过氯酸铵致肺纤维化作用的实验研究

[目的 ]探讨过氯酸铵 (AP)致动物肺纤维化作用。 [方法 ]①小鼠胚胎肺成纤维细胞染毒AP 48h后测定羟脯氨酸 (HYP)含量 ;②大鼠经气管内注入AP染毒 7～ 2 9d ,取大鼠肺泡灌洗液 (BALF)和肺组织 ,测定肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNF α)、丙二醛 (MDA)、HYP和胶原蛋白 (Collagen)的含量 ,并对肺组织进行病理检查。 [结果 ]①病理结果显示AP能引起肺急性炎症反应 ,但没有明显的肺纤维化病变 ;②AP染毒小鼠胚胎肺成纤维细胞HYP含量变化不显著 ;③AP低剂量组TNF α含量显著高于阴性对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,尤其是低剂量第 2 9d组 ;④AP染毒后第 7d高剂量组MDA、HYP、Collagen含量明显高于阴性对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,呈接触剂量 效应关系。 [结论 ]AP能引起肺急性炎症反应 ,对TNF α、MDA、HYP和collagen合成有一定影响 ;本实验尚不能证明AP有致肺纤维化作用     

盐酸戊乙奎醚治疗百草枯急性肺损伤的实验研究

目的 研究盐酸戊乙奎醚注射液(长托宁)对百草枯(PQ)急性肺损伤的干预作用及其机制.方法 选取80只健康成年雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组(10只)、100 mg/kg PQ染毒组(10只)、100 mg/kg PQ染毒+33 μg/kg长托宁治疗组(30只)、100 mg/kg PQ染毒+66μg/kg长托宁治疗组(30只).2个治疗组分别于给药后的36、72 h及7 d处死.HE染色行肺组织病理学检查.取肺组织检测基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)、小窝蛋白-1、羟脯氨酸(HYP),取血清、支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)进行内皮素(ET)的检测.结果 病理学检查证实大鼠急性肺损伤模型复制成功.染毒组大鼠肺组织中MMP-2、HYP及血清、BALF中ET含量分别为(1.77±0.40)μg/g、(2.91±0.79)μg/g、(505.23±124.69)μg/ml、(640.38±136.60)μg/ml,均高于对照组[分别为(0.95±0.66)μg/g、(1.48±0.69)μg/g、(95.48±46.01)μg/ml、(200.40±88.39)μg/ml]差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);长托宁治疗组的上述各指标均较染毒组下降,差异亦有统计学意义(P<0.05).染毒组大鼠肺组织中小窝蛋白-1含量为(1.77±0.82)μg/g,明显低于对照组[(5.39±1.68)μg/g],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);长托宁治疗组的小窝蛋白-1含量均高于染毒组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 长托宁可降低PQ染毒大鼠肺组织MMP-2、HYP以及血清和BALF中ET的含量,提高小窝蛋白-1的含量,进一步减轻百草枯所致的肺损伤.     

过氯酸铵对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞和肺成纤维细胞影响的研究

目的通过探讨过氯酸铵(AP)对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(AM)损伤及对肺成纤维细胞(FB)增殖的影响,研究AP的致肺纤维化作用。方法用AP浓度分别为0.5,1.0,2.0 mg/ml和SiO2浓度为0.1 mg/ml 的培养液培养AM,对照组采用RPMI1640培养液培养,24 h 后收集培养上清液,分别检测AM内MDA含量、GSH-Px活力以及上清液中LDH活力。并用AM上清液培养FB,检测FB增殖活力和FB内羟脯氨酸含量.结果 1.0,2.0 mg/ml AP组及SiO2组MDA含量(2.21,2.58,2.32 nmol/ml)均比对照组(1.97 nmol/ml)增加,差异有显著性或非常显著性(P＜0.05或P＜0.01); 2.0 mg/ml AP组及SiO2组GSH-Px活力(29.47,30.79 U/106 AM)比对照组(26.70 U/106 AM)明显增强,差异有显著或非常显著性(P＜0.05或P＜0.01); 0.5,1.0,2.0 mg/ml AP组和SiO2组LDH活力(151.03,252.31,446.50,583.88U/106 AM)均明显高于对照组(77.06U/106 AM,P＜0.05或P＜0.01), 且随AP染毒剂量的增加而升高。SiO2组AM上清液使FB羟脯氨酸含量(0.900 μg/ml)及增殖活力(0.165)明显高于对照组(0.379 μg/ml,0.138,P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。结论 AP对肺泡巨噬细胞具有一定的细胞毒作用,而AP染毒的AM上清液未发现有促进FB的增殖和胶原合成的作用。     

