脊柱侧凸中脊椎旋转的测量方法及临床意义

脊柱侧凸是一种在三维空间发生和发展的畸形,脊椎的轴向旋转是脊柱侧凸的基本畸形之一。虽然脊椎旋转在脊柱侧凸的发病机理中的具体机制还不十分清楚,但脊柱     

脊柱侧凸畸形脊椎旋转的影像学测量及临床意义

脊柱侧凸是一种在三维空间发生和发展的畸形 ,脊椎的轴向旋转是脊柱侧凸的基本畸形之一。Ａｄａｍｓ在 186 5年就指出脊柱后凸伴一侧旋转是脊柱侧凸的主要发生机理。Ｓｏｍｅｒｖｉｌｌｅ(195 2年 )及Ｒｏａｆ(196 6年 )也认为脊椎的轴向旋转是脊柱侧凸的首要因素。Ｄｉｃｋｓｏｎ(1986年 )和Ａｒｃｈｅｒ(1987年 )更提出脊柱前柱生长快于后柱造成的不平衡必然导致脊柱旋转 ,后者可能是脊柱侧凸发生的始动因素。虽然脊椎旋转在脊柱侧凸的发病机理中的具体机制还不十分清楚 ,但脊柱侧凸的进展、胸廓的继发畸形及外观的改变都与脊椎的旋转有着…     

特发性胸椎侧凸上胸弯的认定及其临床意义

naqqaaq特发性胸椎侧凸（King Ⅴ型、Lenke 2型）中的上胸弯问题是一个历史命题。早在1950年Ponseti就认识到上胸弯的存在。并将其分型为颈胸弯。Harrington时代由于对脊柱侧凸矫形能力有了很大提高，King发现特发性胸椎侧凸患者出现上胸弯时仅矫形固定下胸弯会导致术后双肩畸形加重。他认为这是由于下胸弯过度纠正超过上胸弯代偿能力所致的一种失代偿现象。     

脊柱生物力学的测定及其相关临床意义

1 脊柱正常生物力学和病理生物力学1.1 颈腰椎的共轭特性一般认为寰枢关节有显著的共轭现象,多数学者观察到颈1在纵轴上的轴性旋转总伴有纵轴方向上的平移,认为这与该关节的双凸形状和齿突的方向有关[1].腰椎有数种共轭运动形式.最明显的共轭运动之一是侧屈和屈伸活动之间的共轭.轴性旋转与脊柱的侧屈之间的共轭关系与颈椎和上胸椎相反,棘突转向凹侧.     

后路全脊椎切除术后脊柱畸形患者主弯各段Cobb角变化及其对主弯矫形的意义

目的:探讨后路全脊椎切除术(PVC)后脊柱畸形患者主弯各段Cobb角变化、对主弯矫形的意义及主弯置钉情况对矫形效果的影响。方法:对应用PVC治疗的46例严重僵硬性脊柱畸形患者进行回顾性分析。根据患者术前及术后所摄标准脊柱全长前后位X线片,在冠状面将畸形主弯划分为主弯上段、主弯中段及主弯下段。采用标准Cobb角测量方法分别对术前、术后主弯及主弯各分段Cobb角进行测量。比较主弯及主弯各分段Cobb角的变化、计算主弯各分段对主弯矫形的贡献率并进行统计学分析,同时观察主弯段椎弓根置钉情况及切除椎紧邻上下椎体的置钉情况与矫形率的关系。结果:患者术前主弯Cobb角平均为110.1°±18.1°,术后平均减小59.1°±16.4°(P<0.05),主弯矫形率为(54.1±12.2)%。其中,主弯中段平均减小28.1°±14.7°(P<0.05),对主弯矫形的贡献率为(49.1±27.3)%,主弯上段平均减小15.7°±13.1°(P<0.05),对主弯矫形贡献率为(25.2±16.6)%,主弯下段平均减小15.3°±12.4°(P<0.05),对主弯的矫形贡献率为(26.3±22.6)%。主弯上、下两段的矫形度数及矫形贡献率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。在切除椎的相邻的上下椎体至少各置入一枚椎弓根螺钉的患者有22例,该组患者主弯中段的矫形度要明显优于上、下椎体无钉的24例患者(P<0.05)。同时发现主弯节段置钉比率与主弯矫形率密切相关(r=0.82,P<0.05)。结论:主弯中段对主弯矫形的贡献率最大,主弯内椎弓根螺钉置钉数对矫形起重要作用,尤其在切除椎的邻近椎体置钉对脊柱矫形及重建更重要。     

