切断前中小斜角肌治疗胸廓出口综合征的远期疗效

目的 远期随访切断前中斜角肌治疗胸廓出口综合征（thoracic outlet syndrome，TOS）的疗效。方法对31例32侧胸廓出口综合征患者术后的疗效作远期随访。其中上干型4例，下干型26例27侧，全臂丛型1例。X线片示颈肋1例。第七颈椎横突过长2例。均行手术治疗。术中发现31例均有纤维束带压迫臂丛神经，作前、中、小前斜角肌切断术；3例骨异常者同时切除增长的骨组织和颈肋。术后随访4年8个月-8年3个月．平均为5年4个月。以症状、体征有无复发以及是否恢复原工作为随访主要观察项目。疗效按胸廓出口综合征评定标准评定。结果 术后症状明显改善15例16侧，部分改善6例，无效10例。优良率为68．7％。结论 该组病例远期疗效的优良率为68．7％，因此，胸廓出口综合征的治疗方法仍是个有待于进一步研究的临床课题。     

胸廓出口综合征非手术和手术治疗的长期随访

目的 了解胸廓出口综合征的解剖学基础，分析颈神经根受压的临床特点、诊断和治疗。方法 对1995—1999年间的18例胸廓出口综合征患者作平均6．9年的随访，其中8例作手术治疗，10例作非手术治疗（局部封闭为主）。胸廓出口综合征的特点是颈神经根在椎间孔外受压，以颈肩痛、手麻痛为主要表现，可伴有上肢的酸痛及功能障碍。结果 治疗后颈肩痛消失或明显缓解，并有较大的功能改善。非手术治疗和手术治疗的疗效分别为60％和75％。结论 胸廓出口综合征的非手术治疗和手术治疗均有效，并都有一定的反复，需长期反复治疗，应严格掌握手术指征。     

小针刀治疗上干型胸廓出口综合征

目的:探讨小针刀治疗上干型胸廓出口综合征的效果。方法:1998年1月-2002年1月共收治上干型胸廓出口综合征11例,男5例,女6例;平均年龄36.2岁(25~46岁),病程2个月~3年,均采用小针刀治疗,在颈部压痛最明显的颈椎横突后结节上用小针刀对前、中斜角肌的腱性起始纤维作切割和剥离。结果:所有患者均无血肿形成,术后10 min 10例的症状、肌力和感觉明显好转。6个月后随访6例症状消失,肌力、感觉恢复正常,2例有好转,2例无效。4年后仍有7例有效。结论:小针刀治疗上干型胸廓出口综合征创伤小,操作简单,效果可靠。     

胸廓出口综合征手术治疗中对前中小斜角肌的处理

目的随访35例胸廓出口综合征手术治疗的疗效。方法手术治疗35例37侧胸廓出口综合征患者,其中上干型5例,下干型28例30侧,全臂丛型2例。X线片示颈肋1例,第七颈椎横突过长3例。手术切除增长的骨组织和颈肋,术中发现35例均有纤维束带压迫臂丛神经,均作前、中、小前斜角肌切断术。术后随访1年～3年6个月。结果术后症状明显改善26例27侧,部分改善5例6侧,无效4例。结论斜角肌是引起臂丛神经血管受压征的主要因素,手术探查时应常规切断前、中斜角肌及小斜角肌。     

斜角肌切断术治疗胸廓出口综合征的临床疗效

目的 探讨斜角肌切断术治疗胸廓出口综合征的临床疗效.方法 2004年5月至2010年1月对胸廓出口综合征18例,其中上干型3例,下干型14例,交感型1例.X线照片示第7颈椎横突过长12例,颈肋2例,未见骨性异常4例,采用斜角肌切断术进行治疗.结果 术后随访6个月～5年4个月,症状明显改善9例,部分改善6例,自觉无改善3例.优良率83.3%.结论 斜角肌切断术治疗胸廓出口综合征的临床效果较好.     

斜角肌切断术治疗胸廓出口综合征的临床疗效

目的 探讨斜角肌切断术治疗胸廓出口综合征的临床疗效.方法 2004年5月至2010年1月对胸廓出口综合征18例,其中上干型3例,下干型14例,交感型1例.X线照片示第7颈椎横突过长12例,颈肋2例,未见骨性异常4例,采用斜角肌切断术进行治疗.结果 术后随访6个月～5年4个月,症状明显改善9例,部分改善6例,自觉无改善3例.优良率83.3%.结论 斜角肌切断术治疗胸廓出口综合征的临床效果较好.     

