拟载脂蛋白E-1410 12肽对脑血管痉挛小鼠代谢型谷氨酸受体/细胞外信号调节激酶途径的调节作用

目的 探讨脑血管痉挛(CvS)后细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)途径的作用机制,及重组载脂蛋白E( apoE)拟肽对脑血管痉挛损伤的保护作用. 方法 采用非开颅血管内线栓法制备小鼠蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)并脑血管痉挛模型.将134只健康雄性ICR小鼠随机分为4组:假手术组、模型对照组、拮抗剂组,apoE治疗组.ApoE治疗组将拟apoE-1410以无菌磷酸盐缓冲液溶解后,经尾静脉注射0.6mg/kg,术前30min开始第1次,每12h1次.拮抗剂组于SAH后10 min侧脑室注射生理盐水或LY367385( 500nmol/L)5μl,术后行神经功能评分.分别在SAH后6、24、48h 3个时相点取脑组织标本,在光镜和电镜下观察脑组织病理变化,采用反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测各组代谢型谷氨酸受体1(mGluRl) mRNA的表达变化;免疫印迹法(Western blotting)检测mGluR1、磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK1/2)蛋白的表达;用原位缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测神经细胞凋亡情况.结果 与假手术组比较,模型对照组小鼠神经功能评分显著降低,随脑血管痉挛时间延长,各组小鼠mGluR1 mRNA、mGluR1和磷酸化ERK1/2蛋白均有不同程度增加,凋亡细胞增多,神经细胞出现变性坏死、细胞器数量减少.与模型对照组比较,拮抗剂组和apoE治疗组小鼠神经功能评分增加,mGluR1 mRNA、mGluR1、磷酸化ERK 1/2蛋白表达均有不同程度下调,神经细胞凋亡数目减少,应用apoE1410拟肽减轻了脑组织形态学和超微结构损伤. 结论 脑血管痉挛后mGluR1的表达增强可通过激活ERK信号途径诱导神经细胞凋亡,apoE拟肽对脑血管痉挛损伤具有抗损坏作用.     

LY367385通过抑制细胞外信号调节激酶途径减轻小鼠脑血管痉挛后神经细胞凋亡

目的: 探讨代谢型谷氨酸受体1(mGluR1)选择性拮抗剂LY367385对脑血管痉挛(CVS)后神经细胞凋亡的影响及细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(ERKl/2)途径的作用。方法: 采用非开颅血管内线栓法制备小鼠蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)并CVS模型,随机分为3组:假手术组、模型对照组和mGluR1拮抗剂LY367385组,于SAH后10 min侧脑室注射生理盐水或LY367385(500 nmol)5 μL,术后行神经功能评分。分别在SAH后6、24和48 h 3个时点取右侧脑组织标本,在光镜和电镜下观察脑组织病理变化,采用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应检测各组mGluR1 mRNA的表达变化;蛋白免疫印迹法检测mGluR1和p-ERK1/2蛋白的表达;用TUNEL法检测神经细胞凋亡情况。结果: 与假手术组比较,模型组小鼠神经功能评分显著降低,随CVS时间延长,各组小鼠mGluR1 mRNA、mGluR1和p-ERK1/2蛋白均有不同程度增强,凋亡细胞增多,神经细胞出现变性坏死、神经轴索变性断裂。与模型组比较,拮抗剂组小鼠神经功能评分增加,mGluR1 mRNA、mGluR1和p-ERK1/2蛋白表达均有不同程度下调,神经细胞凋亡数目减少,脑组织形态学和超微结构损伤减轻。结论: (1)CVS后mGluR1的表达增强可通过激活ERK信号途径诱导神经细胞凋亡。(2)mGluR1选择性拮抗剂LY367385对CVS损伤具有拮抗作用。     

正交法筛选组穴对脑缺血再灌注损伤模型大鼠细胞外信号调节激酶信号转导通路的影响

BACKGROUND: Acupuncture point matching is little reported in the electroacupuncture for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.     