特发性脊柱侧凸褪黑素信号传导通路的研究进展及其临床意义

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)是一个复杂的三维脊柱畸形,常累及青春期10～16岁的女孩.AIS的病因尚小清楚,近来褪黑素信号传导通路的深入研究使得褪黑素(melatonin)与侧凸之间的相关性再次成为AIS病因学研究的一个热点.     

脊柱矢状面平衡对髋臼假体朝向的影响及其临床意义

全髋关节置换术临床应用广泛,髋臼假体的放置对于全髋关节置换术的效果及并发症的发生至关重要。自髋臼假体放置的“安全区”的概念提出以来,“安全区”一直是关节外科医生遵循的原则,而近年受到了挑战。临床中发现即使是髋臼假体放置在“安全区”,亦可能会发生全髋关节置换术的术后髋臼假体脱位。通过检索PubMed、Web of Science等数据库,根据纳入和排除标准进行筛选,最终纳入40篇文献,并查阅了相关专著。新近的研究表明,矢状面脊柱的平衡以及脊柱-骨盆活动度可以影响髋臼假体的空间位置。脊柱退变、长节段腰椎融合和脊柱强直等因素可导致矢状面脊柱不平衡和/或影响脊柱骨盆活动度,从而影响骨盆的后倾。合适的骨盆后倾是一种代偿方式,有利于髋关节置换术后假体的稳定。因而,有必要重新认识“安全区”,在行髋关节置换术前,有必要理解矢状面脊柱的平衡以及脊柱骨盆的活动度,以期进一步减少全髋关节置换术后脱位风险。本文以近年来国外文献中常见的脊柱-骨盆活动相关参数、髋臼假体空间朝向定义为切入口,介绍了脊柱矢状面平衡的定义、代偿机制,以此为基础并根据不同体位来讨论脊柱矢状面平衡和脊柱活动度在脊柱-骨盆活动下的意义。     

国人胫骨平台至腓骨小头高度差距的测量及其临床意义

目的测量胫骨平台至腓骨小头高度之间的差距,以免人工膝关节术(TKA)中伤及外侧副韧带。方法随机选取正常成人31例(39膝),其中男16例(20膝),女15例(19膝)。摄膝关节正、侧位X线片。之后在X线片上测量内、外侧胫骨平台到腓骨小头高度之间的距离。结果男性外侧胫骨平台到腓骨小头高度的平均距离为:10.96mm±3.49mm(5.13～16.76mm)。女性外侧胫骨平台到腓骨小头高度的平均距离为:9.21mm±2.26mm(6.74～11.70mm)。结论TKA术前临床医生应该常规测量胫骨平台至腓骨小头高度之间的距离。如果外侧胫骨平台至腓骨小头高度之间的距离小于8mm,进行胫骨近端截骨时需特别慎重,以避免外侧副韧带的损伤。     

Rheumatoid vertical and subaxial subluxation can be prevented by atlantoaxial posterior screw fixation

Purpose

Literature has described a risk for subsequent vertical subluxation (VS) and subaxial subluxation (SAS) following atlantoaxial subluxation in rheumatoid patients; however, the interaction of each subluxation and the radiographic findings for atlantoaxial fixation has not been described. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of two different posterior atlantoaxial screw fixation on the development of subluxation in patients with rheumatoid atlantoaxial subluxation.

