电针及氟西汀对抑郁大鼠行为学及海马神经元凋亡的影响

目的 探究电针及氟西汀对慢性应激抑郁大鼠行为学及海马神经元凋亡的影响.方法 65只Sprague-Dawley雄性大鼠,按随机数字表随机分为空白组、空白电针组、模型组、电针组、氟西汀组,每组13只.慢性应激后进行行为学评价;采用膜联蛋白V-异硫氰酸荧光素/碘化丙啶双染法检测海马神经元凋亡率;采用免疫组织化学方法检测海马bcl-2蛋白表达.结果 模型组大鼠旷场试验水平穿越格数[(1.6±1.3)格]、竖立次数[(0.4 ±0.2)次]、体质量增加量[(34±18)g]均明显低于空白组[分别为(51.1 ±22.3)格、(13.2±4.6)次、(128 ±21)g],P均＜0.05;海马神经元细胞凋亡率[(67±10)%]高于空白组[(53±13)%],P＜0.05;海马组织bcl-2蛋白阳性细胞计数[(28±10)个/mm<'2>]低于空白组[(78±22)个/mm<'2>],P＜0.05.电针组[分别为(39.3 ±14.3)格,(9.6 ±4.1)次,(81±43)g]、氟西汀组[分别为(37.2±15.1)格,(9.3±4.6)次,(80 ±35)g]上述指标均明显高于模型组(P＜0.05);海马神经元细胞凋亡率[电针组(30±9)%,氟西汀组(51±13)%]均低于模型组(P＜0.05);海马组织bcl-2蛋白阳性细胞计数[电针组(56±18)个/mm<'2>,氟西汀组(62±24)个/mm<'2>]均高于模型组(P＜0.05),而电针组与氟西汀组间的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 电针和氟西汀可改善抑郁大鼠行为学症状,这种改善与海马细胞凋亡机制有一定相关性.     

慢性应激与氟西汀对大鼠海马结构与杏仁核神经营养因子蛋白与核酸表达的影响

目的观察慢性温和未预知应激抑郁模型及氟西汀对大鼠海马与杏仁核神经元BDNF／Trk与NT-3／TrkC表达的影响。方法将32只SD雄性大鼠随机均分为正常组、慢性应激模型组、氟西汀组与生理盐水组。选用慢性轻度不可预见性应激加孤养造模，分别采用免疫组织化学、定量逆转录聚合酶链反应检测慢性应激与氟西汀处理的大鼠海马与杏仁核BDNF／TrkB蛋白和信使核酸的表达。结果与其相应的对照组相比，两干预组海马海马回区（CA）与齿状核（DG）BDNF表达呈现相反的变化，而杏仁核的表达则相似。慢性应激组与氟西汀组NT-3在海马与齿状核受调节的方向迥异。TrkB与TrkC表达水平与其配体调节方向略有差别。结论慢性温和未预知应激与氟西汀对海马与杏仁核BDNF／Trk与NT-3／TrkC表达的不同调节方向，可能反映慢性应激抑郁模型动物的病理过程与氟西汀治疗效应之间的差异。     

酸枣仁汤对抑郁模型大鼠海马Wnt-1 基因和蛋白 表达的影响

目的 观察酸枣仁汤对抑郁模型大鼠海马Wnt-1 基因和蛋白表达的影响。方法 制作慢 性轻度不可预见性应激抑郁大鼠模型,实验分成对照组、模型组、氟西汀组、酸枣仁汤低、中、高剂量 组,分别采用酸枣仁汤和氟西汀治疗抑郁模型大鼠,测定其体重、糖水消耗、旷场实验行为活动前后得 分变化情况,以及Western blot 和Real-time PCR 分别检测大鼠海马中Wnt-1 蛋白和基因的表达情况。结 果 抑郁模型大鼠体重增长速度减慢,糖水消耗和旷场实验行为活动得分减少,海马内Wnt-1 蛋白和基 因表达也减少;酸枣仁汤治疗后,大鼠体重增长明显,糖水消耗量明显增多,旷场实验行为活动得分也 增加明显,Wnt-1 蛋白和基因表达上调。结论 酸枣仁汤可增加大鼠抑郁模型海马Wnt-1 基因和蛋白的 表达,减少神经元细胞凋亡,具有抗抑郁作用。     