亚硝酸钠对中国仓鼠肺细胞染色体畸变率的影响

[目的]研究亚硝酸钠(NaNO2)致中国仓鼠肺细胞(CHL)染色体畸变的作用. [方法]测定NaNO2对CHL细胞的半数抑制浓度(IC50),根据IC50设立不同剂量组,进行正式实验,分别观察不加及加S9后的染色体畸变情况,根据标准进行结果判定. [结果]NaNO2染毒在不加S9时,128、12.8和1.28μg/ml 3个剂量组的染色体畸变率均＞5%而≤10%,为可疑阳性,而高剂量组(1.28 mg/ml)畸变率＞10%而＜20%,为阳性反应.NaNO2染毒在加入活化系统S9后,各剂量组引起CHL细胞染色体畸变率在12.8和1.28 μg/ml 2个剂量组的染色体畸变率均＞5%而≤100%,为可疑阳性,而中(128μg/ml)和高(1.28 mg/ml)剂量组畸变率均＞10%而＜20%,为阳性反应. [结论]NaNO2在1.28 mg/ml剂量下可引起CHL细胞染色体畸变率增高.     

过氯酸铵对大鼠甲状腺的毒作用

目的　研究过氯酸铵 (AP)对甲状腺的毒作用影响。方法　用Wistar大鼠 88只 ,随机分为 4组 ,分别经口染毒 13周和 36周。染毒 13周 ,3个组AP剂量分别为 12 9、2 5 7、5 14mg·kg-1·d-1,1个对照组则饮水 ;染毒 36周 ,3个组AP剂量分别为 1.2、4 6 .5、4 6 5 .0mg·kg-1·d-1,1个对照组则饮水。观察大鼠活动表现及体重变化 ,检测血清中甲状腺激素水平及观察其病理改变。结果　不同时间AP染毒后大鼠活动未见异常 ,体重增长亦无明显差异。染毒 13周 ,5 14mg组游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3 2 .4 8pmol/L)、游离甲状腺素 (FT413.33pmol/L)均低于对照组 (3.2 4、2 0 .92pmol/L) ,促甲状腺激素 (TSH 0 .38mIU/L)、甲状腺球蛋白 (TG 3.37μg/L)均高于对照组 (0 .2 9mIU/L、2 .0 0μg/L) ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;其他组各指标差异均无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;染毒 36周 ,4 6 5mg组FT3 (2 .6 5pmol/L)明显低于对照组 (4.97pmol/L) ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;4 6 .5、4 6 5mg组FT4(10 .6 3、2 .17pmol/L)明显低于对照组 (15 .74pmol/L) ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1) ;4 6 5mg组TSH(0 .34mIU/L)与对照组 (0 .14mIU/L)比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;1.2mg组各指标均未见明显损害变化。镜检 1.2mg组甲     

过氯酸铵对大鼠血常规和血清生化指标的影响

目的探讨过氯酸铵(AP)对大鼠血常规及血清生化指标的影响,为其在航天复合固体推进剂中的应用提供毒理学依据。方法选用SD大鼠80只,随机分为低、中、高剂量组(AP剂量为48,96,192 mg/kg)和对照组(生理盐水)。各组经气管一次性注入AP染毒,于染毒后第3天、第7天、第14天和第28天分别检测血常规和血清生化指标。结果染毒后各剂量组的血常规各项指标分别与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。血清生化指标,染毒后第3天,血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)活力,中、高剂量组(86.7,85.5 U/L)显著高于对照组(56.6 U/L,P<0.05);第7天,羟脯氨酸(HYP)含量低、中、高剂量组(17.4,17.1,18.2μg/ml)显著高于对照组(13.3μg/ml,P<0.01);第28天,高剂量组尿素氮含量(19.4 mmol/L)显著高于对照组(14.7 mmol/L,P<0.05)。其他各项指标各组间比较,差异均无统计学意义。结论AP对大鼠血常规未见明显影响。AP可致血清ALT活力和HYP含量的短期升高性变化,但其对ALT和HYP及其他生化指标的异常影响并不显著。     

过氯酸铵对小鼠肺成纤维细胞的形态学影响

目的研究过氯酸铵(ammonium perchlorate,AP)对肺脏成纤维细胞(FB)形态学的影响。方法原代培养小鼠胚胎肺FB,稳定传代3次,用AP染毒肺FB,染毒剂量分为50、200、500 mg/L,同时以石英(300 mg/L)染毒肺FB作为阳性对照组;以正常培养的肺FB作为阴性对照组。染毒48 h后,对肺FB进行HE染色和胶原纤维特殊染色,观察其形态学变化。结果FB细胞HE染色和胶原纤维特殊染色可见,各AP染毒组细胞形态、细胞大小、核浆对比、胶原纤维密集度、粗细程度与阴性对照组比较,差别均无统计学意义,而阳性对照组细胞出现胞体变大、数目增多、细胞胞浆更加丰富,细胞之间界限不清,胶原纤维更加密集、粗大等纤维化表现。结论在AP 50~500 mg/L直接染毒作用下,肺FB未见增殖和肺胶原纤维增生等形态学上的变化。     

