初一学生吸烟行为及与社会心理因素关系的初步研究

为了验证在美国加州实施后取得巨大成效,并已成为美国第三代预防吸烟的代表技术的ＳＭＡＲＴ计划是否适用于武汉,我们对武汉市初一学生的吸烟行为及其与社会心理因素的关系进行了调查。通过单因素和多因素非条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析,结果表明,吸烟率高达３１２％（尝试吸过烟的学生占３１２％,吸过１支烟的占１２７％,吸过１００支烟占３４％,已养成吸烟习惯的占１０％）。影响吸烟行为的因素包括家庭、伙伴、社会、抵御同伴递烟压力的能力以及心理压力等。这与ＳＭＡＲＴ计划的针对性保持高度一致。因此,我们预计ＳＭＡＲＴ计划在武汉实施将是非常有效和切实可行的     

2006年龙岩市部分高中学生吸烟情况调查

[目的]了解龙岩市高中学生吸烟情况以及对控制吸烟的态度，为今后教育和干预措施提供科学理论依据。[方法]采取整群随机抽样方法，通过现场问卷的方式对两所中学4个高中班的221名学生进行调查。[结果]男生吸烟率14．1％，女生吸烟率3．7％。男生吸烟率高于女生（P〈0．05）。尝试吸第一口烟者占调查者总数的27．8％，半数以上小于10岁，尝试吸烟者成为当前吸烟者的比率为31．0％。说明尝试吸烟者近I／3成为当前吸烟者。[结论]个人认识与社会、家庭、学校影响成为影响青少年吸烟的主要因素，影响着青少年对控制吸烟的态度。应采取教育与行政干预相结合的办法，才能有效地改变学生的不健康行为，控制吸烟。     

合肥市初一学生吸烟状况调查

目的 了解安徽省合肥市初一学生的吸烟状况及其相关因素，以便为进一步开展干预研究提供依据。方法 在合肥市采用整群随机抽样的方法抽取4500名初一学生，并对其进行问卷调查。结果 尝试吸烟率为12．7％，吸第一支烟学生的年龄平均为9．5a，多因好奇而吸烟，占40．2％，其次为受他人影响。在尝试吸烟中发展为现在吸烟占10．0％。促使学生放弃吸烟的主要原因是知道吸烟危害健康，异性朋友反对和家人反对。结论 及早开展积极的健康教育是预防学生吸烟和放弃吸烟的关键，学校应将控烟重点放在小学高年级的初中阶段。     

儿童行为问题与学校环境关系的初探

目的 了解学校的环境条件是否对儿童行为问题的发生有影响。方法 对不同类小学的575名小学生使用Rutter儿童行为量表父母问卷进行儿童行为问题的调查，同时对他们的教室建筑条件进行卫生学调查、评价。结果 575名小学生中有行为问题为8．3％，男生12．8％多于女生3．8％(X^2＝15．072，P＜0．01)，重点学校10．7％多于一般校4．0％(X^2=7．705，P＜0．01)。在教室中所占面积少(＜1．10m^2／人)的小学生(10．3％)的行为问题多于占面积大的(5．3％)，小学生所坐桌椅形式中坐连桌连椅的行为问题最多10．1％(42／416)。结论 学校及其环境条件可能会影响小学生的心理健康。     

中学生吸烟现状及相关因素分析

目的：鉴于我国青少年吸烟率的不断递升,有必要探索一种适合青少年特点的控烟模式。方法：采用整群随机抽样法对5266名中学生吸烟现状及其相关因素进行调查分析。结果：学生中尝试吸烟率达26．8％,吸第一支烟的学生以10岁最多,其次为12岁,14岁和15岁,学生中79．2％是受他人影响而为。在尝试吸烟中有32．2％将发展为再次吸烟。吸烟学生较多是在家中或较隐蔽处吸烟。促使学生放弃吸烟行为的主要因素是懂得吸烟危害健康、异性朋友反对和丰富的课余活动。结论：学校应对学生加强健康教育,而推迟吸第一支烟的年龄是预防青少年吸烟的关键。学校控烟工作的重点应放在小学高年级和初中阶段,同时还必须从学校、家庭、社会及个人多方面探讨其根源,找出对策。     

宝鸡城区中、老年人群吸烟调查

目的了解中、老年城市居民吸烟行为状况及其影响因素．方法对宝鸡城区≥35岁人群吸烟行为特征进行流行病学现况调查。结果该市中老年人群吸烟率为64．9％,其中男性吸烟率为96．0％,女性2．7％。个体商贩、工人、行政干部高于其它职业人群的吸烟率;男性轻、中度吸烟率在75．5％以上;女性为92．5％;男性吸烟者中89％吸人肺部。工作单位、家庭。朋友亲戚处是主要的吸烟场所,吸烟的主要伙伴是朋友、同事。结论吸烟已成为该地区严重健康问题,应加大力度采取控烟措施。     

育英小学学生行为问题现状分析

目的：了解育英小学学生行为问题现状。方法：选择锦州市育英小学1～6年级全部在班学生380名，应用英国Rutter儿童行为量表，评定小学生行为问题，同时调查家庭环境及教养因素。结果：小学生行为问题占8．9％。影响儿童行为问题的主要因素是家庭教育环境，包括母亲文化程度、父母关系和教育方式。结论：小学生行为问题应引起家庭、学校和社会的关注。     

大学生吸烟行为及其影响因素分析

本文对大学生吸烟行为及其影响因素进行了抽样调查。结果显示：吸烟率为１６．６％，男性吸烟率为２４．７５，女性为１．８％。吸烟行为初次发生在小学４６人，中学６５人，大学１５人。首次吸烟原因以好奇模仿为主，达５０．８％。调查对象中多数对吸烟有害有所认识，但较肤浅。吸烟学生中有戒烟愿望者达７６．８％。影响吸烟行为的相关因素中，教师、家长和朋友的吸烟行为及其态度是其重要原因。提示：大力提倡在小学、中学、大学各阶段对学生进行系统的健康教育、营造无烟环境是必要的。     

吸烟态度对中学生吸烟意向及行为的影响

为研究吸烟态度对吸烟意向和行为的影响，文中对北京市620名中学生有关吸烟态度．意向及行为进行了问卷调查。结果表明，中学生吸烟率为5．8％．偶尔吸烟率为7．6%。又在调查学生529名不吸烟者和偶尔吸烟者中，有53人打算以后吸烟，占10%。对打算吸烟的意向有重要影响的因素是父、母亲对子女吸烟的态度；对学生吸烟行为有重要影响的因素是同学的吸烟态度和本人的吸烟态度，包括对吸烟的情绪作用、社交作用、负性作用态度。此结果提示，在进行吸烟干预时应考虑到这些影响因素，以便采用取有效的干预措施。     

农村社区居民吸烟及影响因素分析

目的探讨农村社区居民吸烟的影响因素，为开展控烟教育及行为干预提供依据。方法采用横断面问卷调查方式。对江苏省常州市武进区18岁以上常住居民进行吸烟行为流行病学调查。结果该区18岁以上常住人群总吸烟率为30．0％，男性吸烟率为68．4％，远高于女性的1．7％；男性40～50岁组吸烟率最高为75．4％，〈30岁组吸烟率最低为45．7％。在男性中，农民吸烟率最高（70．0％），家务劳作者最低（26．1％）；吸烟者中，25岁前开始吸烟者占76．0％，每天吸烟10支以上者占88．5％，戒烟成功率为14．1％，被动吸烟率为71．7％。结论目前苏南农村社区居民的吸烟状况不容乐观，应大力开展控烟的宣教及吸烟相关因素的干预活动。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.