青少年社会资本与健康行为间的相关性

探讨中国西南地区青少年社会资本与其健康行为间的关系,为推进学校健康促进工作提供参考.方法 在重庆市主城区及周边区县学校,根据年级及学校地理位置,采用分层随机抽样,共抽10所学校1 885名学生,采用“社会资本量表”和“健康行为量表”收集资料,并对获得的数据运用探索性及典型相关分析方法进行处理.结果 青少年的社会资本越多,则越能养成良好的健康行为(第1典型相关系数R=0.78,P<0.05),表现为家庭氛围越好、亲子关系越好、手足互动越好、亲友互动越好、社区参与越多、代间沟通越多、亲师关系越好、同伴关系越好、师生关系越好、社团参与越多的青少年,其健康行为越好(负荷量分别为-0.705,-0.687,-0.567,-0.705,-0.536,-0.521,-0.542,-0.711,-0.612,-0.688);社区参与越多、亲师关系越好、同伴关系越差、社团参与越多的青少年(负荷量分别为0.475,0.411,-0.504,0.426),则越能落实营养行为、健康责任行为及运动行为(第2典型相关系数R=0.45,P<0.05);家庭氛围越好、亲子关系越好、同伴关系越差、社团参与越少(负荷量分别为0.547,0.431,-0.415,-0.362),则越能履行营养行为(第3典型相关系数R=0.31,P<0.05).结论 青少年的社会资本与健康行为密切相关,家庭内、外社会资本及学校社会资本对其健康行为养成具有正向效应.     

青少年认知能力与健康危险行为相关性分析

探究青少年健康危险行为现状及其与认知能力的关系,为减少青少年健康危险行为的发生及早期预防提供实证参考.方法 采用分层次、多阶段、概率与规模成比例(PPS)的方法,从全国28个县级单位(县、区、市)随机抽取112所学校,2013-2014学年基线调查19 487名学生,2014-2015学年追踪调查8 636名初中学生.运用x2检验、t检验的描述性统计方法,以及Logistic多因素回归分析认知能力与健康危险行为的关系.结果 学生存在1种健康危险行为的报告率为20.77%,1种以上的健康危险行为报告率为16.03%.学生认知能力标准化得分为(0.33±0.82)分.有健康危险行为的青少年认知能力标准化得分均分为0.14分,没有健康危险行为青少年的得分为0.43分.男性、农村户口、非住校、父母受教育程度低的青少年更容易发生健康危险行为.Logistic回归分析显示,青少年认知能力与其健康危险行为的相关有统计学意义(OR=0.67,P<0.01).结论 青少年健康危险行为现状堪忧,认知能力对健康危险行为的影响显著.建议以青少年的认知能力为出发点,预防和减少青少年健康危险行为的发生.     

服刑人员未成年子女心理健康状况和自尊程度的 关系研究

摘要:目的　探讨服刑人员未成年子女心理健康状况和自尊之间的关系,为今后服刑人员未成年子女的心理健康保健工作提供依据。方法　采用心理健康诊断量表和自尊量表对130名服刑人员未成年子女的心理健康状况和自尊程度进行测量。结果　（1）不同性别的未成年子女在心理健康状况和自尊得分上差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;（2）不同年龄的未成年子女在心理健康状况和自尊得分上差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;（3）不同服刑时间的服刑人员未成年子女在心理健康状况差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,在自尊得分上差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;（4）不同服刑情况的服刑人员未成年子女在心理健康状况上差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,在自尊得分上差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;（5）服刑人员未成年子女的自尊程度和学习焦虑、对人焦虑、孤独倾向、身体症状、自责倾向、过敏倾向、恐怖倾向、冲动倾向及心理健康状况均呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。结论　（1）服刑人员未成年子女心理健康状况受父母服刑时间、服刑情况及年龄的影响。（2）服刑人员未成年子女的年龄越大,其自尊水平越低。（3）服刑人员未成年子女心理健康状况越好,自尊水平越高。     