葡萄汁与白黎芦醇对镉染毒小鼠抗氧化损伤作用的比较

目的 比较葡萄汁与单体白黎芦醇对镉染毒小鼠的抗氧化损伤作用和促排镉作用及其作用机制.方法 将32只5周龄清洁级昆明小鼠随机分为4组,分别为空白对照(双蒸水)组、镉染毒(50 mg/L)组、葡萄汁(含白藜芦醇65μg/ml)+镉染毒(50 mg/L)组、白藜芦醇(65μg/ml)+镉染毒(50 mg/L)组,每组8只,雌...     

四氢吡咯二硫代氨基甲酸酯对百草枯致大鼠肺损伤的干预研究

[目的]探讨四氢吡咯二硫代氨基甲酸酯(pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate,PDTC)对抗百草枯(paraquat,PQ)致肺损伤的作用。[方法]54只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(生理盐水)、单纯染毒组(4组)和干预组(4组)。PQ经口给药,剂量40 mg/kg,干预组给予PQ后立即腹腔注射,PDTC 120 mg／kg。在染毒后第3、7、14、2l天各取一组动物进行检查,检测血浆和支气管-肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力、肺组织匀浆中羟辅氨酸(HYP)含量,并观察肺组织病理改变。[结果]PQ 40mg/kg染毒后血浆和BALF中MDA含量增加,GSH-Px、SOD活力减弱,与对照组相比,相应时点差异有统计学意义(P<0．01);给予PDTC 120 mg／kg干预以后,使GSH-Px与SOD活力升高,MDA含量减少,相应时点差异有统计学意义(P<0．05或P<0．01)。血浆中与BALF中的GSH-Px,SOD活力及MDA含量存在正相关(P<0．05)。同时,单纯染毒组第7、14、21天的HYP含量比对照组显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0．01),但干预组HYP含量较单纯染毒组低。病理观察可见干预组肺组织水肿、出血及炎性细胞浸润程度减轻。[结论]PDTC干预后可以升高SOD、GSH-Px活力,减少MDA的产生和胶原聚集,提示PDTC可能改善PQ中毒所引起的肺损害。     

微米及纳米SiO2粉体的急性肺毒性比较

目的 比较纳米级SiO2与微米级SiO2粉体对呼吸道染尘大鼠的急性肺毒性.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠125只,按体重分为25组.呼吸道染尘剂量μm-SiO2分别为100(A组)、300 mg/m3(B组);nm-SiO2分别为100(A'组)、300 mg/m3(B'组).1次染尘2 h后,比较6、12、24、48、72 h支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronehoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中细胞总数(total cellular score,TCS)及分类、总蛋白(total protein,TPr)含量、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,AKP)和乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)活性,血清和肺组织羟脯氨酸(hydroxyproline,HyP)含量.结果 染尘后6 h A'组BALF中TCS[(55.00±8.30)×104个/ml]、B'组BALF中TCS[(52.50±9.02)×104个/ml]均高于对照组[(34.88±12.53)×104个/ml];染尘后6、24 h A'组BALF中TCS[(55.00±8.30)×104个/ml、(39.75±12.08)×104个/ml]均高于等剂量微米SiO2染尘组[(32.38±13.07)×104个/ml、(24.13±10.97)×104个/ml].48 h A'组BALF中TPr[(0.34±0.09)g/L]、B'组BALF中TPr[(0.38±0.16)g/L]含量均高于等剂量微米SiO2染尘组[(0.20±0.07)g/L、(0.21±0.05)g/L].72 h A'组BALF中LDH活力[(1.66±0.22)×103 U/L]高于等剂量微米SiO2染尘组[(1.38±0.17)×103 U/L].6、24 h B'组BALF中AKP活力[(5.14±1.47)U/100 ml、(5.86±2.41)U/100 ml]均高于等剂量微米SiO2染尘组[(3.64±0.36)U/100 ml、(3.30±2.19)U/100 m1].6、12、48、72 h A'组肺组织HyP含量[(0.532±0.053)、(0.484±0.046)、(0.591±0.096)、(0.551±0.084)μg/mg肺湿重]以及12、72 h B'组肺组织HyP含量[(0.508±0.081)、(0.565±0.053)μg/mg肺湿重]均高于等剂量微米SiO2染尘组[(0.345±0.074)、(0.368±0.095)、(0.431±0.036)、(0.399±0.080)、(0.396±0.039)、(0.465±0.062)μg/mg肺湿重].结论 本实验条件下,与微米级SiO2粉尘相比,纳米级SiO2粉尘可导致较严重的急性肺毒性.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.