斜角肌切断术治疗胸廓出口综合征的临床疗效

目的 探讨斜角肌切断术治疗胸廓出口综合征的临床疗效.方法 2004年5月至2010年1月对胸廓出口综合征18例,其中上干型3例,下干型14例,交感型1例.X线照片示第7颈椎横突过长12例,颈肋2例,未见骨性异常4例,采用斜角肌切断术进行治疗.结果 术后随访6个月～5年4个月,症状明显改善9例,部分改善6例,自觉无改善3例.优良率83.3%.结论 斜角肌切断术治疗胸廓出口综合征的临床效果较好.     

儿童胸廓出口综合征的诊断与治疗

目的探讨儿童胸廓出口综合征的诊断与治疗效果。方法分析5例儿童胸廓出口综合征患者手术治疗的临床资料。结果参考陈德松等的标准评定，优4例，良1例。结论儿童胸廓出口综合征主要病理改变是斜角肌的肥厚与挛缩，病因是包括感染在内的多种因素共同作用造成，一旦保守治疗无效应及早手术。     

96例重症肌无力患者的外科治疗

目的总结重症肌无力（MG）患者的外科治疗和围术期处理经验，以提高手术疗效。方法2002年1月至2007年6月，对96例MG患者行胸腺切除加前纵隔脂肪组织清扫术，根据临床相对记分、服药量改变及生活能力于术后3个月评估临床疗效。结果无围术期死亡。术后发生MG危象8例（8．3％），其中术前未服用糖皮质激素6例（18．75％），服用糖皮质激素2例（3．13％），经相应的治疗治愈。术后发生其他并发症9例（9．4%），其中肺部感染7例，切口感染2例，均经相应的治疗治愈。随访96例，随访时间3～18个月，其中32例临床痊愈，30例基本痊愈，15例显效，12例好转，7例无效。结论MG患者经内科治疗效果不佳或无效时，均应考虑手术治疗，无论是否有胸腺增生，特别是对合并有胸腺瘤者，应限期手术。若决定行手术治疗，术前除继续服用抗胆碱酯酶药物外，口服糖皮质激素15d左右可增加手术安全性，提高手术疗效。     

经腋路第一肋切除治疗胸廓出口综合征

目的：总结经腋路第一肋切除治疗胸廓出口综合征的经验，方法：采用经腋路第一肋切除术治疗下臂丛型胸廓出口综合征16例，结果：3例术中胸膜破裂，术后有胸闷和胸前区压迫感，其中1例前胸部可摸到少量的皮下捻发音；X线片示均有轻度气胸，除吸氧外，未做其它处理，术后3d基本恢复。16例中1例在术后3个月复发，再次行前中斜角肌切除术，术后症状缓解，2例在术后8个月复发,4例在术后12个月出现前臂内侧和手尺侧轻度麻木及肩颈部不适，但比术前要轻得多；该6例经用药后症状基本消失，其余患者症状完全解除，未复发，总治愈率为81．25％，8例第一肌间背仙肌萎缩者，3例患者完全恢复（术后25－28个月），2例部分恢复（术后18－23个月），该5例的爪形手畸形均已消失，结论：经腋路切除第一肋治疗下臂丛型胸廓出口综合征，伤口隐蔽，损伤小，手术后复发率较低。     

Safety and efficacy of the supraclavicular approach to thoracic outlet decompression

BACKGROUND: Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a clinical diagnosis encountered by both thoracic and vascular surgeons. The goal of surgical therapy involves relieving compression of the neurovascular structures at the superior thoracic aperture. The traditional approach to thoracic outlet decompression has been transaxillary; however more centers are moving toward a more tailored approach through a supraclavicular incision. METHODS: The medical records of 67 patients who underwent surgical decompression between 1993 and 2001 for TOS were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics and early outcome were assessed through clinic follow-up. RESULTS: Seventy-two thoracic outlet decompressions were performed on 67 patients with the diagnosis of TOS. Five patients underwent bilateral thoracic outlet decompression. All operations in this time period were safely accomplished through a supraclavicular approach. The syndromes associated with thoracic outlet compression were neurogenic (n = 59), venous (n = 10), and arterial (n = 3). Forty-six of 72 (63.9%) operations resulted in complete resolution of symptoms, 17 cases (23.6%) had partial resolution, and 9 patients (12.5%) had no resolution. There were no deaths and morbidity was minimal with 6 complications (8.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The supraclavicular approach is a safe and effective technique in managing all forms of thoracic outlet compression.     