安阳市2013与2015年青少年健康危险行为比较

了解安阳市2013年与2015年青少年健康危险行为的变化情况,为采取相应的干预措施提供参考.方法 2015年随机抽取2013年参加安阳市青少年健康危险行为调查的2所中学,同时随机抽取1所2013年未参加过调查的学校初三学生作为研究对象,共303人进行问卷调查.结果 对同一群体青少年2013年与2015年调查比较,伤害、成瘾及饮食相关危险行为均呈上升趋势,自杀意念、自杀计划、曾经吸烟、曾经饮酒和上网时间≥≥4 h/d的报告率升高(x2值分别为6.912,8.828,13.413,12.354,10.551,P值均<0.05).对2013年和2015年相同年级的青少年调查结果显示,不是每天吃早餐、偏食、自杀意念、自杀计划、曾经饮酒及电子游戏均呈上升趋势(P值均<0.05).同一群体青少年2015年与2013年相比,艾滋病相关知识、态度报告率均呈上升趋势,青少年艾滋病正确态度持有率由3.15%升至15.20%.结论 青少年艾滋病知识宣传教育干预效果明显,部分危险行为报告率上升,家庭、学校和社会应该采取有针对性的干预措施,预防和减少青少年危害健康行为的发生.     

Relationship between distance from major roads and adolescent health in Japan

A relationship between distance from major roads and the prevalence of allergic disorders and general symptoms among junior high school students was assessed, separating the effects of distance of residence and school from the roads. Study subjects were 5,652 students aged 12 to 15 years. This study used diagnostic criteria from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. The questionnaire also asked about symptoms of headache, stomachache, tiredness, and cough and the shortest distance from residence to major roads. Distance from school to the nearest major road was measured on a map. Adjustment was made for gender, grade, the number of older siblings, smoking in the household, and maternal history of allergy. A shorter distance between residence and major roads was associated with an increased prevalence of headache, stomachache, tiredness, and cough. There was a marginally significant positive association between residence facing major roads and the prevalence of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Residence within 100 m of major roads showed a tendency for a positive relationship with the prevalence of wheeze and atopic dermatitis. There was no apparent relationship between distance of school from major roads and allergic disorders or the general symptoms. The findings suggest that proximity of residence, not school, to major roads may be associated with an increased prevalence of allergic disorders, headache, stomachache, and tiredness among Japanese adolescents. Further investigations with more precise and detailed exposure and health outcome measurements are needed to corroborate the relationship between traffic related factors and allergic disorders and general symptoms.     

中学生健康危险行为与心理健康状况的关系

  目的  了解潍坊市中学生心理健康现状,分析中学生健康危险行为对心理健康状况的影响,为改善潍坊市中学生的心理健康状况及有效预防心理健康问题的产生提供参考依据。  方法  采用课题组编制的基本情况调查表和Kessler 10(K10)量表,对分层随机整群抽取的潍坊市3 185名中学生展开调查,应用χ2检验、二元Logistic回归等方法进行统计学分析。  结果  潍坊市中学生心理健康状况良好的有1 634名(51.3%),一般854名(26.8%),较差394名(12.4%),差303名(9.5%);睡眠时间、吸烟情况等是中学生心理健康状况的影响因素(P值均 < 0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,相较于睡眠时间＜8 h的中学生,睡眠时间≥8 h的中学生心理健康状况更好(OR=0.36);相较于不吸烟的中学生,吸烟的中学生心理健康状况较差(OR=3.53)。  结论  健康危险行为与中学生心理健康状况密切相关。有关部门应加强健康生活方式的教育及宣传力度,密切关注健康危险行为与心理健康状况之间的影响。     

Long-term consequences of adolescent health behaviors: implications for adolescent health services

The authors discuss the evidence supporting the effectiveness of adolescent preventive services to influence health outcomes, the magnitude of the long-term consequences of adolescent health-compromising behaviors, and their implications for health policies. Particular attention is given to the contribution that behaviors participated in or begun during adolescence have on long-term health, including cancer and heart disease. They postulate the health benefits that might accrue from the widespread implementation of comprehensive adolescent preventive services, assuming a conservative estimate of effectiveness, could be significant.     

