小儿上消化道出血40例临床分析

目的 研究分析小儿上消化道出血的病因及内镜诊断的意义。方法 对象男22例，女18例，年龄6～14岁，均以呕血或黑便就诊于我院并于48h内行胃镜检查，操作方法同成人。结果 40例患儿均获明确诊断，其中十二指肠球部溃疡24例，胃溃疡2例，出血糜烂性胃炎10例，胃十二指肠复合性溃疡2例，食管静脉曲张出血1例，食管溃疡1例。结论 小儿上消化道出血病因依次为十二指肠球部溃疡、各种胃炎、胃溃疡、复合性溃疡、食管静脉曲张出血、食管溃疡。     

1520例上消化道出血病因和临床特点分析

目的研究近6年本院收治的上消化道出血患者的病因结构变化及临床发病特点。方法 对我院消化内科2004年至2009年1520例上消化道出血病人的临床资料进行回顾性调查分析。结果 （1）男性多于女性,男：女=3.4：1,平均年龄52.8岁（14～102岁）。死亡38例（2.5%）,52.6%死于大出血,47.4%死于非出血相关性疾病。（2）上消化道出血前5位病因依次是消化性溃疡、食管胃底静脉曲张、胃癌、食管-贲门黏膜撕裂症和急性胃黏膜病变。（3）大于60岁老年病人发病率呈上升趋势。2004～2009年发病情况如下：31.1%、31.9%、32.4%、42.7%、38.1%、50.5%,胃癌是其首要病因（21.6%）。结论 与过去参考文献相比,食管胃底静脉曲张发病不断上升,而急性胃黏膜病变发病明显下降。随年龄增加,十二指肠溃疡发病降低,胃溃疡和胃癌发病增加。老年病人占上消化道出血病人比例越来越大,尤其是合并严重基础疾病的老年病人有高危死亡风险,成为了临床治疗的重点。     

中国上消化道出血的临床流行病学分析

目的 探讨中国上消化道出血的病因构成、临床特点及相关因素,探讨特殊人群的病因构成.方法 运用循证医学方法,检索中文数据库中有关上消化道出血病因相关分析的文献并获取全文,根据严格的纳入和排除标准对文献进行筛选,然后进行数据提取、汇总及分析.结果 (1)此项研究共纳入上消化道出血患者15733例;(2)十二指肠球部溃疡、胃溃疡、急性胃黏膜病变、恶性肿瘤、食管静脉曲张是中国上消化道出血的主要病因,分别占31.2％、15.2％、12.0％、11.7％、11.3％;(3)2000至2006年与2006至2011年相比,十二指肠球部溃疡、胃溃疡、急性胃黏膜病变、食管静脉曲张、恶性肿瘤的构成比分别是32.3％、15.1％、12.1％、7.2％、12.5％及29.7％、15.4％、11.1％、15.3％、10.9％;(4)男性患者明显多于女性患者,比例为3.25:1;(5)老年人上消化道出血的主要病因依次为胃溃疡、恶性肿瘤、急性胃黏膜病变、十二指肠球部溃疡、食管静脉曲张,小儿上消化道出血的主要病因依次为十二指肠球部溃疡、胃溃疡、急性胃黏膜病变.结论 消化性溃疡、急性胃黏膜病变、恶性肿瘤、食管静脉曲张是中国上消化道出血的主要病因.近5年上消化道出血的病因构成有明显变化.     

上消化道出血322例分析

目的探讨上消化道出血的原因和相关因素。方法回顾性分析我科2年来322例上消化道出血的临床资料。结果322例中通过检查有明确病因者293例,主要病因依次为消化性溃疡、急性胃粘膜病变、食管胃底静脉曲张、胃癌;男性明显高于女性;消化性溃疡占各年龄组上消化道出血的首位,中、青年组以十二指肠溃疡多见,老年组以胃溃疡多见;胃癌位于老年组上消化道出血的第二位,显著高于中、青年组(P<0.01)。结论上消化道出血的病人以消化性溃疡、胃癌、食道胃底静脉曲张、急性胃粘膜病变为最常见的病因,性别、年龄等均为上消化道出血的相关因素。     