下丘脑NK2受体在应激介导抑郁症发生中的作用

目的 阐明神经激肽A的受体NK2在慢性不可预见性温和刺激(CUMS)所致的抑郁样行为发生、发展中的可能作用和机制.方法 SD大鼠随机分为对照组、氟西汀组和抑郁模型组3组,行为学检测后,氟西汀组和抑郁模型组均给予孤养+CUMS造成大鼠抑郁症模型,再次行为学检测后,氟西汀组大鼠给予氟西汀腹腔注射21d,抑郁模型组给予同体积生理盐水腹腔注射21d,再次进行行为学检测,麻醉后取大鼠下丘脑,提取组织mRNA和蛋白后,采用荧光定量PCR技术和Western Blot技术检测NK2的表达.结果 应激前3组大鼠的糖水偏好率和强迫游泳的不动时间均无统计学意义.应激后,氟西汀组和抑郁模型组大鼠的糖水摄入明显减少、强迫游泳不动时间明显增长,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).而给予氟西汀后,氟西汀组大鼠的糖水偏好率有所增加,强迫游泳的不动时间有所减少,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但与抑郁组大鼠相比,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与对照组和氟西汀组比较,抑郁组下丘脑NK2受体的mRNA和蛋白的表达量明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而氟西汀组与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 CUMS可引起大鼠行为学改变,造成大鼠抑郁模型;NK2受体的mRNA和蛋白的表达量在应激后大鼠的下丘脑中明显升高,经氟西汀干预后可恢复到正常水平,说明NK2受体与抑郁症的发生、发展过程具有相关性,在抑郁症的发病机制中可能发挥重要作用.     

慢性应激及氟西汀治疗后大鼠海马细胞支架的改变

目的 探讨慢性不可预见性应激及氟西汀治疗后大鼠细胞支架微管系统的动态性变化及其可能机制.方法 将24只大鼠按随机数字表法分为对照组(空白对照+生理盐水)、慢性不可预见性温和应激(CUMS)组(CUMS+生理盐水)和氟西汀组(CUMS+氟西汀),每组8只.对大鼠进行连续21 d CUMS后,氟西汀组给予氟西汀(10 mg/kg)治疗21 d,对照组和CUMS组给予生理盐水.实验结束后进行行为学观察,并使用免疫印迹法(western blot)检测大鼠海马乙酰化微管蛋白(Acet-Tub),酪氨酸化微管蛋白(Tyr-Tub),微管结合蛋白2(MAP-2)及磷酸化微管结合蛋白2(phospho-MAP-2).结果 (1)CUMS组糖水偏好[(55.13±11.80)%],总行程[(2736.59±511.20)cm],运动平均速度[(5.69±1.08)cm/s]及直立次数[(2.50±2.00)次]均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);氟西汀组上述指标与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)CUMS组与对照组相比,Acet-Tub表达升高[(171.84±10.34)%],Tyr-Tub[(62.06±9.24)%]和phospho-MAP-2[(68.81±8.93)%]的表达降低,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.01),MAP-2的表达与对照组比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05);经氟西汀治疗后,Acet-Tub的表达降低为[(96.18±8.92)%],Tyr-Tub和phospho-MAP-2的表达分别升高为[(95.06±8.00)%]、[(100.60±7.30)%],与对照组比较均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 慢性应激后微管动态性减低,神经可塑性受损,氟西汀可以逆转海马的这些损伤,上述过程可能与微管相关蛋白磷酸化水平的变化有关.     

慢性不可预见性温和应激后大鼠行为及海马细胞支架的改变

目的研究慢性不可预见性温和应激所致的动物行为学改变及细胞支架微管系统的动态性改变。方法将大鼠随机分为应激模型组（8只,以下简称模型组）和对照组（8只）,对模型组大鼠进行连续21d的慢性不可预见性应激。进行行为学观察,使用western blotting检测乙酰化微管蛋白（Acet—Tub）,酪氨酸微管蛋白（Tyr—Tub）。结果（1）模型组大鼠慢性应激后糖水偏好及自主活动显著减低,与对照组有显著差异;（2）模型组大鼠慢性应激后海马Acet—Tub表达升高,Tyr—Tub表达减低,与对照组有显著差异。结论慢性应激后微管动态性减低,神经可塑性受损。     