欺负与护士自尊、健康及工作绩效关系

目的探讨工作场所中欺负与护士自尊、健康和工作绩效的关系,为阐明欺负的作用机制及其干预提供理论依据。方法采用分层随机抽样方法在广西南宁抽取6所医院450名护士进行问卷调查。结果相关分析表明,欺负与自尊、健康和工作绩效均呈负相关关系（r=-0.179、-0.314、-0.139,P<0.01）;回归分析表明,欺负能负向预测个体的自尊、健康和工作绩效（β=-0.176、-0.312和-0.147,P<0.01）;进一步的结构方程模型分析表明,欺负对个体健康水平具有直接效应（γ=-0.316,P<0.01）,并部分通过自尊影响个体健康水平（P<0.01）,中介效应为-0.153（P<0.01）;欺负对工作绩效的直接效应无统计学意义（P >0.05）,而是完全通过自尊影响个体工作绩效（P<0.05）,中介效应为-0.134（P <0.05）。结论自尊在欺负与健康之间具有部分中介效应,在欺负与工作绩效之间具有完全中介效应。     

效能水平与高血压人群健康行为因素关系

目的 分析社区老年高血压人群效能水平与心血管健康行为和健康因素的关系。方法 选取河北省唐山市荣华里、吉庆里、新华里、龙泉西里、团结楼和红星楼6个社区中已确诊为高血压的2 592例老年人作为研究对象,采用一般自我效能感量表（GSES）进行效能水平评测,结合随访1年期间高血压主要事件,分析老年高血压人群效能水平与心血管健康行为和健康因素的关系。结果 唐山市社区老年高血压人群效能水平高组心血管健康行为吸烟、BMI、饮食、锻炼4项处于理想状态者分别占60%、60.2%、58.4%、59.4%,效能水平中组分别占39.4%、38.5%、36.5%、39.4%,效能水平低组分别占23.2%、24.5%、23.8%、22.5%;效能水平高组心血管健康因素血压、血糖、血脂3项处于理想状态者分别占55.8%、59.3%、54.9%,效能水平中组分别占36.7%、39.2%、38.1%,效能水平低组分别占23.5%、24.3%、24.1%;效能水平高组理想心血管健康行为和因素组合项目分布比率、患者1年内累积高血压事件发生率及脉压差变化情况优于效能水平中、低组。结论 效能水平与心血管健康行为和健康因素相关,高效能水平可增加理想心血管健康行为和健康因素,预防老年高血压人群不良心脑血管事件的发生。     

Clinical applications of self-esteem and locus of control to adolescent health

Self-esteem and locus of control are two associated constructs representing, respectively, a generalized self-evaluation and an assessment of personal control. Measures representing these constructs generally rely on self-report. These measures have been applied to adolescent health as predictors and outcomes. Most studies rely on χ³, t-test, and ANOVA analysis and report mixed results in attaining significant group comparisons on issues including contraceptive use, adolescent pregnancy, and substance abuse. Few studies employ multiple regression or discriminant function analysis assessing the relative influence or predictive accuracy and sensitivity of these measures. Studies using these analyses report limited or nonsignificant contributions of these measures to clinical issues (e.g., adolescent fatherhood, adolescent pregnancy, substance abuse, medical management) relative to variables such as patient age, social class, parental attitudes, and peer relationships. Our discussion of these results addresses the validity of self-reports of self-esteem and locus of control versus observation procedures assessing these constructs by verbal and nonverbal presentation of self, analytic procedures appropriate to clinical prediction of behavior by person and situation characteristics, and procedures to advance the clinical adoption of behavioral measures.     