上消化道出血的发病特点及治疗体会

通过对560例上消化道出血住院患者的发病季节，出血病因，发患者群，诊断方法，治疗情况等进行分析认为引起上消化道出血的病因最多是溃疡病，具体为十二指肠球部溃疡（DU）＞胃溃疡（GU）＞胃炎及十二指肠球炎＞肝硬变食管静脉曲张＞胃癌等．本病有下列特点：①男性多于女性，男女之比为3．9：1；②DU出血多于GU出血，为1．8：1；③冬春季发病高于夏秋季；④各种职业均可发病，青少年学生发病应引起重视．治疗体会有：①绝对卧床休息，保持安静；②严密观察血压、尿量、血红蛋白等变化；③对溃疡病及胃、十二指肠炎症伴发的上消化道大出血，用质子泵抑制剂奥美拉唑有显著疗效；对肝硬变并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血者用生长抑素施他宁等是目前最安全和有效的药物；④如经积极内科治疗仍不能控制出血者应及时转外科手术治疗．本组患者治愈率高达98．3％．死亡率为0．5％，明显低于新近文献报道．     

102例老年人急性上消化道出血病因分析

目的探讨老年人上消化道出血的病因。方法回顾性总结102例老年人急性上消化道出血的病因,与同期住院非老年人上消化道出血患者150例就出血病因进行对比分析。结果老年组患者胃溃疡33例,占32.4%,十二指肠球部溃疡21例,占20.5%;急性胃黏膜病变32例,占31.4%;食管癌及胃癌11例,占10.8%;食管静脉曲张2例,占2.0%;原因不明3例,占2.9%。非老年组患者胃溃疡38例,占25.3%;十二指肠球部溃疡67例,占44.6%;急性胃黏膜病变25例,占16.7%;食管静脉曲张12例,占8.0%;食管癌及胃癌5例,占3.3%;食管贲门黏膜撕裂症2例,占1.3%;胃息肉1例,占0.7%。结论老年人上消化道出血主要病因为消化性溃疡、胃黏膜糜烂、肿瘤。     

1000例上消化道出血的内镜检查

目的利用内镜了解上消化道出血的主要病因组成．方法对1000例因上消化道出血入院的患者，在距首次出血72h以内进行内镜检查．男603例，女397例，年龄16岁～87岁，平均年龄40．9岁．部分病例诊断经手术或内镜活检后确诊．所有患者均作Hp检测．结果食管癌14例，食管炎10例，食管溃疡8例；食管静脉曲张破裂52例，责门粘膜撕裂症11例胃溃疡189例，胃癌102例，胃炎91例，出血性胃炎50例，残胃炎25例，胃异位胰腺2例，胃底血管畸形5例，吻合口溃疡1且例十二指肠溃疡227例，复合性溃疡45例，出血性十二指肠炎31例，肠蛔虫症7例，十二指肠憩室5例，十二指肠脉瘤样息肉6例，荨麻诊6例，肝胆胰疾病17例（胰头癌3例，胆管胆囊结石8例，肝癌4例，肝脓疡2例）．不明69例．镜检阳性率93．1％．Hp阳性率62．1％．结论出血病因依次为：十二指肠溃疡、胃溃疡、胃炎（慢性胃炎、出血性胃炎）胃癌、食管静脉曲张破裂、其他．消化性溃疡为出血首位病因．     

肝硬变上消化道大出血病因的内镜诊断

肝硬变上消化道大出血患者６２例，出血后６小时～１周内行胃镜检查及硬化剂治疗。检查证实无食管胃底静脉曲张２例；胃及十二指肠球部明显糜烂１４例（２２．６％），胃和十二指肠球部溃疡６例（９．７％）。９例（１４．５％）为非静脉曲张性出血，７例（１１．３％）为双因素性出血，表明将肝硬变上消化道大出血一概推断为食管静脉曲张破裂出血是片面的。作者强调早期内镜检查和治疗的重要性。     

