99mTc-HMPAO SPECT in the diagnosis of brain death

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of single proton emission tomography (SPECT) with ^99mTc-HMPAO in the diagnosis of brain death (BD). Design: Prospective study in comatose and brain-dead patients. Setting: Neurologic ICU. Patients and methods: Fifty comatose patients (age range: 10 days–75 years) were submitted to SPECT study. In 21 of them (42 %) reversible factors (e. g., influence of drugs affecting the central nervous system) were present. Thirty-eight patients were clinically brain-dead, while the remaining 12 were tested both in pre-terminal conditions and after the clinical onset of BD. Interventions: Brain SPECT following i. v. injection of ^99mTc-HMPAO (300–1100 MBq), using a 4-headed gamma-camera (20 min, 360 °, 88 images). Measurements and results: All patients tested in pre-terminal conditions showed preserved brain perfusion. Two of them had flat EEGs despite the absence of any reversible cause of coma; three patients survived, but remained in persistent vegetative states. SPECT confirmed the diagnosis of BD in 45 out of 47 patients (95.7 %), clearly showing the arrest of brain perfusion (picture of “empty skull”); in two clinically brain-dead children (aged 10 days and 12 months, respectively) weak perfusion of the basal ganglia, thalamus and/or brain stem was still present, precluding the diagnosis of BD; both of them died a few days later. Conclusions: Our results confirm the reliability of SPECT in the diagnosis of BD. A problem arises about its effectiveness in brain-dead children, but this seems to be a matter of definition of BD and cerebral viability, rather than a limit of SPECT. Received: 6 October 1997 Accepted: 21 July 1998     

CTA在自发性脑室出血病因诊断中的临床应用价值

[目的]探讨CT血管成像 （Computed tomographic angiography,CTA）在自发性脑室出血病因诊断中的临床应用价值.[方法]对68例自发性脑室出血患者进行CTA、数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查.CTA 在发病后24 h内完成,DSA 在发病后72 h内完成.对CTA、DSA影像诊断结果进行对比分析.[结果]DSA发现并经手术证实32例自发性脑室内出血继发于脑血管病变,检出率为47.06%（32/68）,包括动脉瘤22例,脑动静脉畸形9例,烟雾病1例.CTA发现31例出血继发于脑血管病变,检出率为45.59%（31/68）,包括动脉瘤21例,脑动静脉畸形9例,烟雾病1例.CTA漏诊的1例,在行DSA复查时显示为大脑前动脉末梢段动脉瘤.两种检测方法阳性率和阴性率均无显著差异（P〉0.05）.[结论]CTA在自发性脑室出血病因诊断中的灵敏度高,与DSA比较具有无创和良好的诊断效率.     

Reliability in diagnosis of brain death

Objective To compare some of the confirmatory investigations of brain death with clinical criteria in order to achieve the most sensitive and accurate diagnosis of brain death.Design All patients with isolated brain lesions and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)=3 were subjected to neurological examination after ruling out hypothermia, metabolic disorders and drug intoxications and diagnosed as clinically brain-dead when the brainstem reflexes were absent and the apnea test positive.Patients: 15 patients with clinical diagnosis of brain death entered this study.Measurements and results The patients were submitted to the following investigations: electroencephalogram (EEG), transcranial Doppler (TCD) of the middle cerebral arteries (MCA), cerebral blood flow measurements with the i.v. Xe-133 method (CBF) and selective cerebral angiography (CA). EEG was isoelectric in 8 patients while the remaining 7 patients showed persistence of electrical activity. TCD was compatible with intracranial circulatory arrest in 18 MCA districts, compatible with normal flow in 2 and undetectable in 10 out of 30 districts insonated. In CBF examinations, however, all the patients showed a characteristic plateau of the desaturation curves lasting through the whole investigation and suggestive of absent cortical flow. CA showed circulatory arrest in both carotid and vertebral arteries.Conclusions Our study suggests that cerebral angiography and CBF studies are the most reliable investigations whereas the role of EEG and TCD remains to be determined because of the presence of false negatives and positives.     

脑膜瘤~(99)Tc~m-MIBI与~(99)Tc~m ECD SPECT脑显像的对照研究

目的　探讨脑膜瘤99Tcm MIBI和99Tcm ECDSPECT脑显像的影像特征 ,并评价其应用价值。方法　对 10例正常对照者及 18例脑膜瘤患者进行99Tcm MIBI和99Tcm ECDSPECT脑显像 ;分析病灶的影像特征。结果　正常对照者99Tcm MIBI显像脑实质内均无核素浓聚 ;99Tcm ECD显像脑实质内放射性核素分布大致均匀 ,左右侧基本对称。 18例脑膜瘤99Tcm MIBI显像见肿瘤处均表现为均匀的圆形或卵圆形放射性核素浓聚 ,其阳性率为 10 0 % ;而99Tcm ECD显像 18例中有 17例示肿瘤处表现为形态规整、边缘整齐的圆形或卵圆形内凹缺损 ,其形态与99Tcm MIBI显像所示的浓聚区相吻合 ,另1例为假阴性结果 ,其阳性率为 94.4%。结论　99Tcm MIBI结合99Tcm ECDSPECT脑显像可用于脑膜瘤的辅助诊断     

Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography,magnetic resonance angiography,and computed tomography angiography: Methods,applications, advantages,and limitations

Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCD), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and computed tomography angiography (CTA) are novel noninvasive or minimally invasive techniques for the study of the intracranial circulation. TCCD is relatively inexpensive and permits bedside examination. It improves the accuracy and reliability of conventional transcranial Doppler studies. The main limitation of TCCD are the ultrasonic windows. They restrict the area of insonation to the major cerebral arteries and the proximal part of its branches, lower the spatial resolution, and may prevent transtemporal insonation. Using MRA, both large and small intracranial arteries and veins can be imaged by selecting the appropriate imaging parameters. MRA provides morphologic information about the cerebral vessels, relying on blood flow as the physical basis for generating contrast between stationary tissues and moving spins. MRA is highly sensitive for the detection of occlusive disease in large intracranial arteries. However, with bright blood techniques the degree of stenosis tends to be exaggerated. Flow direction, eg, in collaterals, can be determined by selective or phase-contrast MRA. Perfusion imaging techniques provide information about blood flow at the capillary level. Diffusion imaging depicts molecular motion. TCCD and MRA used in combination or alone may eliminate the need for intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in most patients studied for occlusive cerebrovascular disease. DSA may be reserved for those patients where there is disagreement among the noninvasive techniques, and for the diagnosis of cerebral aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations. CTA relies on spiral CT technology and intravenous contrast injection. To date, intracranial use has been predominantly for the diagnosis of aneurysms. The role of CTA for the detection of nonaneurysmal intracranial vascular disease has yet to be established. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

99mTc-MIBI心肌断层显像与冠状动脉造影诊断冠心病的对比分析

目的:探讨99mTc-MIBI心肌断层显像(SPECT)诊断冠心病(CAD)的临床价值。方法:60例患者同时进行99mTc-MIBI心肌断层显像(SPECT)和冠状动脉造影(CAG)检查,将结果进行对比分析。结果:以CAG为标准,SPECT诊断冠心病的敏感性93·18%,特异性50%,准确性指数81·67%,阳性预测值83·67%,阴性预测值72·73%。结论:SPECT与CAG从不同的角度诊断CAD符合率高。若CAG阳性则冠心病诊断成立,CAG与SPECT均阴性,可排除冠心病。     

Accuracy of noninvasive ejection fraction measurement in a large community-based clinic

OBJECTIVE: Compare the agreement of two dimensional echocardiography (echocardiography) and electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), with left ventricular contrast angiography (angiography) for the evaluation of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. DATA SOURCE: American College of Cardiology National Cardiovascular Data Registry(TM) (ACC-NCDR). PARTICIPANTS: Patients from a large, community-based clinic in central Wisconsin. METHODS: Consecutive patients (1999-2002) were identified from the ACC-NCDR dataset who underwent angiography and echocardiography or SPECT within 1 month of each other for evaluation of LVEF. Noninvasive LVEF values were compared to those obtained by angiography using the paired t-test. Regression analysis was used to assess the relation between the compared methods. Bland-Altman analyses were performed to assess the agreement between LVEF values obtained by the noninvasive techniques and angiography. Sensitivity and specificity of detecting depressed LVEF were determined for noninvasive techniques. Regression equations were determined for estimating angiographic values from the echocardiographic or SPECT values. RESULTS: Five hundred thirty-four patients underwent 542 angiographic studies: SPECT in all 534 patients, combined SPECT and echocardiographic studies in 201 patients, and combined angiographic and echocardiographic studies in 202 patients. Correlation of angiographic LVEFs with both echocardiographic and SPECT LVEFs was significant (r = 0.70 and r = 0.69, respectively; p < 0.0001). Echocardiographic LVEFs were lower than those determined by angiography (49% +/- 1.0% versus 54% +/- 1.0%; p < 0.0001). SPECT LVEFs were also lower than angiographic LVEFs (49% +/- 0.6% versus 57% +/- 0.6%; p < 0.0001). For 201 patients who underwent both SPECT and echocardiography, SPECT LVEFs were lower (47% +/- 1.0% for SPECT versus 49% +/- 1.0% for echocardiography; p < 0.05). Bland-Altman analysis revealed widely varying differences between techniques with broad confidence intervals. Nonetheless, sensitivity and specificity for determining LVEFs of <40% for SPECT and echocardiography were 90% and 86%, and 75% and 89%, respectively. LVEF of < or = 35% was correctly assessed by both SPECT and echocardiography. Sensitivity and specificity for SPECT were 82% and 89%, and 81% and 88% for echocardiography. CONCLUSION: At our institution, LVEFs obtained noninvasively by echocardiography or SPECT are lower than angiographic LVEFs with widely fluctuating differences. Regression equations can be used to correct the noninvasive readings. Although lower, noninvasive techniques appear to accurately assess depressed LVEFs (<40% and <35%). The accuracy of noninvasive techniques for the evaluation of LVEF should be considered when managing and determining prognoses of patients with cardiac conditions. Individual institutions should determine the validity of the noninvasive techniques they use to assess LVEF.     