文拉法辛对抑郁症模型大鼠海马神经元细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨文拉法辛对抑郁症模型大鼠海马神经元细胞凋亡相关基因表达的影响.方法 将SD大鼠随机分为抑郁模型组、文拉法辛干预组和正常对照组.以慢性轻度不可预见性的应激结合孤养建立抑郁症动物模型,应激同时文拉法辛干预组给予文拉法辛(15mg/kg)、抑郁模型组给予蒸馏水灌胃干预.采用敞箱实验和糖水消耗实验观察大鼠行为改变.用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测海马神经元细胞凋亡相关基因Bax、Bel-xl mRNA表达情况.结果 抑郁模型组与正常对照组比较,抑郁模型组海马神经元细胞Bax mRNA表达升高[(1.97±0.79)vs(1.28 4±0.49),P<0.01],Bcl-xl mRNA表达降低[(1.06 4±0.42)vs(1.51±0.48),P<0.01];与抑郁模型组比较,文拉法辛干预组海马神经元细胞Bax mRNA表达降低[(1.61±0.68)vs(1.97±0.79),P<0.05],Bcl-xl mRNA表达升高[(1.39±0.51)vs(1.06±0.42),P<0.05].结论 抑郁症模型大鼠存在海马损害,而文拉法辛对Bax mRN和Bcl-xl mBNA的表达具有干预作用,这可能为文拉法辛对抑郁症海马损害具有保护作用的机制之一.     

慢性不可预见性温和应激后大鼠行为及微管相关蛋白tau磷酸化的改变

目的研究慢性不可预见性温和应激所致的动物行为学改变及微管相关蛋白tau磷酸化的改变。方法将大鼠随机分为慢性不可预见性温和应激抑郁（CUMS）组和对照组,对模型组大鼠进行连续21d的慢性不可预见性应激。进行行为学观察,使用western blotting检测总tau,tau磷酸化（Ser356,Thr231）水平的改变。结果CUMS组大鼠慢性应激后糖水偏好及自主活动显著减低,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;CUMS组大鼠慢性应激后海马tau磷酸化表达升高,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论慢性应激后微管相关蛋白tau磷酸化水平升高,神经可塑性受损,提示了新的抑郁症和阿尔茨海默病联系的生化机制。     

抑郁症大鼠海马体积异常的形态学探讨

目的观察抑郁症模型大鼠海马神经元形态结构改变及凋亡、自噬的变化,探讨抑郁症海马体积异常的机制。方法选用雄性成年SD大鼠,随机分为正常对照组和模型组,通过给予不可预见慢性温和应激建立抑郁症模型;采用尼氏染色观察海马神经元形态变化,流式细胞术检测海马神经元凋亡,Western blotting检测自噬相关蛋白LC-3和Beclin 1。结果与对照组比较,模型组海马体积萎缩,神经元数量减少,细胞凋亡率增高(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,模型组LC-3Ⅱ蛋白和LC-3Ⅱ/LC-3Ⅰ比值增高,Beclin 1相对表达增高(P<0.05)。结论抑郁症大鼠海马凋亡和自噬增强,可能是海马体积异常的原因之一。     

抑郁症模型鼠海马神经元细胞凋亡的初步研究

目的 研究抑郁症模型鼠海马神经元细胞的凋亡,探讨海马损害的病理生理机制。方法 选择旷场行为相近的成年SD雄性大鼠30只,随机分为实验组(15只)和对照组(15只),应用分养和长期不可预见的刺激制作成抑郁症模型。采用TUNEL染色法分析细胞凋亡,用免疫组化法检测凋亡的调控因子Bcl-xl。试验结果均采用SPSS 10.0软件处理。结果 与对照组比较,实验组大鼠海马内TUNEL染色阳性细胞增加,表达Bcl-xl蛋白的阳性细胞减少,两组有显著性差异。结论 抑郁症模型鼠海马神经元细胞凋亡增加。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

奥氮平治疗精神分裂症对照研究的Meta分析

目的：探讨奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的疗效和不良反应。方法：应用M eta分析对17篇奥氮平与其他抗精神病药治疗精神分裂症对照研究的文章进行再分析。结果：奥氮平自身对照比较的治疗效应极大（χ^2=141.00，P〈0.05）。治疗2周和治疗结束，奥氮平与对照药疗效比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评分比较差异亦无显著性（P〉0.05）。与对照药相比，奥氮平的不良反应显著少于对照药组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论：奥氮平与对照药的临床疗效相仿，但不良反应明显较少。