小鼠蛛网膜下腔出血后海马CA1区mGluR1和ERK1/2的表达变化

目的:探讨小鼠蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)后代谢型谷氨酸受体1(metabotropicglutamate receptor 1,mGluR1)及细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(ERK1/2)调控神经细胞凋亡的分子机制。方法:采用非开颅血管内穿线法制备小鼠SAH模型,随机分为3组:假手术组、SAH+生理盐水(SAH+NS)组、SAH+LY367385(mGluR1抑制剂,SAH+LY367385)组,于SAH后10 min侧脑室注射生理盐水或LY367385(500 nmol/L)5μl,术后行神经功能评分。分别在SAH后6、24、48 h 3个时间点取右侧脑组织标本,逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测各组mGluR1的表达变化,免疫印迹法(Western Blot)检测p-ERK1/2蛋白的表达,TUNEL法检测右侧海马CA1区神经细胞的凋亡。结果:与假手术组比较,SAH+NS组小鼠神经功能评分均显著降低(P<0.05),随SAH时间延长,各组小鼠mGluR1、p-ERK1/2蛋白均有不同程度增强,凋亡细胞增多(P<0.05)。与SAH+NS组比较,SAH+LY367385组小鼠神经功能评分增加,mGluR1、p-ERK1/2蛋白表达均有不同程度下调,神经细胞凋亡数目有所减少。SAH后6～48 h,mGluR1的表达与p-ERK1/2呈正相关。结论:mGluR1和ERK在SAH的发病机制中发挥了重要作用,SAH后海马内mGluR1的表达增强可通过激活ERK信号途径诱导神经细胞的凋亡。     

U0126对蛛网膜下腔出血小鼠细胞外信号调节激酶途径的调节作用

目的:研究细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)、天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶-8(caspase-8)在蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后早期脑损伤中的作用,并探讨ERK特异性抑制剂U0126通过此途径发挥作用的保护机制。方法:采用稳定的非开颅血管内穿线法制备小鼠SAH模型,并于术前30 min经尾静脉给予U0126(0.1 mg/kg),分别在术后12、24、48 h 3个时相点取右侧大脑动脉标本,HE染色观察大脑动脉的形态改变,并检测大脑中动脉(MCA)的直径变化;应用免疫印迹法检测各组p-ERK1/2、caspase-8蛋白表达,TUNEL法检测MCA内皮细胞凋亡。结果:模型组小鼠MCA出现严重血管痉挛,直径减小,p-ERK1/2、caspase-8蛋白均有不同程度增强,凋亡细胞增多。与模型组比较,治疗组小鼠各时相点上述3项指标的表达均呈不同程度下调,MCA管径增加,脑血管痉挛缓解。SAH 12～48 h时p-ERK1/2与caspase-8的表达呈正相关。结论:SAH后ERK表达增强可通过激活caspase-8信号途径诱导大脑动脉内皮细胞凋亡;U0126可减少大脑动脉内皮细胞凋亡,其机制之一可能是通过阻抑ERK通路活化实现的。     

Activation of the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in human melanoma

BACKGROUND: Several studies suggest that melanoma may be resistant to treatment because of resistance to apoptosis and that this may be the result of activation of the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathway. AIMS: To test this hypothesis by examining the expression of ERK1/2 and its activated form in histological sections of melanoma and its relation to known prognostic features of the disease. MATERIALS/METHODS: Immunohistochemistry with antibodies to ERK1/2 and phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) was performed on formalin fixed sections from 42 primary melanomas, 38 metastases, and 20 naevi. Fourteen of the primary melanomas were in the radial and 28 in the vertical growth phase. RESULTS: ERK1/2 was widely expressed (100%) in all the (pigmented) lesions studied. p-ERK1/2 expression was much lower in compound (32.4%) and dysplastic (54.5%) naevi than in primary melanoma (nodular 78.8%, superficial spreading 67%) and subcutaneous metastases (76.3%). p-ERK expression was much lower in lymph node metastases (48.5%), suggesting that the microenvironment may influence the activation of ERK. There was a (non-significant) trend for p-ERK expression to be higher in thick (>1.0 mm) versus thin (< or =1.0 mm) melanoma (p = 0.23). There was a trend for overall survival to be related to p-ERK expression in patients with melanoma over 1 mm in thickness. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of activated ERK1/2 in melanocytic lesions appears to be related to malignant potential so that activation of ERK1/2 may be important in melanoma progression. These results provide important histological support for the proposal that inhibition of this signalling pathway may be useful in treatment of melanoma.     

细胞外调节蛋白激酶在体外培养下大鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞的表达

目的:研究大鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK)表达.方法:用生后2～3d SD大鼠,在无菌条件下取大脑皮质,制备细胞悬液,以GFAP鉴定星形胶质细胞;用免疫细胞化学方法研究星形胶质细胞ERK1表达.结果:星形胶质细胞的纯度达95%以上,ERK1免疫阳性物质呈棕黄色,分布于星形胶质细胞胞体与突起中.结论:培养的大鼠星形胶质细胞表达ERK1,其可能与星形胶质细胞信号转导有关.     

