DPP-4抑制剂不良反应

糖尿病是一种因胰岛素绝对或相对不足或胰岛素抵抗引起的以糖代谢紊乱为主的慢性综合性疾病,严重影响患者的健康和生活质量.随着对糖尿病发病机制和病理生理的了解,新的治疗糖尿病(主要是2型糖尿病)药物逐渐被开发.二肽基肽酶Ⅳ(DPP-4)抑制剂是近年来用于治疗2型糖尿病的新药之一.肠促胰岛素胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)等多种激素可增加葡萄糖依赖的胰岛素分泌抑制不适当的胰高血糖素分泌增多.并能增强胰岛素敏感性,延缓胃排空和抑制食欲,从而发挥降血糖作用,然而在体内其很快被DPP-4降解而起不到有效的降血糖效果.     

新型口服降糖药——二肽基肽酶-Ⅳ抑制剂

胰高血糖素样肽（GLP-1）在调节血糖方面起着重要的作用,但其在体内可迅速被二肽基肽酶-Ⅳ（DPP-Ⅳ）降解失活。DPP-Ⅳ抑制剂可有效抑制GLP-1的降解,通过促进胰岛素分泌、抑制胰高血糖素释放、抑制食欲、减慢胃排空等作用调节血糖,具有不易引起严重低血糖事件、不引起体重增加等特点。本文对GLP-1和DPP-Ⅳ抑制剂的作用特点及已上市使用的西格列汀、维格列汀和沙格列汀的临床疗效、药代动力学以及不良反应等方面进行了综述。     

二肽基肽酶Ⅳ抑制剂的研究进展

二肽基肽酶Ⅳ(DPP-Ⅳ)抑制剂通过抑制内源性的胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)的降解,提高GLP-1的水平,进而促进葡萄糖依赖的胰岛素分泌和抑制胰高血糖素产生,从而控制血糖的稳定。DPP-Ⅳ抑制剂具有不影响体重和不增加低血糖风险的优势,在2型糖尿病的治疗中发挥着越来越重要的作用。从结构特点上划分,DPP-Ⅳ抑制剂可分为肽类模拟物和非肽类。本文根据DPP-Ⅳ抑制剂的结构特点对此类抑制剂的最新研究进展进行综述,并对其构效关系进行分析。     

内科疾病处方用药解析(61)

7.1.1 2型糖尿病 [处方13] 西格列汀 100mg 每天1 次口服 适应证:生活不规律的2 型糖尿病或老年2型糖尿病. 分析:二肽基肽酶-4(DPP-4)抑制药包括西格列汀、沙格列汀和维格列汀,可通过抑制DPP-4 而减少胰高糖素样肽1(GLP-1)在体内的失活,增加GLP-1 在体内的水平.GLP-1 以葡萄糖浓度依赖的方式增加胰岛素分泌,抑制胰高血糖素分泌.     

GLP-1与2型糖尿病:生理学和临床研究进展

胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)是由食物刺激肠道而释放的肠促胰岛素,具有促进餐后胰岛素分泌的作用,而在糖尿病患者中此作用则显著降低。GLP-1通过多种途径发挥降糖作用;促进β细胞增殖再生增强胰岛β细胞群功能,具有治疗2型糖尿病的前景。针对体内GLP-1迅速被二肽基肽酶Ⅳ(DPPIV)降解的问题,研制可耐受DPPIV的GLP-1类似物及DPPIV抑制剂是主要的解决办法。胰高血糖素原基因经表达加工合成GLP-1,由L细胞分泌。分泌由食物诱导,随进食量呈正比增加。进食后啮齿类动物GLP-1分泌呈双相性:即神经内分泌通路间接介导的早期分泌时相和由胃…     

胰高血糖素样肽1及其受体激动剂研究进展

胰高血糖素样肽1 (Glucagon-like Peptide-1,GLP-1) 是一种由肠道Ｌ细胞分泌的多肽激素,其与GLP-1受体结合后具有促进胰岛素分泌和生物合成,抑制胰高血糖素的分泌,促进胰岛?细胞增殖,抑制胰岛?细胞凋亡,保存?细胞对血糖的敏感性等多种生理功能,但是其在体内的半衰期很短 (<2 min),在临床应用上很受限制。根据GLP-1及其受体设计GLP-1类似物是目前开发糖尿病新药的前沿靶点之一,旨在寻找能够耐受二肽基肽酶4(DPP4)降解并具有GLP-1生理活性的长效肽类及非肽类化合物。本文对GLP-1及其受体激动剂的研究成果综述如下。     

