,其余3组均于每日先喂饲25g高脂饲料后,再给予基础饲料。低剂量茶多酚组饮用水中含0.2％茶多酚,高剂量茶多酚组饮用水中含0.4％茶多酚,其余两组均饮用普通自来水。分别于实验前、12周末,经心脏穿刺取血,测定血脂含量、血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、红细胞超氧化物歧化酶(RBC-SOD)活性和血清中丙二醛(MDA)含量;取血后空气栓塞处死家兔,迅速剥离主动脉弓,进行病理学检查。结果 茶多酚能显著降低实验家兔血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL),升高血清高密度脂蛋白(HDL);并诱导实验家兔血清GSH-Px、RBC-SOD活性升高,降低脂质过氧化水平,4组MDA水平分别为(5.24±0.85)、(9.96±1.62)、(6.99±1.39)、(6.67±1.44)μmol/L,组间差异有显著性(P<0.05)。镜下观察发现,动脉粥样硬化模型组家兔主动脉弓内膜充满泡沫细胞,壁上可见明显的粥样斑块;茶多酚组家兔动脉壁脂质沉积相对较轻。结论 茶多酚可降低高脂饲料诱导的老年家兔动脉粥样硬化程度,其作用机制可能是降低动物体     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.