细胞外信号调节激酶在TPPB促进PC12产生可溶性淀粉样前体蛋白中的作用

目的：观察在蛋白激酶C(PKC)激动剂TPPB促进可溶性淀粉样前体蛋白(sAPPα)释放过程中参与的信号转导通路。方法:以1 μmol/L的TPPB作用于PC12细胞3 h，同时加入信号转导通路的抑制剂，Western印迹法检测上清液内sAPPα的含量和细胞外信号调节激酶(p42/44MAPK)及磷酸化的p42/44MAPK的表达。结果:1 μmol/L的TPPB作用于PC12细胞3 h可以显著增加上清液内sAPPα的含量，细胞外信号调节激酶抑制剂U0126、c-Jun氨基末端激酶抑制剂SP600125和蛋白酪氨酸激酶抑制剂genistein可以部分消除此作用；而p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580对sAPPα的含量无显著影响。1 μmol/L的TPPB可以使磷酸化的p42/44MAPK表达增加，而对总的p42/44MAPK无显著影响。结论:细胞外信号调节激酶、c-Jun氨基末端激酶和蛋白酪氨酸激酶可能参与TPPB促进sAPPα生成的过程。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对AD细胞模型ERK1/2活性的影响

目的 研究碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)对阿尔茨海默病(AD)细胞模型中磷酸化细胞外调节蛋白激酶(p-ERK1/2)表达影响.方法 经体外培养的大鼠肾上腺嗜铬瘤细胞(PC12细胞)分正常对照组(常规培养液)、Aβ损伤组(即AD细胞模型,加入Aβ25-35)、bFGF组(加入bFGF及Aβ25-35)和抑制剂组(加入MEK抑制剂PD98059、bFGF和老化Aβ25-35).MTT怯检测不同处理组PC12细胞存活率,Western Blot免疫印迹法分析P-ERK1/2蛋白表达变化.结果 Aβ损伤组PC12细胞存活率低于正常对照组(P＜0.05),bFGF组细胞存活率高于A β损伤组(P＜0.01).Western Blot结果显示,Aβ损伤组p-ERK1/2相对表达值较对照组显著下降,A β损伤组在加入不同浓度的bFGF后p-ERK1/2的相对表达值较A β损伤组显著增强,抑制剂组在加入不同浓度的PD98059后p-ERK1/2的相对表达值较bFGF组p-ERK1/2显著下降.结论 bFGF对Aβ诱导的PC12细胞损伤具有一定保护作用,可能与增强PC12细胞ERK1/2活性有关.     

Smad通路参与ERK通路诱导血管平滑肌细胞增殖的过程

目的： 探讨Smad通路是否参与细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)通路诱导血管平滑肌细胞（VSMCs）增殖的过程及其可能机制。方法：将人脐动脉平滑肌细胞（hUASMCs）分为对照组、血小板源性生长因子（PDGF）组、ERK阻断剂组和PDGF+ERK阻断剂组。用MTT法测hUASMCs的增殖活性(A值)，用免疫组化法测hUASMCs内细胞核增殖抗原（PCNA）、磷酸化ERK和磷酸化Smad蛋白的表达，用RT-PCR法测hUASMCs内Smad2/3 mRNA的表达。结果：PDGF组hUASMCs的增殖活性(A值)及hUASMCs内的PCNA、磷酸化ERK和磷酸化Smad2/3蛋白的表达都明显高于其它各组(P<0.01)；各组hUASMCs内Smad2/3 mRNA的表达没有差异。结论： Smad通路可在蛋白水平参与ERK通路诱导VSMCs的增殖过程。     

Curcumin attenuates vascular inflammation and cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice

Cerebral vasospasm is a major cause of death and disability after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH); however, clinical therapies to limit the development of cerebral vasospasm are lacking. Although the causative factors underlying the development of cerebral vasospasm are poorly understood, oxidative stress contributes to disease progression. In the present study, curcumin (150 or 300 mg/kg) protected against the development of cerebral vasospasm and limited secondary cerebral infarction after SAH in mice. The protective effect of curcumin was associated with a significant attenuation of inflammatory gene expression and lipid peroxidation within the cerebral cortex and the middle cerebral artery. Despite the ability of curcumin to limit the development of cerebral vasospasm and secondary infarction, behavioral outcome was not improved, indicating a dissociation between cerebral vasospasm and neurologic outcome. Together, these data indicate a novel role for curcumin as a possible adjunct therapy after SAH, both to prevent the development of cerebral vasospasm and to reduce oxidative brain injury after secondary infarction.     