消化道出血

文内对上消化道出血的病因(包括胃、十二指肠溃疡出血,门静脉高压症所致的食道下端或胃底静脉曲张破裂出血,急性胃粘膜出血,胆道出血,以及胃肿瘤,食管裂孔疝及消化性食管炎,食道、贲门粘膜撕裂症,胃粘膜脱垂症,食管、胃及十二指肠憩     

上消化道出血病因及治疗方式的变化趋势

目的 探讨鄂西北地区近十年来上消化道出血(upper gastro intestinal bleeding,UGB)的病因及治疗方式的变化.方法 回顾性分析湖北医药学院附属十堰市人民医院、太和医院、东风总医院2001 ～ 2010年确诊的1005例上消化道出血住院患者的临床资料.结果 上消化道出血病因前5年构成比消化性溃疡、食管胃底静脉曲张、胃癌、急性胃黏膜病变、食管贲门黏膜撕裂综合征、糜烂性食管炎分别为55.1％、14.1％、6.6％、9.6％、3.5％、4％,后5年分别为29.9％、12.4％、17.5％、7.3％、2.2％、0.7％;消化性溃疡发病呈下降趋势,差异有显著性(x2=42.146,P＜0.001);胃癌发病呈上升趋势,差异有显著性(x2=29.660,P＜0.001);上消化道出血治疗方式前5年构成比药物治疗、手术治疗和介入治疗分别为75.6％、17.7％、6.7％,后5年分别为74.5％、8.0％、17.5％ 其中内镜下治疗前5年22.6％,后5年82.5％:内镜治疗明显增加,差异有显著性(x2=350.111,P＜0.001);介入治疗明显呈上升趋势,差异有显著性(x2=29.66,P＜0.001),手术治疗差异无统计学意义(p＞0.05).结论 近十年鄂西北上消化道出血的主要病因依旧为消化性溃疡、食管胃底静脉曲张、胃癌、急性胃黏膜病变;但消化性溃疡出血发病率明显降低,胃癌发病率略有增高.治疗方式依旧以药物治疗为主,介入治疗、内镜治疗明显增多.     

Deformity of duodenal bulb, gastric metaplasia of duodenal regenerating mucosa and recurrence of duodenal ulcer： A correlated study

AIM: To investigate the correlation among the presence and degree of gastric metaplasia of duodenal regenerating mucosa, the deformity of bulb and the recurrence of duodenal ulcer. METHODS: A total of 99 patients with duodenal ulcer were treated with H2-antagonist with or without antimicrobial therapy. All patients received follow-up endoscopic examinations 6 wk after treatment. When the ulcer(s) were noted to be healed, two biopsies were taken from the ulcer scar for histological study of gastric metaplasia, and 4 biopsies were taken from antrum for Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) study. Out of these cases, 44 received further follow-up endoscopic examinations after 3,6 and 12 mo respectively for studying the recurrence rate of duodenal ulcers. The correlation among ulcer recurrence, degree of gastric metaplasia of regenerating mucosa, bulbar deformity, and colonization of H pylori in the stomach was then studied. RESULTS: The results showed that there was a strong correlation between the deformity of duodenal bulb and the degree of gastric metaplasia of regenerating duodenal mucosa. The recurrence rate of duodenal ulcer had a significant difference between patients with and without H pylori colonization in the stomach (P<0.001). The greater the degree of gastric metaplasia of duodenal regenerating mucosa, the higher the recurrence rate of duodenal ulcer (P= 0.021). The more deformed the duodenal bulb, the higher the incidence of recurrence of duodenal ulcer (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: There is a correlation among deformity of duodenal bulb, gastric metaplasia of duodenal regenerating mucosa and recurrence of duodenal ulcer. A more severely deformed duodenal bulb is closely related to a greater extent of gastric metaplasia. Both factors contribute to the recurrence of duodenal ulcer.     

Post-bulbar and coexisting ulceration: unique features of peptic ulcer in Hyderabad.

