脑多巴胺转运体SPECT鉴别帕金森病与血管性帕金森综合征

目的:多巴胺转运体(Dopamine transporter,DAT)99mTc-TRODAT-1SPECT显像有利于客观评价中枢多巴胺神经元的数量及其功能,本研究探讨DAT显像评估鉴别帕金-森病(PD)与血管性帕金森综合征(VP)的意义。方法:对临床确诊的51例PD患者和12例VP患者进行99mTc-TRODAT-1DATSPECT断层显像。注射示踪剂2-3h后采集图像,勾画出感兴趣区(双侧纹状体和枕叶),计算机自动计算感兴趣区的放射性计数,最后测算出纹状体与枕叶部位的放射性计数比值和非对称性指数并进行比较分析。结果:PD组特异性放射性比值是症状对侧0.38±0.18.症状同侧0.46±0.22,两侧差异有显著性(P<0.05)。VP组特异性放射性比值是左侧0.58±0.16.右侧0.56±0.32,两侧无显著性差异。VP组非对称性指数是6.72±10.53,PD组19.31±16.15,特异性放射性比值和非对称性指数组间比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:多巴胺转运体99mTc-TRODAT-1SPECT显像有助于PD与VP的鉴别。     

^99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT多巴胺转运体显像在诊断早期帕金森病中的意义

目的探讨99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT多巴胺转运体(DAT)显像在诊断早期帕金森病(PD)中的意义.方法对62例早期PD、12例晚期PD及10名正常人进行99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT 基底节DAT显像,选取纹状体区和小脑为感兴趣区,计算两者的放射性比值,比较3组间该比值的差异,并分析早期PD患者DAT放射性结合率与H&Y分级及UPDRS评分之间的相关性.结果PD患者基底节99m Tc-TRODAT-1摄取率显著降低,早期PD患者病变较重肢体对侧纹状体放射性摄取率较同侧纹状体显著下降.PD患者纹状体区放射性摄取率与PD患者的H&Y分级呈负相关,而与UPDRS Ⅱ、Ⅲ评分无相关性.结论99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT基底节 DAT显像可用于临床早期PD的诊断.     

脑多巴胺转运体 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT显像对早期帕金森病与特发性震颤鉴别诊断的价值

目的探讨脑多巴胺转运体(DAT)99mTcTRODAT1单光子发射计算机断层脑显像(SPECT)对早期帕金森病(PD)与特发性震颤(ET)鉴别诊断的价值。方法对28例早期PD、15例ET、8例ET合并PD(ETPD)患者和15名健康志愿者进行99mTcTRODAT1SPECT显像,勾画出各组脑内感兴趣区[双侧纹状体(ST)及枕叶(OC)],计算机自动给出各区的放射性计数,计算左、右侧特异性放射性摄取比值(STOC/OC)及不对称指数,并加以比较。结果DAT特异性放射性摄取比值:正常对照组左侧为0.58±0.16、右侧为0.56±0.32,ET患者左侧为0.55±0.22、右侧为0.56±0.24,两侧及两组间比较差异均无显著性;ETPD组左侧为0.44±0.33、右侧为0.45±0.18,早期PD组症状肢体对侧为0.40±0.33、症状肢体同侧为0.51±0.12,以上两组与正常对照组和ET组比较呈显著性降低(P<0.01,P<0.05);且PD组症状肢体的对侧低于同侧,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。非对称性指数:PD组高于ET组,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论99mTcTRODAT1SPECT显像有助于早期PD与ET的鉴别诊断。     

脑多巴胺转运体SPECT显像鉴别早期帕金森病与原发性震颤

目的探讨脑多巴胺转运体99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT显像在鉴别帕金森病与原发性震颤的应用.方法 19例帕金森病与17例原发性震颤患者均行脑多巴胺转运体99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT显像,勾画出两组患者脑内感兴趣区(双侧纹状体及小脑),计算机自动给出各区的放射性计数,计算左、右侧纹状体的特异性放射性摄取比值及不对称指数并加以比较.结果帕金森病患者的Hoehn-Yahr分期是1.7±0.6.原发性震颤患者脑多巴胺转运体对99mTc-TRODAT-1的特异性摄取比值左(0.5±0.1)、右(0.6±0.2)两侧差异无显著意义;而帕金森病患者症状对侧(0.3±0.2)与症状同侧(0.4±0.2)差异有显著意义, 症状对侧低, 症状同侧高,并且双侧均低于原发性震颤患者.不对称指数帕金森病患者(21.1±17.4)明显高于原发性震颤(9.2±11.2)患者.结论脑多巴胺转运体99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT显像可以鉴别帕金森病与原发性震颤.     

99Tcm-TRODAT-1 SPECT与131I-epideprideSPECT显像对早期帕金森病人的临床应用价值

目的探讨脑多巴胺转运体（DAT）^99Tc^m-TRODAT-1 SPECT显像与多巴胺D2受体（D2R）^131I-epidepride SPECT显像在早期帕金森病（PD）中的临床应用价值。方法10例正常对照者及46例早期未经替代治疗的PD患者分别接受脑DAT ^99Tc^m-TRODAT-1 SPECT与多巴胺D2R ^131I-epidepride SPECT断层显像，利用感兴趣区技术计算纹状体与枕叶、额叶的放射性比值（ST-OC／OC和ST-FC／FC）。结果PD患者起病肢体对侧脑DAT比值ST-OC／OC和ST-FC／FC比同侧均降低，双侧ST-OC／OC较对照组均降低。PD患者起病肢体对侧脑D2R比值ST-OC／OC和ST-FC／FC比同侧均增高。PD患者起病肢体对侧脑DAT比值ST-OC／OC与患者病程呈负相关，起病肢体对侧脑D2R比值ST-OC／OC与患者年龄及UPDRS运动评分呈负相关。结论人脑DAT ^99Tc^m-TRODAT-1 SPECT显像与D2R ^131I-epidepride SPECT显像均有助于PD的早期诊断及病情监测。     