Relationships between parenting styles and risk behaviors in adolescent health: an integrative literature review

Research over the past 20 years suggests that the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship significantly affects the development of risk behaviors in adolescent health. The purpose of this paper is to present a review of studies published between 1996-2007 that address specific relationships between parenting styles and six priority adolescent risk behaviors. The review supports the substantial influence of parenting style on adolescent development. Adolescents raised in authoritative households consistently demonstrate higher protective and fewer risk behaviors than adolescents from non-authoritative families. There is also considerable evidence to show that parenting styles and behaviors related to warmth, communication and disciplinary practices predict important mediators, including academic achievement and psychosocial adjustment. Careful examination of parenting style patterns in diverse populations, particularly with respect to physical activity and unintentional injury, will be a critical next step in the development of efficacious, culturally tailored adolescent health promotion interventions.     

Pubertal maturation and adolescent self-esteem

One hundred thirty-five students attending a suburban junior and senior high school were studied to examine the relationships between self-esteem and age, gender, and pubertal events. Forty-five percent of the subjects were male, and 24% were black. Mean Hollingshead Two Factor Index of Social Position was 37.1 ± 16.3, reflecting their predominantly middle-class background. Self-esteem was not related to age but did correlate with intelligence (r = 0.233, p = 0.003). Females had significantly lower self-esteem than males (p = 0.001). Pubertal status (Tanner stage) did not affect self-esteem. However, our data suggest that a subtle relationship between timing of sexual maturation and self-esteem may exist for males. Perhaps more sensitive measures of early pubertal maturation (such as hormone levels) may clarify the extent of this relationship and the gender differences found prior to age 11 years.     

Risky adolescent sexual behaviors and reproductive health in young adulthood

CONTEXT: Little research links adolescent risk behaviors to reproductive health outcomes beyond adolescence, although young adults—men and women in their early 20s— bear a disproportionate burden of STDs and unintended childbearing. METHODS: To assess whether individuals who engaged in risk behaviors during adolescence had increased risk of negative reproductive health outcomes in young adulthood, data from Waves 1–4 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health on 5,798 sexually active respondents were analyzed. Logistic and multinomial logistic regressions examined associations between risk behaviors (cumulatively and individually) and each of three outcomes. RESULTS: Four in 10 youth reported at least three risk factors during adolescence. Women who were exposed to an increasing number of risks had an elevated likelihood of having had multiple sex partners in the last year, rather than none (relative risk ratio, 1.3); having had an STD (odds ratio, 1.1); and having had an intended or unintended birth, as opposed to no birth (relative risk ratio, 1.1 for each). Inconsistent contraceptive use and having had multiple partners, a nonmonogamous partner or a nonromantic partner were associated with reporting multiple partners in the last year; inconsistent use, sexual debut after age 16 and not discussing contraception with a partner were associated with having any birth. CONCLUSIONS: Teenagers’ sexual behaviors have both short‐term and long‐term consequences, and interventions that focus on multiple domains of risk may be the most effective in helping to promote broad reproductive health among young adults.     

广州市青少年危害健康行为调查

目的了解广州市青少年危害健康行为发生情况，为制定青少年健康政策和采取干预措施提供科学依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法分别抽取广州市8所小学和8所中学约8100名学生进行无记名问卷调查。结果危害青少年健康的危险行为主要为意外伤害、自杀、吸烟、饮酒、不良膳食行为、缺乏体育锻炼、接触毒品和无保护性行为。危险行为的发生率与年龄有密切关系。且男生和女生之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论应重视青少年危险行为，并及早干预其危险行为以促进育少年身心健康。     

A sociological study of adolescent health in Ankara, Turkey

This study aims to explore the associations between socio-demographic factors and subjective health complaints of adolescents in Turkey. A sample of 248 students in the 8th-grade from four primary schools with different socio-economic family backgrounds completed a questionnaire on their socio-demographic characteristics and health complaints. Findings revealed that adolescents are not homogeneous in terms of their socio-economical backgrounds and infra-structural living conditions. The distribution of illnesses/complaints compared among schools groups, only catching cold was significantly different. Factor analysis results showed that there are three groups of diseases that differ from one another namely psychological, physical and other. Adolescents' perception about their general health varied among the four schools. According to the regression analysis between three factor groups of illness/complains and socio-demographic and personal characteristics of students, only number of children and working status of fathers showed a significant difference among the socio-demographic characteristics, while weight and height among the personal characteristics. Although the first findings suggested that respondents' physical characteristics affected their physical complaints, it seemed that several complaints could also be affected by social and cultural context.     