依达拉奉通过抑制细胞外信号调节激酶1/2信号通路减轻大鼠弥漫性脑创伤后神经细胞凋亡

目的:探讨依达拉奉对脑创伤后神经细胞凋亡的影响及其机制.方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、创伤组、依达拉奉组,Marmarou's法建立弥漫性脑创伤模型.H-E染色观察皮质区神经细胞组织形态变化;免疫组织化学法和免疫印迹法检测磷酸化ERK1/2及Bax的表达;原位缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测神经细胞的凋亡,并对大鼠综合运动功能进行评定.结果:与对照组比较,创伤组中皮质区部分神经细胞出现变性坏死和凋亡的改变,磷酸化 ERK1/2(1、 6、 24、 48h)和Bax(6、 24、 48、 72h)表达水平增高;神经细胞凋亡数目(6、 24、 48、 72h)增多;大鼠综合运动能力评分下降.与创伤组比较,依达拉奉组中脑组织形态结构损伤程度、磷酸化ERK1/2和Bax表达、神经细胞凋亡数目显著下降;大鼠的运动功能评分升高.结论:依达拉奉通过抑制ERK1/2信号途径活化,进而抑制促凋亡蛋白Bax表达,减少神经细胞凋亡,发挥对弥漫性脑创伤的保护作用.     

Prostacyclin and thromboxane in cerebral vasospasm: effects of prostacyclin on experimentally-induced cerebral vasospasm

The basilar artery was exposed transclivally , and a vascular spasm was produced by topical application of a lysed erythrocyte solution. The maximum fall in the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) after administering of 2 micrograms/ kgBW and 15 micrograms/ kgBW of PGI2, ranged from 35 to 45 mmHg and from 65 to 85 mmHg, respectively. The drop in MABP after an injection of papaverine hydrochloride (1.5 mg/ kgBW ) was between 30 and 40 mmHg. If MABP did not fall, the vessel diameter did not change. Although papaverine elicited marked dilation of both normal and spastic basilar arteries, PGI2 did not dilate normal basilar arteries and produced only a slight dilation of spastic basilar arteries. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was simulated by an intracisternal injection of fresh autologous arterial blood 3 days prior to experimentation. Changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were measured by the heat clearance method, before and after an intravenous administration of either PGI2 or papaverine hydrochloride. Changes in rCBF fell into 3 categories: Type A, no change; Type B, a change which varied with the arterial blood pressure, and Type C, an increase rCBF despite systemic hypotension. Type A or B was observed in 17 out of 19 cats with SAH in which PGI2 was administered intravenously, and Type C was observed in only 2 cats. Thirteen untreated control cats produced a Type A or B response in 12, and Type C response in only one cat. There were no significant differences between the control and SAH groups. When 15-hydroperoxy-5, 8, 11, 13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HPETE) was infused, the same results prevailed. Papaverine hydrochloride increased rCBF either transiently or continuously in all cats. These results suggest that PGI2 dilates extracranial rather than intracranial vessels regardless of the presence or absence of cerebral vasospasm.     

大鼠脑缺血再灌流后神经细胞凋亡与caspase-3和caspase-9基因表达

目的：探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌流后神经细胞凋亡及其与caspase-3和caspase-9基因表达的关系。方法：应用原位末端标记和原位杂交技术分别观察细胞凋亡与caspase-3mRNA和caspase-9mRNA表达。结果：脑缺血再灌流后，凋亡神经细胞主要分布于缺血半影区，随着时间的延长凋亡细胞数逐渐增加，至24h达高峰。在缺血半影区，再灌流后神经细胞caspase-3mRNA和caspase-9mRNA表达逐渐增强，到24h阳性细胞数目最多，COD值最高，而缺血中心区两基因均弱表达。结论：脑缺血再灌流后神经细胞凋亡是一个动态的渐进过程。caspase-3和caspase-9基因表达在介导细胞凋亡过程中起重要作用。     

ATP-induced mitogenesis is modulated by phospholipase D2 through extracellular signal regulated protein kinase dephosphorylation in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells.

