经尿道膀胱镜下切开术治疗小儿输尿管囊肿

目的探讨经尿道膀胱镜下切开术治疗小儿输尿管囊肿的效果。方法 2007年2月~2015年4月对42例小儿输尿管囊肿行经尿道膀胱镜下切开术,单纯型:在囊肿前壁下方,膀胱颈部上方,做一横行切口;异位型:纵行切开位于尿道内的囊肿,切口自囊肿远端经膀胱颈延伸至膀胱内。结果 39例一次性切开减压成功,3例术后1年内二次切开减压成功。8例术前存在膀胱输尿管反流(Ⅱ~Ⅲ度7例,Ⅳ度1例),3例因尿路感染未控制行输尿管再植术,术后尿路感染控制;余5例随访1~3年,4例反流消失,1例仍存在反流(Ⅱ度),口服小剂量抗生素无尿路感染发生。5例术后出现患侧囊肿相连肾/半肾段膀胱输尿管反流(Ⅱ~Ⅲ度4例,Ⅳ度1例),1例(Ⅳ度)因尿路感染未控制行输尿管再植术,术后尿路感染控制;余4例术后随访1~4年,3例反流消失,1例仍存在反流(Ⅱ度),口服小剂量抗生素无尿路感染发生。余29例术后随访6个月~5年,平均1年10个月,临床症状均控制,无反流发生,未行重建手术治疗。结论经尿道膀胱镜下切开术简单、微创,不仅可用于解除尿路梗阻,而且可降低复杂尿路手术实施的可能性。     

内腔镜治疗膀胱输尿管反流

膀胱输尿管反流Ⅰ～Ⅲ度常行保守治疗,Ⅳ～Ⅴ度则行手术,Schulman等曾用内腔镜向有反流的输尿管口的粘膜下注射聚四氟乙烯(teflon)治疗Ⅰ～Ⅴ度反流的病人,治愈率为85%,有些作者用灵长类动物做试验,发现teflon颗粒可迁移到淋巴结、肺和脑内,且可能有致癌作用,因而反对这种方法,但该法简单易行,疗效高,作者乃用牛胶原代替teflon行输尿管口粘膜下注射,治疗了45例70侧有反流的输尿管,60侧治愈,治愈率为85.8%。 45例中4例为Ⅳ度反流,其余病例为Ⅰ～Ⅲ度,所有病人都有泌尿系感染,需长期或间断用抗菌药物治疗,70侧中18侧输尿管注射了第二次,随访半年到2年,60侧已无反流,13例还有泌尿系感染,5例无效,做了手术治疗,切除注射有牛胶原的组织,做病理切片,未发现炎症     

内窥镜输尿管旁注射戊二醛交叉连接胶原治疗继发性膀胱输尿管返流与成人原发性膀胱输尿管返流的比较

为评价戊二醛交叉连接胶原在治疗膀胱输尿管返流患者中的作用 ,作者对1995年 5月至 1997年 11月间 2 5例 (5 1根输尿管 )膀胱输尿管返流在Ⅱ度或Ⅱ度以上患者进行了戊二醛交叉连接胶原注射治疗。 18例 (2 4根 )为继发性膀胱输尿管返流 ,男 6例、女 12例 (其中含男孩 3例、女孩 7例 ) ,平均年龄 2 8岁 ,其中 14例为低顺应性膀胱 ,3例泌尿系畸形 ,1例脑瘫患者 ;17例 (2 7根 )为成人原发性膀胱输尿管返流 ,男 2例、女性15例 ,平均年龄 2 7岁 ,除返流外其余尿动力学参数正常。经注射治疗后 ,共有2 4根输尿管因返流复发需重复注射治疗。每根返流…     

内窥镜下注射Tiflon治疗儿童膀胱输尿管反流:2年经验总结

作者报告在膀胱镜下于输尿管粘膜下注射Teflon治疗113例儿童217根输尿管的膀胱输尿管反流的结果。131例中女孩113例、男孩18例,单侧反流45例,双侧反流86例,共217根输尿管,患儿平均年龄4岁(1个月至17.5岁)。反流包括Ⅰ-Ⅴ型、85.3%为原发性反流,14.7%为继发性。治疗方法为:在膀胱镜内插入5F可曲导管,于患侧输尿管粘膜下注射Teflon 0.05～2.5ml,80%以上为0.15～0.35ml,注射后不久即可作膀胱造影检查效果。结果注射1次后85.11%反流消失,注射2次后89.3%治愈。追踪1年93.22%病情稳定,反流消失。手术并发症较少,3例下尿路感染,1例肾盂肾炎,血尿,但在24小时内即得到控制,术后24小时超声检查,10例输尿管轻度扩张,7例较重扩张,此17例中有3例     

外科手术是膀胱输尿管返流治疗的最佳选择

<正>膀胱输尿管返流(vesicoureteral reflux,VUR)是指由于输尿管膀胱连接部位的解剖异常导致膀胱中的尿液返流至输尿管和肾。VUR是引起尿路感染和肾功能衰竭的重要因素之一。目前VUR的治疗主要包括抗生素药物保守治疗、内镜下输尿管口旁注射治疗和手术治疗等。但关于如何选择治疗方案目     