99mTc-TRODAT-1脑SPECT显像对帕金森病诊断

目的 :探讨99mTc TRODAT 1SPECT多巴胺转运体 (dopaminetransporter,DAT)显像对帕金森病 (Parkinson’sdisease ,PD)早期诊断的价值。方法 :对 7例早期PD患者、3例中晚期PD患者和 2例正常对照者行99mTc TRODAT 1SPECT脑断层显像 ,利用感兴趣区技术测定纹状体 /额叶 (striuatum/frontalcortex ,ST/FC)和纹状体 /枕叶 (striuatum/occipitalcortex ,ST/OC)的比值 ,表示纹状体的DAT活性。结果 :早期PD患者起病肢体对侧的ST/FC(1 10 6± 0 0 41)和ST/OC(1 12 3± 0 0 45 )比起病肢体同侧的ST/FC(1 2 47± 0 0 63 )和ST/OC(1 2 46± 0 0 3 4)明显降低 (两者P值均 <0 0 1)。早期PD患者起病肢体同侧的ST/FC和ST/OC比正常对照者显著降低 ,比中晚期PD患者起病肢体同侧的ST/FC和ST/OC显著增高。结论 :99mTc TRODAT 1脑SPECT显像有助于PD的早期诊断     

少动-强直综合征^99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT基底节显像的初步研究

目的探讨少动-强直综合征(akinetic-rigid syndrome,ARS)99mTcTRODAT-1 SPECT显像的特点.方法对11例ARS病人(6例Wilson's病人、1例进行性核上性麻痹病人、1例夏伊-德雷格综合征病人、2例不明原因的帕金森综合征病人、1例Fahr's病人)及1例正常人行99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT脑断层显像,观察纹状体显像特点,利用感兴趣区技术测定纹状体/枕叶(striatum/occipital cortex,ST/OC)比值,表示纹状体的多巴胺转运体(dopaminetransporter,DAT)活性.结果根据病情、病程不同,Wilson's病人主要以壳核区放射性摄取减少为主,其他ASR病人尾状核、壳核放射性摄取呈均匀性减少.结论初步结果提示,99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT显像对ARS的诊断、鉴别诊断、病情评估具有临床应用价值.     

~(99m)Tc-TRODAT-1 SPECT多巴胺转运体显像对帕金森病早期诊断的价值

目的　探讨99mTc TRODAT 1SPECT多巴胺转运体 (dopaminetransporter,DAT)显像对帕金森病 (PD)早期诊断的价值。方法　对 9例PD患者 ,2例可疑的PD患者 ,18例健康自愿者行99mTc -TRODAT-1SPECTDAT断层显像 ,利用感兴趣区技术测定纹状体与小脑部位DAT比值。结果　单侧症状的PD患者起病肢体对侧纹状体DAT特异性摄取为 (1 32± 0 0 3) ,同侧纹状体DAT特异性摄取为 (1 36± 0 0 4) ,两者相比有显著性差异。单侧症状的PD患者与年龄、性别相匹配的正常人相比有显著性的降低。结论　99mTc TRODAT 1SPECTDAT显像有助于PD的早期诊断     

^99Tc^m-TRODAT-1 SPECT脑显像在早期帕金森病患者显像研究

目的探讨99Tcm-2β-[N,N′-双(2-巯乙基)乙撑二胺基]甲基-3β-(4-氯苯基)托烷(TRODAT-1) 多巴胺转运蛋白(transporter,DAT)显像在帕金森病(PD)早期诊断中的应用价值.方法对50例早期PD患者和12例健康对照者行脑DAT 99Tcm-TRODAT-1 SPECT断层显像.利用感兴趣区技术测定纹状体与小脑部位DAT比值.结果健康对照组双侧纹状体摄取差异无显著性.早期PD 患者双侧纹状体与小脑部位比值分别较健康对照组明显降低(P均＜0.001).起病肢体对侧纹状体与小脑部位比值比起病肢体同侧纹状体与小脑部位比值明显降低(P均＜0.001).结论脑99Tcm-TRODAT-1 SPECT显像有助于PD的早期诊断.     

帕金森病~(99m)Tc-TRODAT-1多巴胺转运体SPECT初步临床应用研究

目的:评价多巴胺转运体(DTA)显象剂99mTc-2β-[N,N′-双(2-巯乙基)乙撑二氨基]甲基,3β(4-氯苯基)托烷(99mTc-TRODAT-1)诊断帕金森病(PD)及其严重程度(H/Y分级)相关性。方法:PD患者29例(H/Y1-4级),正常对照组22例,静脉注射99mTc-TRODAT-1,2-3hr后行DATSPECT显像,并应用ROI技术计算纹状体/小脑放射性比值(ST/CB),研究ST/CB与H/Y分级的相关性。结果:与正常对照组比较,PD患者纹状体内99mTc-TRODAT-1积聚显著下降,尤以壳核更为明显。早期PD患者(H/Y:1)不仅有病侧肢体对侧纹状体放射性分布减少,同侧纹状体放射性分布也明显减少,但对侧更明显,两侧壳核/小脑放射性比值有显著差异(P<0.05=。ST/CB与PD)的严程度重)(H/Y分级)无显著相关性。结论:99mTc-TRODAT-1DATSPECT显像有助于了解PD患者纹状体内突触前膜的DAT丢失情况,PD患者DAT明显减少,对PD的早期诊断及鉴别诊断有非常重要的意义。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.