Thoracic outlet syndrome in paediatrics: clinical presentation,surgical treatment,and outcome in a series of eight children

Background/Purpose: This report reviews the clinical presentation, surgical treatment, and outcome of 8 children treated for the thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) during the last 3 years. Methods: From 1998 through 2001 31 patients were admitted to our Vascular Surgery Unit with TOS. Eight of them (25.8%) were in the paediatric age group, 8 to 16 years (mean, 13 years). No sex prevalence was found. The presenting symptoms were neurologic in 2 patients (25%) and secondary to venous flow impairment in 6 (75%). At phlebography, venous thrombosis was seen in 2 cases, and functional intermittent obstruction was seen in 4. Seven patients underwent decompressive surgical partial resection of the first rib with transaxillary or supraclavicular access. One patient was treated conservatively. Results: There were no major postoperative complications. Mean hospital stay was 2.7 days. In no patient were there signs of recurrence after a mean follow-up of 18 months (range, 3 to 36 months). Conclusions: In the authors' experience TOS in paediatric patients occurs with the same symptoms and thrombotic complications as in adults. The same surgical strategy adopted in adult patients is advisable for affected children. J Pediatr Surg 38:58-61.     

Diagnosis and treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome

Patients who develop symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) have a predisposing anatomic abnormality. In most patients with TOS, the symptoms are caused by entrapment of the brachial plexus and they do not arise from compression of the subclavian artery, as was previously thought. The tests advocated for diagnosing this common syndrome (i.e., evaluating the positional compression of the artery when the arms are raised, the neck is turned, or the shoulders are braced) cannot accurately diagnose this syndrome. There are two reasons for this. The symptoms of TOS are not related to the compression of the artery in the outlet in 98% of patients, and 75% of normal individuals without symptoms show diminished radial pulse on various provocation tests. We employed four timed provocation tests (minute tests) to diagnose TOS: the timed Morley test, timed Wright test, timed Eden test, and elevated arm stress exercise, all of which are very sensitive. In normal individuals without symptoms, 20% experience transitional symptoms such as slight pain and tiredness, on these tests indicating a subclinical state. TOS is treated by keeping the thoracic outlet wide, this being done either conservatively or surgically. In 1993 and 1994, we conservatively treated 418 of 422 patients with TOS by means of active exercise, a brace, and by block therapy. These measures did not reduce the symptoms in 23 of these patients, so surgical treatment was indicated. In the remaining 4 of the 422 patients, conservative treatment was not indicated and surgery was performed directly. All the patients showed significant clinical improvement of varying degree. Presented at the 69th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association, Tokyo, April 12, 1996     

胸廓出口综合征的新认识——解剖学与临床观察

目的探讨胸廓出口综合征的病因。方法对３０具６０侧经福尔马林固定的成人尸体小斜角肌及前中斜角肌的起始部进行解剖研究;对５３例胸廓出口综合征手术患者（１９６６～１９９４年４５例,１９９６～１９９７年８例）随访情况进行总结分析。结果解剖研究发现小斜角肌的出现率为８８３％,Ｔ１神经根或其下干在小斜角肌近段起源的腱性组织上跨过;前中斜角肌在颈椎横突的前后结节均有起点,Ｃ５、Ｃ６神经根从前中斜角肌的交叉腱性起点中穿过。４５例１９６６～１９９６年手术者中,有颈肩痛症状者３４例,术后１７例颈肩痛症状仍存在,其中７例加重;８例１９９６～１９９７年手术者中,７例有颈肩痛,术中切断前中斜角肌在Ｃ５～６神经根旁的腱性纤维组织,术后仅有１例仍有颈肩部不适。结论小斜角肌的腱性纤维是臂丛神经下干或Ｔ１神经根受压的原因;前中斜角肌在Ｃ４～５横突前后结节的交叉腱性起点是压迫Ｃ５～６,有时包括Ｃ７神经根或臂丛神经上（中）干的原因     

Doppler Adson’s Test: Predictor of Outcome of Surgery in Non-Specific Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Introduction Outcome of surgery in non-specific thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is variable. Duplex imaging of the subclavian artery during Adson’s maneuvre may help predict outcome. Patients and methods A retrospective study of 16 cases of non-specific TOS who had pre-operative duplex imaging of the subclavian artery during Adson’s maneuvre was done and their outcomes following surgical decompression of the thoracic outlet studied. Results Of the eight cases with a positive Adson’s test, seven (87.5%) had a complete response of symptoms following surgery while in the eight cases with a negative test, only four (50%) had a favorable response to surgery. Conclusion Duplex scanning of the thoracic outlet during Adson’s maneuvre may help predict outcome of thoracic outlet decompression surgery in cases of non-specific TOS. Funding, sponsorship or conflict of interest: None.     