Post-bulbar ulceration is uncommon, but a pilot study in Hyderabad showed a high incidence. We therefore carried out a prospective endoscopic study of the distribution of peptic ulceration and its relation to symptoms and demography. Of the 360 consecutive patients referred for endoscopy, 113 (92 men, 21 women) had peptic ulceration. Median age 35 years, median duration one year. Five patients (4%) had gastric ulcer, 77 (68%) had duodenal ulcer, and 31 (28%) had coexisting gastric and duodenal ulcer. The duodenal ulcer was found in the pyloric canal in 14% of patients, in the bulb in 80%, and the post-bulbar region in 56% of patients. Sixty seven per cent of duodenal ulcers were located at more than one site. The incidence of post-bulbar v bulbar ulcer was 1:1.5. Deformed bulb was seen in 50% of duodenal ulcer patients, but haemorrhage and stenosis were uncommon. Except for nocturnal pain, there were no differences in symptoms between the groups. Forty two per cent of patients smoked, 15% chewed tobacco, and 18% drank alcohol; almost all were men. Sixty four per cent drank tea. The staple diet (85%) was rice, and 70% used tamarind and spices daily. Duodenal ulcer was three times more common than gastric ulcer with a high incidence of post-bulbar and coexisting ulcer. It affected a younger and predominantly male population, and was not associated with a higher rate of complication.     

Observations on peptic ulcer in Shan Dong, China

The study consisted of 10 994 inpatients with peptic ulcer in Shan Dong province. The ratio of duodenal to gastric ulcer was 1.59 : 1. The ratio of males to females was 6.8 : 1 for duodenal ulcer and 4.6 : 1 for gastric ulcer. The highest incidence was in adolescence and young adults and the presentation occurred more commonly in winter. A study of blood groups revealed that there was no relationship between blood group and duodenal or gastric ulcer. The majority (71.9%) of patients with peptic ulcer had complications of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation or gastric outlet obstruction. Bleeding and obstruction were equally common in gastric and duodenal ulcer, but perforation was more common in gastric ulcer.     

急性非静脉曲张上消化道出血临床特征分析

目的分析急性非静脉曲张上消化道出血(acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding,ANNUGIB)病因构成、内镜下表现,探讨影响患者预后的危险因素。方法收集我院2005年1月-2010年12月已确诊因急性非静脉曲张上消化道出血(AN-VUGIB)首次入院且资料完整的患者临床资料,共计858例。出院后随访30 d,并将死亡或出院后30 d为临床研究终点,回顾性分析ANVUGIB临床特征。结果 (1)老年组发病率明显高于青、中年组,急性胃黏膜病变占老年组发病病因首位,而青、中年组中十二指肠球部溃疡占首位。(2)出血后行急诊胃镜(≤48 h)检查内镜下有出血征象明显多于>48 h的胃镜检查。(3)女性在十二指肠球部溃疡比率明显高于男性,复合性溃疡比率较男性高,男性在胃溃疡、胃癌、急性胃黏膜病变以及食管癌和Mallory-Wiess综合征比率高于女性。(4)老年组病死率明显高于青、中年组(6.8%、0、1.9%),老年组再出血发生率高于青、中年组(9.3%、4.4%、4.9%)。结论 ANVUGIB以高龄男性多见,青、中年组发病病因中十二指肠球部溃疡占首位,老年组发病病因以急性胃黏膜病变为首位。ANVUGIB老年患者死亡率和再出血率均高于青、中年组,急诊胃镜有助于ANVUGIB的诊断。     

北京地区25年来消化性溃疡及胃癌发病情况的演变

目的探讨25年来十二指肠球部溃疡(DU)、胃溃疡、胃癌及幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染在胃镜检查中发生的改变。方法分析1980年1月至2004年12月于我院进行胃镜检查的所有病例,共计104987例。选择全部DU、胃溃疡、经病理证实的胃癌病例为研究对象,分为10～<20岁、20～<30岁、30～<40岁、40～<50岁、50～<60岁、60～<70岁、70～<80岁及≥80岁8个年龄组。结果DU共13684例,平均检出率为13.03%,1999年以后呈下降趋势;胃溃疡共4398例,平均检出率为4.19%,1996年以后呈下降趋势;胃癌共1732例,检出率波动于1.02%～2.36%之间,平均为1.68%,无明显变化。检出DU、胃溃疡、胃癌的平均年龄1980年时分别为39.9岁、47.2岁和55.5岁,2004年分别为43.3岁、55.2岁和61.1岁,其平均年龄均呈上升趋势。Hp的平均检出率为43.54%,1995年以后呈下降趋势。结论DU、胃溃疡、胃癌的检出年龄呈上升趋势;DU、胃溃疡及Hp的检出率近年呈下降趋势,胃癌的检出率无明显变化。     