南京中学生健康危险行为与抑郁症状关系

目的 了解江苏省南京市中学生健康危险行为和抑郁症状分布情况,并探讨两者之间的关联。方法 采用青少年心理健康状况调查表,于2010年9-10月随机抽取南京市5所学校2 118名中学生进行问卷调查。结果 调查的2 118名中学生中,具有1、2、3项及以上健康危险行为的中学生分别为21.6%、6.0%、4.4%;抑郁症状检出率为46.0%,其中轻度、中度、重度抑郁症状检出率分别为29.4%、13.4%、3.3%;高中生、有健康危险行为的学生抑郁症状检出率均高于初中生、无健康危险行为的学生,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素logistic回归分析显示,随着健康危险行为项数的增加,抑郁症状检出率呈上升趋势(χ_趋势²=58.9,P<0.05),调整人群归因危险度百分比(PARc%)为14.8%。结论 健康危险行为是罹患抑郁症状的危险因素,应引起学校、家庭和社会的重视。     

青少年网络成瘾与自杀行为的相关关系

目的 了解网络成瘾与青少年自杀行为的相关关系,如果存在相关关系,并考察能否被抑郁以及冲动相关行为部分或全部解释.方法 合肥市3507名使用网络的中学生完成问卷调查.内容包括Young网络成瘾诊断量表,自杀行为、抑郁量表,冲动相关的行为以及不良经历等调查表.采用层次logistic回归模型在调整混杂因素的基础上,分析网络成瘾与青少年自杀行为的相关关系及抑郁和冲动相关行为在上述相关关系中的作用.结果 3507名学生有182名(5.2%)被诊断为网络成瘾;过去一年有自杀意念、计划和未遂的学生比例分别为27.4%、9.5%和2.6%.网络成瘾与自杀意念、计划和未遂的关联指标OR值分别为1.79(95%CI:1.32～2.44)、2.32(95%CI:1.57～3.42)和2.08(95%CI:1.03～4.22),调整人口学和不良经历变量后,网络成瘾与自杀未遂的关联无统计学意义.抑郁和冲动相关行为分别引入以网络成瘾为自变量的方程,网络成瘾与自杀意念和计划的关联出现不同程度的下降;相反,若将网络成瘾引入以抑郁或(和)冲动相关行为自变量的方程,抑郁或(和)冲动相关行为与自杀意念和计划的关联未见明显变化.结论 网络成瘾与自杀意念、自杀计划存在关联,且该关联的路径可能由抑郁和冲动相关行为介导.     

5岁以下儿童腹泻与家庭卫生行为和卫生条件的关系

目的探讨陵水县农村5岁以下儿童腹泻与家庭卫生行为和卫生条件的相关性,为今后儿童腹泻病的预防与控制提供参考资料。方法于2015年7月采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法,对陵水县4个乡镇413名5岁以下儿童进行入户调查,分析儿童腹泻相关因素。结果陵水农村5岁以下儿童2周内腹泻患病率为23.5%;随着年龄的增加,5岁以下儿童2周内腹泻患病率下降(χ~2=17.786,P=0.000)。对饮用水不进行处理的家庭儿童2周内腹泻患病率高于对饮用水进行处理的家庭(χ~2=4.152,P=0.042);无厕所的家庭儿童2周内腹泻患病率高于有厕所的家庭(χ~2=4.563,P=0.033);厕所类型是粪坑的家庭儿童腹泻患病率最高;卫生间不清洁的家庭儿童腹泻患病率高于卫生间清洁的家庭(χ~2=4.778,P=0.029)。垃圾处理方式为填埋和院内处理的家庭儿童2周内腹泻患病率较高。结论本次调查地区5岁以下儿童2周内腹泻病的患病率较高,且与家庭卫生行为和卫生条件有关。