Management of vascular complications in thoracic outlet syndrome

Arterial complications of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) were surgically treated in 11 patients (12 limbs) and venous complications in five (6 limbs). Arteriography showed total occlusion or significant stenosis of the subclavian artery in eight patients (bilateral in 1), with complicating peripheral thrombosis in three. Two patients had unilateral subclavian artery aneurysm: One was the patient with bilateral subclavian occlusion, and the other also had brachial artery embolism. Yet another patient had brachial thrombosis. Treatment included reconstructive surgery (3 limbs), thoracic sympathectomy (3) or decompression alone (6). Of the five patients with venous TOS complications, four were found at phlebography to have subclavian thrombosis and one had significant bilateral subclavian obstruction. Treatment was transaxillary first-rib resection (4 cases) or division of soft-tissue bands and hypertrophied anterior scalene muscle (1 case). After follow-up averaging 9 years, eight of the nine survivors in the arterial group were working and seven were asymptomatic. All five in the venous group were working and only two had slight, strain-related symptoms. Impaired arterial flow in TOS can usually be managed with decompression, but direct surgery (bypass or thrombectomy) or thoracic sympathectomy is required in cases with severe ischemia with proximal occlusion and after resection of a subclavian aneurysm or in cases with unilateral Raynaud's phenomenon or thrombosis of small arteries. For venous symptoms decompression alone suffices.     

在内窥镜辅助下手术治疗胸廓出口综合征10例报告

目的 报告并探讨一个治疗胸廓出口综合征(thoracic outlet syndrome，TOS)的新方法，即在内窥镜辅助下进行手术治疗。方法 局部麻醉下在颈外侧作1．5cm长的小切口，在内窥镜的辅助观察下，切断部分前中斜角肌的腱性起始纤维。结果 2092年3月11日至2002年12月16日，共作10例。手术当天10例的症状和体征均完全消失。术后随访4个月～1年，平均6个月。5例的症状和体征完全消失。4例的肌力恢复正常，前臂和小指的刺痛觉稍减退。1例仅偶有颈部不适的症状，术侧锁骨区有麻痛，针刺有痛觉过敏。结论 在内窥镜辅助下经颈部微小切口切断部分前中斜角肌的腱性起始纤维，可解除斜角肌对臂丛神经的压迫，是一个创伤很小的治疗胸廓出口综合征的新方法。     

臂丛神经血管受压征13例手术治疗的随访

目的分析臂丛神经血管受压征(胸廓出口综合征)的手术疗效。方法对13例接受手术治疗的臂丛神经血管受压征患者进行随访,平均随访时间为3．2年。随访内容以患者的主观感觉为主,包括患肢麻木、酸痛、乏力、手部精细活动、发冷及肌肉萎缩等进行疗效的评价。结果术前13例均主诉有患肢感觉异常(麻木、刺痛觉减退),术后患肢感觉异常完全缓解或明显改善者12例(12／13),占92．4％;症状无变化或症状加重者1例(1／13),占7．6％。手部肌肉萎缩恢复者或改善者11例(11／12),占91．7％;手部肌肉萎缩无恢复或加重者1例(1／12),占8．3％。自觉患肢活动改善或症状完全缓解者11例(11／12),占91．7％;症状无变化或症状加重者1例(1／12),占8．3％。术前主诉有颈肩部酸痛者5例,术后症状明显改善或完全缓解者4例(4／5),占80％;症状无变化或症状加重者1例,占20％。结论采用手术治疗臂丛神经血管受压征是较有效的方法。     

Endovascular Stent-Graft and First Rib Resection for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Complicated by an Aneurysm of the Subclavian Artery

Purpose: To report our experience with a combined endovascular and surgical approach for arterial thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) complicated by an aneurysm of the subclavian artery.

Methods: We treated three consecutive patients suffering from arterial thoracic outlet syndrome complicated by an aneurysm of the subclavian artery by the use of a stent-graft and a first rib resection. These patients were reviewed retrospectively.

Results: At a mean follow-up of 37.3 months all patients were free of symptoms without late complications. Conclusions: Endovascular stent-grafting followed by decompression of the costoclavicular space is an attractive alternative to the conventional surgical approach of complicated arterial TOS.