Methods

Between 1996 and 2006, rheumatoid patients treated with transarticular fixation and posterior wiring (TA) or C1 lateral mass–C2 pedicle screw fixations (SR) in the Nagoya Spine Group hospitals, a multicenter cooperative study group, were included in this study. VS, SAS, craniocervical sagittal alignment, and range of motion (ROM) at the atlantoaxial adjacent segments were investigated to determine whether posterior atlantoaxial screw fixation is a prophylactic or a risk factor for the development of VS and SAS.

Results

The mean follow-up was 7.2 years (4–12). No statistically significant difference was observed among the patients treated with either of the procedure during the follow-up period. Of 34 patients who underwent posterior atlantoaxial screw fixation, SAS was observed in 26.5 % during the follow-up period; however, VS was not observed. Postoperative C2–7 angle, and Oc–C1 and C2–3 ROM were significantly different between patients with and without postoperative SAS. The incidence of SAS was 38.9 % for TA and 12.5 % for SR; statistically significant differences were observed in the postoperative C1–2 and C2–7 angles, and C2–3 ROM.

Conclusions

Atlantoaxial posterior screw fixation may be an appropriate prophylactic intervention for VS and SAS if the atlantoaxial joint develops bony fusion following physiological alignment. Compared to TA, SR provided optimal atlantoaxial angle and prevented lower adjacent segment degeneration, thereby reducing SAS.     

镍钛记忆合金舟大小融合器治疗舟骨旋转性半脱位和月骨无菌性坏死的应用研究

目的评价镍钛记忆合金舟大小融合器（NT-STTAC）治疗舟骨旋转性半脱位和月骨无菌性坏死的临床效果。方法对7例舟骨旋转性半脱位和3例月骨无菌性坏死患者入院后均使用镍钛记忆合金舟大小融合器行舟骨、大小多角骨局限性腕骨融合术（scapho—trapezio—trapezoeid arthrodesis,STT融合术）。术后平均随访12个月,随访内容包括术后患手握力、腕关节活动范围、腕关节疼痛程度、腕关节X线检查。采用疼痛视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scales．VAS）评估腕关节疼痛程度;采用Krimmer腕关节评分表对腕关节总体功能进行评价。结果术后平均握力为（32．49±6．21）Kg,恢复至健侧的80．8％：术后腕关节活动范围达到健侧的53％以上：X线检查未见骨不连病例;无伤口感染病例。VAS评分腕关节疼痛值休息状态下：术前为（4．46±1．27）分、术后为（1．31±0．95）分;负重状态下：术前为（7．00±1．41）分、术后为（2．62±1．26）分,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。Krimmer腕关节评分值为79分。术后优良率为84．6％．结论应用镍钛记忆合金舟大小融合器进行舟大小融合术能保存大部分腕关节功能,是治疗慢性、静态性舟骨旋转性半脱位和月骨无菌性坏死的一种有效方法。     