Does duodenal ulcer lead to an early diagnosis of gastric cancer?

In four of five patients with gastric cancer who also had a chronic duodenal ulcer, the histologic type was "early gastric cancer," which offers a better prognosis than the more common type. Patients with duodenal ulcer who develop gastric cancer may have a better prognosis than patients with gastric cancer without duodenal ulcer because their duodenal ulcer places them under more frequent surveillance, including clinical and endoscopic follow-up.     

Prevalence, classification and natural history of gastric varices: a long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients.

To determine the prevalence and natural history of gastric varices, we prospectively studied 568 patients (393 bleeders and 175 nonbleeders) with portal hypertension (cirrhosis in 301 patients, noncirrhotic portal fibrosis in 115 patients, extrahepatic portal vein obstruction in 117 patients and hepatic venous outflow obstruction in 35 patients). Primary (present at initial examination) gastric varices were seen in 114 (20%) patients; more were present in bleeders than in non-bleeders (27% vs. 4%, respectively; p < 0.001). Secondary (occurring after obliteration of esophageal varices) gastric varices developed in 33 (9%) patients during follow-up of 24.6 +/- 5.3 mo. Gastric varices (compared with esophageal varices) bled in significantly fewer patients (25% vs. 64%, respectively). Gastric varices had a lower bleeding risk factor than did esophageal varices (2.0 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4, respectively) but bled more severely (4.8 +/- 0.6 vs. 2.9 +/- 0.3 transfusion units per patient, respectively). Once a varix bled, mortality was more likely (45%) in gastric varix patients. Gastric varices were classified as gastroesophageal or isolated gastric varices. Type 1 gastroesophageal varices (lesser curve varices) were the most common (75%). After obliteration of esophageal varices, type 1 gastroesophageal varices disappeared in 59% of patients and persisted in the remainder; bleeding from persistent gastroesophageal varices was more common than it was from gastroesophageal varices that were obliterated (28% vs. 2%, respectively; p < 0.001). Type 2 gastroesophageal varices, which extend to greater curvature, bled often (55%) and were associated with high mortality. Type 1 isolated gastric varices patients had only fundal varices, with a high (78%) incidence of bleeding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Gastric metaplasia of regenerating duodenal mucosa and deformity of duodenal bulb: A correlative study

The correlation between the presence and degree of gastric metaplasia of regenerating duodenal mucosa and the deformity of duodenal bulb was studied. Based on the endoscopically morphological patterns of bulb, the duodenal ulcers were divided into three types: type I, with a normal-shaped bulb; type II, with a mildly deformed bulb; and type III, with a markedly deformed bulb. A total of 159 patients with active duodenal ulcers were scheduled to be treated with H₂-receptor antagonists. Of these patients, 124 proved to have a healed duodenal ulcer 4 weeks after initial treatment upon follow-up endoscopic examinations. Two biopsies were taken from the centre of the ulcer scar when the ulcer was found to be healed for light microscopic study. Histologically, the degree of gastric metaplasia was divided into three grades: grades 0, 1 and 2. The results show that a healed duodenal ulcer with a normal-shaped bulb is not frequently accompanied by gastric metaplasia. However, a healed ulcer with a markedly deformed bulb has a high incidence and degree of gastric metaplasia, which may be easily colonized by Helicobacter pylori and thus develop an environment of easy recurrence. Therefore, a cycle of healing and recurrence may exist in patients with a duodenal ulcer and a markedly deformed bulb. Eradication of H. pylori may be the best way to break this cycle.