糖尿病治疗新药——长效化胰高血糖素样肽-1（GLP-1）及其类似物的研究进展

胰高血糖素样肽-1（GLP-1）是机体在响应营养摄入时而释放的一类肠促胰岛素,主要由肠道末端内分泌L细胞分泌。GLP-1具有降糖作用．同时在治疗2型糖尿病可取得理想的效果。但是,GLP-1在体内不稳定,易被二肽基肽酶Ⅳ（DPPⅣ）迅速降解,并迅速被肾脏清除。其半衰期很短。因此,长效化GLP-1及其类似物成为目前抗糖尿病研究的热点之一。本文分别综述了几类长效GLP-1及其类似物和与之相关的降糖作用。     

DPP-4抑制剂在特殊人群中应用宜与忌

DPP-4(二肽基肽酶Ⅳ)抑制剂是治疗2型糖尿病的一类全新药物,可通过抑制体内DPP-4的活性,减少GLP-1(胰高糖素样肽-1)的降解,进而促进胰岛素基因的转录、胰岛素的合成与分泌、抑制胰高糖素分泌、增加B细胞数量,还能延缓餐后胃排空、抑制食欲及促进肝脏、肌肉、脂肪组织糖原合成,从而达到控制血糖的目的.     

二肽基肽酶Ⅳ抑制剂西他列汀的研究进展

胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)是一种肠促胰岛素,通过刺激和保护胰岛β细胞,促进胰岛素的合成和分泌,降低餐后血糖.二肽基肽酶Ⅳ(DPP-Ⅳ)抑制剂西他列汀能增强GLP-1的活性,降低2型糖尿病患者的高血糖症状,是一类新型的糖尿病治疗药物.本文就其药代动力学、动物试验、临床应用、安全性与耐受性综述如下.     

胰高血糖素样肽-1--2型糖尿病治疗的新策略

胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)由胰岛α细胞和肠道L细胞分泌,具有葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素分泌、抑制胰高血糖素产生、增加β细胞数量及延缓胃排空等作用。易被二肽基肽酶IV(DPP-IV)降解,半衰期(t1/2)仅数分钟。近来,GLP-1类似物和DPP-IV抑制剂的研发为2型糖尿病的治疗提供了新策略。     

Low, but physiological, concentration of GLP-1 stimulates insulin secretion independent of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathway

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induces pancreatic insulin secretion via the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) pathway. However, the GLP-1 concentration used in the previous in vitro experiments was far from the in vivo concentrations. Alteration of plasma GLP-1 concentration at pM order lowers blood glucose concentration. In this study, we examined the GLP-1 action mechanism at a physiological concentration on insulin secretion. A high concentration of GLP-1 (10 nM) stimulated intracellular cAMP accumulation and insulin secretion was significantly inhibited by KT5720, a selective inhibitor of PKA. Low GLP-1 concentrations (1 pM) also increased insulin secretion without significant accumulation of intracellular cAMP, and KT5720 did not affect insulin secretion. Insulin secretion stimulated by 1 pM GLP-1 was reduced by inhibitors of calcium action, including verapamil, dantrolene, and BAPTA. Thus, we concluded that relatively low GLP-1 concentrations-comparable to in vivo blood concentrations-promoted insulin secretion independent of the cAMP-PKA pathway. This effect was dependent on intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The results of the present study may further the understanding of the dose-dependent response of GLP-1 signal transducing pathways and the complicated mechanism of insulin secretion. Studies of GLP-1 at physiologic concentrations may lead to new developments in studies of pancreatic beta-cell function.     

Do glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists have potential as adjuncts in the treatment of type 1 diabetes?