Extracellular ATP has been known to have many functions as a fast transmitter, and a co-transmitter, and to have morphogenic and mitogenic activity in neuronal cells. Although it was reported that ATP activates phospholipase D (PLD), the role of PLD versus the ATP function was unclear in neuronal cells. In this study, we investigated the role of PLD on the ATP-induced extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK) activation and mitogenic effect in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. In these cells ATP caused PLD2 activation and ERK phosphorylation, which was dramatically reduced by wild-type PLD2-overexpression but not by lipase-inactive-mutant PLD2-overexpression. The accumulation of phosphatidic acid (PA) by preincubating PC12 cells with propranolol (an inhibitor of PA phosphohydrolase) also decreased the ERK phosphorylation. Inhibition of phosphatases by okadaic acid or pervanadate completely blocked PLD2-dependent ERK dephosphorylation. In addition, ATP-stimulated thymidine incorporation was reduced by the overexpression of wild-type PLD2, but not by the overexpression of lipase-inactive-mutant PLD2. Okadaic acid pretreatment overcame the decrease of ATP-induced thymidine incorporation by PLD2 overexpression. Taken together, we suggest that PLD2 activity might play a negative role in ATP-induced ERK phosphorylation and mitogenic signal possibly through phosphatases.     

不完全脑缺血期间家兔尾核与大脑皮质区细胞外腺苷的变化

实验在新西兰白兔上进行，不完全脑缺血帽电刺激一侧颈上神经节１秀发，采用微透析技术测定家兔纹状体及大脑皮质细胞外腺苷及代谢物的水平。微透年探头埋入侧尾核及大脑皮质区，随后以３．０μｌ／ｍｉｎ速度灌流Ｒｉｎｇｅｒ液。透析样品用高效液相色谱法分析，随着不完全脑缺血，Ａｄｏ及代谢物的ＥＣ２含量明显增高，在侧尾核区分别提高了１０倍，６倍和３倍，在大脑皮质区分别提高了６倍，５倍和２倍。     

MCT2在福尔马林致痛模型大鼠大脑皮质中的表达变化

目的　观察疼痛应激时,大脑第一躯体感觉皮质后肢区（primary somatosensory cortex hindlimb region,S1HL）神经元单羧酸转运蛋2（monocarboxylate transporters 2,MCT2）的表达变化,以探讨MCT2参与疼痛调制的机制。  方法　应用免疫组织化学（IHC）、Western blot和计算机图像分析法检测福尔马林致痛大鼠模型大脑S1HL内MCT2的表达变化。  结果　与正常组相比,模型鼠S1HL内MCT2阳性神经元的数量及IOD在1 h时增加,3 d时达高峰,到7 d时有所下降,但仍然高于正常水平（P<0.05）。Western blot结果显示,MCT2蛋白表达变化与MCT2阳性神经元的数量和IOD变化趋势一致。  结论　在疼痛应激状态下,大脑S1HL神经元MCT2的表达增强,提示MCT2参与了疼痛的产生、传递和调制过程。     

Distinct regulation of C3a-induced MCP-1/CCL2 and RANTES/CCL5 production in human mast cells by extracellular signal regulated kinase and PI3 kinase

Complement component C3a causes a robust degranulation in human mast cells. Whether C3a also stimulates chemokine production in human mast cells and what signaling pathway it activates is not known. In the present study, we demonstrate that CD34+ cell-derived primary mast cells and a human mast cell line LAD 2 express surface C3a receptors at similar levels. Furthermore, C3a caused approximately 50% internalization of cell surface C3a receptors in both cell types. We therefore used LAD 2 cells as a model to study C3a-induced biological responses and signaling in human mast cells. We found that C3a stimulated substantial degranulation and induced chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1/CCL2) and regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES/CCL5) production in LAD 2 mast cells. C3a caused a rapid and sustained extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and Akt phosphorylation in LAD 2 mast cells. Furthermore, U0126 and LY294002, which respectively inhibit MEK-induced ERK phosphorylation and PI3 kinase-mediated Akt phosphorylation had distinct effects on C3a-induced responses. Thus, U0126, which blocked C3a-induced RANTES/CCL5 production by 50.6+/-2.3%, inhibited MCP-1/CCL2 generation by 85.2+/-0.6%. In contrast, LY294002 had no effect on C3a-induced RANTES/CCL5 production but blocked MCP-1/CCL2 generation by 83.7+/-1.5%. These data demonstrate that C3a activates divergent signaling pathways to induce chemokine production in human mast cells.