输尿管下端狭窄诊治体会

目的:探讨输尿管下端狭窄的诊治方法.方法:回顾性分析13 例输尿管膀胱连接部狭窄的临床资料.男5例,女8例.平均年龄45 岁.左侧4 例,右侧7例,双侧2例.膀胱壁间段狭窄11例;膀胱前段狭窄2例,膀胱隧道式输尿管膀胱吻合术,术中留置双J 管10例,输尿管膀胱角吻合术2例,膀胱瓣输尿管下端成形术,术中留置双J 管1例.结果:13例术后随访2 个月～6 年,全组无输尿管狭窄,治愈率69%,无效率31%.其中膀胱隧道式输尿管膀胱吻合术70%(7/10),好转率30%(3/10);输尿管膀胱角吻合术50%(1/2),好转率50%(1/2);膀胱瓣输尿管下端成形术治愈率100%(1/1).膀胱造影无膀胱输尿管返流.结论 膀胱隧道式输尿管膀胱吻合术和输尿管膀胱角吻合术治疗输尿管膀胱连接部狭窄创伤小,疗效满意.     

输尿管膀胱连接部狭窄诊治体会

目的　探讨输尿管膀胱连接部狭窄的诊治方法。　方法　回顾性分析 18例输尿管膀胱连接部狭窄的临床资料。男 6例 ,女 12例。平均年龄 4 3岁。左侧 5例 ,右侧 6例 ,双侧 7例。膀胱壁内段狭窄 12例 18侧 ,膀胱前 7例 7侧 (含 1例双侧者 1侧 )。输尿管膀胱再植 7例 7侧 ;经膀胱镜或术中输尿管扩张后 ,留置双J管或细硅胶导尿管 6例 6侧 ;狭窄段纵行切开带蒂膀胱黏膜条翻转输尿管末段成形术 7例 12侧。　结果　 18例术后随访 2个月～ 2 3年 ,全组无输尿管狭窄 ,治愈率78% ,好转率 2 2 %。其中输尿管扩张后 ,留置双J管或细硅胶导尿管治愈率 6 7% (4/ 6 ) ;狭窄段纵行切开带蒂膀胱黏膜条翻转输尿管末段成形术 7例均治愈。输尿管再植术 3例和输尿管末段成形术 5例 ,膀胱造影无膀胱输尿管返流。　结论　经膀胱镜或术中输尿管扩张后留置双J管和狭窄段纵行切开带蒂膀胱黏膜条翻转输尿管末段成形术治疗输尿管膀胱连接部狭窄创伤小 ,疗效满意。     

膀胱粘膜肌瓣翻转术在抗膀胱输尿管返流术中的应用(附四例报告)

目的　提高治疗膀胱输尿管返流的手术疗效。　方法　采用膀胱粘膜肌瓣翻转抗返流术治疗膀胱输尿管返流 4例 ,其中因输尿管壁段结石行经尿道输尿管口切开致膀胱输尿管返流 2例 ,原发性膀胱输尿管返流 2例。Ⅲ°1例 ,Ⅳ°3例。　结果　术后 2例出现膀胱刺激症状及膀胱痉挛 ,1个月后症状明显改善 ,3个月后症状完全消失。 4例平均随访 2 2个月 ,患者症状消失 ;IVU示患侧肾功能良好 ,3例肾积水及输尿管扩张完全消失 ,1例改善 ;膀胱造影均未见膀胱输尿管返流 ;膀胱镜可见再造输尿管口呈唇状。　结论　膀胱粘膜肌瓣翻转抗返流术治疗膀胱输尿管返流简便、有效 ,但存在术后膀胱刺激症状重的缺点。     

小儿原发性膀胱输尿管返流的诊断与手术治疗(附39例报告)

目的：总结小儿原发性膀胱输尿管返流（PVUR）诊治经验。方法：回顾分析PVUR39例的诊治资料，1例4月龄婴儿做膀胱造口，2例患侧及1例对侧并发肾发育异常者共做3例肾切除，1例上尿路正常者用药物治疗，余35例均行膀胱内、外的横向推进抗返流输尿管膀胱再植术。结果：35例（92％）术后效果满意，2例双侧病变者第一次手术仅做严重的一侧，术后尿内持续有脓细胞，复查时原对侧Ⅰ、Ⅱ度返流增重，经再次手术治愈。1例手术后仍不能挖掘尿路感染，经患肾穿刺造瘘后好转。结论：外科矫治PVUR（Ⅳ-Ⅴ）的手术成功率，双 侧病变一期完成双侧手术。6月龄以内的PVUR（Ⅳ-Ⅴ）应做膀胱造口，周岁后应考虑抗返流的输 尿管膀胱再植术。     

先天性梗阻性巨输尿管七例报告

我们自 1997年 5月至 1999年 6月收治先天性巨输尿管症患者 7例 ,报告如下。临床资料　本组 7例。男 5例 ,女2例。年龄 6～ 5 5岁 ,平均 2 5岁。左肾中度积水 4例 ,双肾重度积水 1例 ,右肾积水合并鹿角形结石 1例 (其对侧在外院行输尿管再植术后 5年导致膀胱输尿管Ⅳ度返流[1] ,左肾失功 )。另有 1例在外院行左输尿管下段切除 输尿管膀胱再植术 1年后膀胱输尿管Ⅳ度返流 ,左腰部原肾造瘘管拔管处切口不愈溢尿。主要临床表现为不同程度的腰酸、腰痛及上腹痛 ,反复发作尿路感染 ,间歇性镜下或肉眼血尿 ,甚至腰腹部发现包块。术前均经ＩＶＵ (…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.