兔单侧椎动脉结扎致颈髓急性缺血改变的研究

目的 :通过兔与人解剖学异同的结扎方法损伤椎动脉,观测急性期颈髓组织缺血变化,了解单侧椎动脉损伤对颈髓的影响。方法:选取30只日本大耳白兔(育龄126~140d;雌性17只,雄性13只),随机分为实验组和对照组各15只,实验组行右侧椎动脉第一段结扎,对照组行右侧椎动脉第一段分离作为对照。每组分别于术后2h、6h、24h各处死5只,通过免疫组织化学染色、Western Blotting和q RT-PCR方法观测BCL2相关X蛋白(BCL2-associated X protein,BAX)、B细胞淋巴瘤-2(B-cell lymphoma 2,BCL2)、含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(cysteine-aspartic protease 3,CASP3)、FBJ三氏小鼠骨肉瘤病毒致癌基因同源物(Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog,FOS)等指标及其mRNA表达。结果 :免疫组织化学染色和Western Blotting检测结果显示,结扎组兔颈髓组织中的BAX、BCL2、CASP3和FOS蛋白表达所有时间点均高于对照组,其中BAX(免疫组织化学染色:39975.00±1007.00;Western Blotting检测:3.81±0.04)和BCL2(免疫组织化学染色:49865.00±1783.00;Western Blotting检测:5.26±0.07)在术后24h时表达最多,CASP3在术后6h时最多(免疫组织化学染色:82218.00±1256.00;Western Blotting检测:3.46±0.08),FOS在术后2h时最多(免疫组织化学染色:23840.00±1584.00;Western Blotting检测:2.46±0.04),和对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);结扎组上述蛋白的表达在不同观察节点也不相同,两两比较时差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),其中,BAX和BCL2随时间增加而增大,CASP3随时间增加先增大后减小,FOS随时间增加而减小。q RT-PCR检测结果显示,结扎组兔颈髓组织中的BAX、BCL2、CASP3和FOS表达均高于对照组,BAX(14.48±1.16)和BCL2(10.35±1.67)在术后24h时表达最多,CASP3在术后6h时最多(30.37±2.27),FOS在术后2h时最多(15.65±1.21),和对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);结扎组上述mRNA的表达在不同观察节点也不相同,两两比较时差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),其中,BAX和BCL2随时间增大,CASP3随时间增加先增大后减小,FOS随时间增加逐渐减小。结论:结扎兔右侧椎动脉第一段会造成兔颈髓轻度急性缺血损伤,对CASP3的检测提示术后6h时损伤最严重,该缺血损伤可以很快恢复,在24h时已基本恢复至术前状态。     

原发性骨质疏松与多发性骨髓瘤致椎体压缩骨折的临床对比

目的:探究原发性骨质疏松与多发性骨髓瘤继发骨质疏松致椎体压缩骨折的临床特点、实验室检查和影像学表现,分析总结其差异.方法:回顾性分析2013年1月～2021年1月来我院脊柱脊髓外科就诊的132例椎体压缩骨折患者资料,其中经骨髓穿刺病理学检查诊断为多发性骨髓瘤38例(骨髓瘤组),原发性骨质疏松94例(骨质疏松组),均经双...     

椎动脉性眩晕的血管形态学变化及分型研究

目的：探讨椎动脉供血不足所致眩晕的血管形态学改变及分型。方法：对86例颈性眩晕患者，通过彩色经颅多普勒（TCD）检测有椎动脉血流速改变的82例，再作三维CT椎动脉血管造影（3D-CTA）检查，观察椎动脉形态学改变及其相邻组织的关系。结果：椎动脉形态学改变呈多样性，并与相邻组织的关系密切。结论：根据椎动脉形态学改变及与相邻组织的关系，可分为：增生压迫型、不规则狭窄型、阻塞型、纤细型、走行异常型及纤维束带牵拉型。     

Reproducibility and diagnostic value of a new method using ratios to diagnose anterior atlanto-axial subluxation on plain radiographs

ObjectivesMeasures on conventional radiography are used to detect, especially in rheumatoid arthritis, upper cervical spine instabilities (CSIs) with the anterior and posterior atlanto-dental intervals (AADI and PADI) measurements. Our objective was to evaluate the diagnostic performance and reliability of AADIs and PADIs extrapolated based on ratios in assessing anterior atlanto-axial subluxation (aAAS) when plain radiographs do not allow the measures.MethodsRadiographies of 119 patients were randomly selected. Two blinded observers performed two measurements of the odontoid sagittal diameter (O), axis body base sagittal diameter (C2), AADI, PADI, Clark station and Ranawat index, and the AADI/O, AADI/C2, PADI/O and PADI/C2 ratios were calculated. The diagnostic value of AADI and PADI extrapolated from the AADI/O, AADI/C2, PADI/O and PADI/C2 ratios was evaluated using ROC curves, with AADI > 2.9 mm used as the gold standard.ResultsAmong the 119 patients, 12 patients had aAAS (AADI > 2.9 mm), 6 of them had severe aAAS (AADI > 8.9 mm and/or a PADI < 14 mm), and 6 patients had vertical AAS (Clarks station = 2 or 3 and/or Ranawat index < 13 mm). The AADI extrapolated from the AADI/O and AADI/C2 ratios has excellent intra- and inter-observer reproducibility. The diagnostic value of the extrapolated AADI was high for aAAS (sensitivity 92%; specificity of 100%) and severe aAAS (sensitivity75%; specificity 100%). The diagnostic value of the extrapolated PADI was good but lower than the diagnostic value of the extrapolated AADI.ConclusionExtrapolated AADI can be used instead AADI to detect aAAS and severe aAAS.     