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is produced by the gut, stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cells, and inhibits glucagon secretion from the α-cells. The GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Area covered: This review covers the clinical trials of the GLP-1R agonists (exenatide and liraglutide) and their potential as adjunct treatment in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Expert opinion: GLP-1R agonists are unable to increase insulin secretion, in subjects with T1DM, who are C-peptide negative. Also, the GLP-1R agonists either have no effect or cause a small inhibition of glucagon secretion in subjects with T1DM. There is no evidence that the GLP-1R agonists cause a major reduction in HbA1c, or have a major effect on hypo- or hyperglycemia in subjects with TD1M. The main beneficial effect of the GLP-1R agonists is probably the modest weight loss, which may underlie the reduction in dose of insulin used. Given that the GLP-1R agonists cause gastrointestinal adverse effects, and with reduced insulin doses, increase the risk of ketosis, it seems to me that the risk with these agents may outweigh any benefit in T1DM, and that they have little potential as adjuncts in the treatment of T1DM.     

Potential new approaches to modifying intestinal GLP-1 secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: focus on bile acid sequestrants

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a progressive decline in insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells, an increase in hepatic glucose production, and a decrease in insulin sensitivity. The incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) stimulate glucose-induced insulin secretion; however, in patients with type 2 diabetes, the incretin system is impaired by loss of the insulinotropic effects of GIP as well as a possible reduction in secretion of GLP-1. Agents that modify GLP-1 secretion may have a role in the management of type 2 diabetes. The currently available incretin-based therapies, GLP-1 receptor agonists (incretin mimetics) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors (CD26 antigen inhibitors) [incretin enhancers], are safe and effective in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, they may be unable to halt the progression of type 2 diabetes, perhaps because they do not increase secretion of endogenous GLP-1. Therapies that directly target intestinal L cells to stimulate secretion of endogenous GLP-1 could possibly prove more effective than treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors. Potential new approaches to modifying intestinal GLP-1 secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes include G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists, α-glucosidase inhibitors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists, metformin, bile acid mimetics and bile acid sequestrants. Both the GPCR agonist AR231453 and the novel bile acid mimetic INT-777 have been shown to stimulate GLP-1 release, leading to increased insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance in mice. Similarly, a study in insulin-resistant rats demonstrated that the bile acid sequestrant colesevelam increased GLP-1 secretion and improved glucose levels and insulin resistance. In addition, the bile acid sequestrant colestimide (colestilan) has been shown to increase GLP-1 secretion and decrease glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes; these results suggest that the glucose-lowering effects of bile acid sequestrants may be partly due to their ability to increase endogenous GLP-1 levels. Evidence suggests that GPCR agonists, α-glucosidase inhibitors, PPAR agonists, metformin, bile acid mimetics and bile acid sequestrants may represent a new approach to management of type 2 diabetes via modification of endogenous GLP-1 secretion.     

Glucagon-like peptide-1: regulation of insulin secretion and therapeutic potential

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an intestinally derived insulinotropic hormone currently under investigation for use as a novel therapeutic agent in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. One of several important effects of GLP-1 is on nutrient-induced pancreatic hormone release and is mediated by binding to a specific G-protein coupled receptor resulting in the activation of adenylate cyclase and an increase in cAMP generation. In the beta-cell, cAMP binds and modulates activities of both protein kinase A and cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor II, thereby enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion. The stimulatory action of GLP-1 on insulin secretion involves interaction with a plethora of signal transduction processes including ion channel activity, intracellular Ca(2+) handling and exocytosis of the insulin-containing granules. In this review we focus principally on recent advances in our understanding on the cellular mechanisms proposed to underlie GLP-1's insulinotropic effect and attempt to incorporate this knowledge into a working model for the control of insulin secretion. Lastly, this review discusses the applicability of GLP-1 as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.     

Treatment potential of the GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review

Over the last decade, the discovery of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) has increased the treatment options for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). GLP-1 RAs mimic the effects of native GLP-1, which increases insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon secretion, increases satiety and slows gastric emptying. This review evaluates the phase III trials for all approved GLP-1 RAs and reports that all GLP-1 RAs decrease HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, and lead to a reduction in body weight in the majority of trials. The most common adverse events are nausea and other gastrointestinal discomfort, while hypoglycaemia is rarely reported when GLP-1 RAs not are combined with sulfonylurea or insulin. Treatment options in the near future will include co-formulations of basal insulin and a GLP-1 RA.     

胰高血糖素样肽-1的心血管益处及机制

心血管疾病是2型糖尿病患者的主要死亡原因之一。新近研究发现胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)不仅通过葡萄糖依赖的方式刺激胰岛素分泌和抑制糖原的不适当分泌,延缓胃排空,增加饱食感等方式调节血糖;还能通过GLP-1R和受体以外的方式发挥心血管保护作用,包括心肌、内皮细胞和血管等。越来越多的动物和临床研究显示,GLP-1和GLP-1R激动剂都能改善内皮细胞功能、促进钠的排泄、改善缺血损伤的心肌和心功能的恢复,减少心血管风险的危险因素和标志物。文中综述有关动物和人类研究中GLP-1对心血管系统的作用以及可能机制。     

Combined contributions of over-secreted glucagon-like peptide 1 and suppressed insulin secretion to hyperglycemia induced by gatifloxacin in rats

Accumulating evidences have showed that gatifloxacin causes dysglycemia in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Our preliminary study demonstrated that gatifloxacin stimulated glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion from intestinal cells. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between gatifloxacin-stimulated GLP-1 release and dysglycemia in both normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and explore the possible mechanisms. Oral administration of gatifloxacin (100 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day) for 3 and 12 days led to marked elevation of GLP-1 levels, accompanied by significant decrease in insulin levels and increase in plasma glucose. Similar results were found in normal rats treated with 3-day gatifloxacin. Gatifloxacin-stimulated GLP-1 release was further confirmed in NCI-H716 cells, which was abolished by diazoxide, a K_ATP channel opener. QT-PCR analysis showed that gatifloxacin also upregulated expression of proglucagon and prohormone convertase 3 mRNA. To clarify the contradiction on elevated GLP-1 without insulinotropic effect, effects of GLP-1 and gatifloxacin on insulin release were investigated using INS-1 cells. We found that short exposure (2 h) to GLP-1 stimulated insulin secretion and biosynthesis, whereas long exposure (24 h and 48 h) to high level of GLP-1 inhibited insulin secretion and biosynthesis. Moreover, we also confirmed gatifloxacin acutely stimulated insulin secretion while chronically inhibited insulin biosynthesis. All the results gave an inference that gatifloxacin stimulated over-secretion of GLP-1, in turn, high levels of GLP-1 and gatifloxacin synergistically impaired insulin release, worsening hyperglycemia.     

非酒精性脂肪肝患者口服葡萄糖后血浆胰高血糖素样肽和葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽水平的变化

目的 考察非酒精性脂肪肝(nonalcoholic fatty liver,NAFLD)患者口服葡萄糖后胰高血糖素样肽(glucagon- likepeptide-1,GLP-1)和葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽(glucose-dependent insulinotropic ploypeptide,GIP)分泌的特征。方法 选取34例非酒精性脂肪肝和42例健康人群,行口服糖耐量试验后在120 min内测定血GLP-1、GIP、血糖、血胰岛素、胰高血糖素含量进行比较。结果 NAFLD患者经葡萄糖诱导后GLP-1分泌量明显低于正常对照组(P<0.01),而GIP没有明显改变,但是所有患者均存在胰岛素抵抗。与正常对照组相比,NAFLD患者空腹胰岛素水平和葡萄糖诱导后的胰岛素水平均明显升高,血糖降低缓慢,而空腹胰高血糖素水平明显升高。结论 NAFLD患者经葡萄糖诱导分泌GLP-1功能缺陷,GIP分泌无异常。NAFLD患者存在胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症和胰高血糖素血症。     

GLP-1生物学及基于GLP-1的抗糖尿病药物研究(英文)

在过去的几十年中,环境和生活方式的改变使得2型糖尿病患者的数量急剧增加, 其中一个重要的病理基础是胰岛素分泌缺陷。胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)是一种由肠道细胞产生及分泌的多肽激素, 该激素以葡萄糖浓度依赖性方式促进胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素, 调节血糖水平。研究表明GLP-1是糖尿病治疗中的一个有效靶点, 药物研发目前主要集中于GLP-1受体激动剂和降解酶抑制剂两个方面。以其强大的生物学活性为基础, GLP-1药物在临床上表现出高效、低副作用的显著优势。在此, 我们对GLP-1生物学和基于GLP-1的抗糖尿病药物研发进行综述。