桡骨头半脱位的X线片表现

自1998年以来，经过多年的临床观察，认真分析小儿桡骨头半脱位常规X线片，发现其在X线片中常有异常的表现，现报告如下。     

骶髂关节半脱位的诊断与治疗

目的：探讨骶髂关节半脱位的诊断与治疗。方法：通过２７２例骶髂关节半脱位临床检查及Ｘ线摄骨盆斜位片和耻骨轴位片进行诊断,同时进行手法复位。结果 凡是腰腿痛患者具有骶髂关节和耻骨叩压痛,下蹲阳性者,摄Ｘ线可见耻骨植位移即可诊断,并分前旋与后旋半脱位两类,讨论了手法复位的具体方法。结论：Ｘ线检查对骶髂关节半脱位的诊断具有的重要的价值。本病以手法治疗为主。     

Age-related changes in vertebral height ratios and vertebral fracture

Because no gold standard for the definition of vertebral fracture exists, there has been controversy about whether mild vertebral deformities are truly fractures or simply normal variation in vertebral size and shape. The aim of this study was to assess the associations of mild variations of vertebral height ratios to definite vertebral fractures. In 479 Japanese women (age 53.9±9.1 years) who visited our institute for a medical checkup, we performed lateral lumbar radiographs and morphometric parameters were derived by measuring the anterior (Ha), middle (Hm) and posterior (Hp) height of each vertebral body from T12 to L4. Vertebral height ratios, Ha/Hp, Hm/Hp or Hp/Hp of adjacent vertebrae that were more than 3 SD different from vertebra-specific means of normative data were considered to indicate fractures. Forty-five women were diagnosed with at least one fracture. After excluding the subjects with vertebral fracture, we examined the associations of the variations in vertebral height ratios with age, anthropometric parameters and lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Vertebral height ratios, especially Hm/Hp in postmenopausal women, tended to decrease with age and were positively associated with BMD. No significant correlation was observed between anthropometric parameters and vertebral height ratios. Age-related decrease in vertebral height ratios (Ha/Hp and Hm/Hp, each averaged from T12 to L4) was significant even after the correction for BMD. Mean values of height ratios of non-fractured vertebrae adjusted for age and BMD were significantly lower in postmenopausal women with vertebral fracture than in those without vertebral fracture. Logistic regression analysis showed that BMD and height ratios of non-fractured vertebrae were independent predictors of vertebral fracture risk. The results suggest that older women, and women with at least one obvious (3 SD) fracture, tend to have mild deformities which do not qualify using the 3 SD definition. These mild deformities may represent real consequences of osteoporosis, because they are more pronounced among women with obvious fracture.     

Blunt traumatic vertebral artery injury: a clinical review

Blunt traumatic vertebral injury (TVAI) is frequently associated with head and neck injury and is being detected with increasing frequency due to improved imaging of the trauma patient. In a few cases, it can lead to potentially fatal posterior circulation ischaemia There is debate in the literature regarding whether TVAI should be actively screened for and, if so, how. Management of TVAI may be conservative, medical (antiplatelet agents or anticoagulation), endovascular or open surgery. We review the literature concerning the mechanisms and presentation of TVAI following blunt injury and the current screening recommendations. Management strategies proposed are based on the radiological grade and clinical severity of TVAI, where high-grade symptomatic injuries and high-grade injuries in patients where anticoagulation is contraindicated are treated endovascularly and asymptomatic or low-grade injuries are managed with anticoagulation where it is not contraindicated. Follow-up is via CT angiography to assess for resolution of the injury.