自发性蛛网膜下腔出血MSCTA检查的临床价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)对自发性蛛网膜下腔出血病因诊断的临床价值。方法 经CT平扫诊断为自发性蛛网膜下腔出血39例，进行MSCTA检查及三维图像后处理，并均与DSA检查对照，适合介人治疗的病例，进行介人栓塞治疗。结果 全部39例自发性蛛网膜下腔出血的病例共检查出动脉瘤23例，脑动静脉畸形1例，脑动脉硬化1例，未见异常14例。其中颈内动脉动脉瘤5例，前交通动脉动脉瘤7例，大脑中动脉动脉瘤5例，大脑前动脉动脉瘤1例，基底动脉动脉瘤1例，椎动脉动脉瘤1例，多发动脉瘤1例，23例患者中共检出24个动脉瘤，有1例为2个动脉瘤。脑血管病变的阳性率为64．3％。结论 MSCTA检查是自发性蛛网膜下腔出血病因检查的一种简单、快速、无创及有效的方法。     

胎儿颅内出血的产前超声特征与妊娠结局

目的探讨胎儿颅内出血的产前超声声像图特征.方法对30例颅内出血胎儿产前及产后颅脑超声声像图进行对照分析.结果30例颅内出血胎儿超声声像图特征:(1)颅内异常回声特征:30例均显示颅内异常占位回声(双侧异常回声14例,单侧异常回声16例),但出血量、出血时间不同异常回声表现不同;其中15例(15/30,新鲜出血期)颅内出血区呈高回声,11例(部分液化期)颅内出血区呈混合性回声,4例(完全液化期)颅内出血区呈囊性无回声.(2)异常回声区边界及血流特征:异常回声区边界清晰,彩色多普勒血流成像示异常回声区内部及周边未见明显彩色血流信号.(3)超声分级诊断与随访结果:超声诊断Ⅰ级颅内出血17例(均为室管膜下出血),表现为单侧或双侧室管膜下高回声区、混合性回声区或囊性无回声区,大小3~21 mm,双侧侧脑室无扩张(侧脑室宽度均<15 mm);胎儿预后较好,颅脑超声随访(12例)均证实为颅内出血,引产1例,失访4例.Ⅱ级颅内出血5例,均无脑室扩张,单侧或双侧侧脑室内高回声区,大小8~28 mm,与脉络丛分界尚清,双侧侧脑室无扩张(侧脑室宽度均<15 mm);产后颅脑超声随访证实2例为颅内出血,引产2例,失访1例.Ⅲ级颅内出血6例,脑室内出血合并脑室扩张,单侧或双侧脑室内呈高回声或混合性回声区(单侧或双侧侧脑室宽度≥15 mm);胎儿MRI诊断颅内出血1例,引产5例,失访1例.Ⅳ级颅内出血2例(双胎1例),Ⅰ~Ⅲ级脑出血合并脑室周围实质内大范围出血,脑室周围实质呈高回声或混合性回声区;胎儿MRI诊断颅内出血1例,2例均引产(1例双胎之一胎死宫内).(4)颅内出血合并异常:合并宫内发育迟缓5例,胎盘异常3例,羊水异常3例.(5)临床结局:14例临床预后较好(Ⅰ级12例,Ⅱ级2例),产后新生儿存活,无严重神经系统并发症;引产10例预后均较差(Ⅰ级1例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级2例),失访6例.结论胎儿颅内出血产前超声表现为颅内异常占位回声区,回声边界清晰,其内无血流信号,超声分级诊断有助于判断胎儿颅内出血严重程度,可估测胎儿预后和协助产前咨询.     

Color and power Doppler sonography of extracranial and intracranial arteries in Moyamoya disease

PURPOSE: To study the hemodynamic characteristics of moyamoya disease with color Doppler (CD) and power Doppler (PD) sonography. METHODS: The hemodynamic parameters of intracranial and extracranial arteries from 17 patients with moyamoya disease confirmed via digital subtraction angiography and 30 healthy controls were studied with conventional and transcranial CD and PD. RESULTS: The moyamoya vessels were detected as scattered color Doppler signal with low velocity and a low resistance index (RI) at the base of the brain in 10 of the 17 patients. The RI of the common carotid arteries and the internal carotid arteries of the patients was significantly higher, whereas the peak velocity was lower than in controls. The posterior carotid arteries were more frequently involved in children (43.8%) than in adults (5.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Transcranial CD and PD can be used to demonstrate the stenosis and occlusion of intracranial arteries and the abnormal vascular network at the base of the brain in most cases. Combined with the hemodynamic characteristics of extracranial arteries and the symptoms of the patients, an accurate diagnosis of moyamoya disease could be made in the majority of cases using PD.     

Combined carotid and transcranial color-coded sonography in acute ischemic stroke.

The objective of this study is to clarify whether the combination of carotid duplex sonography (CD) and transcranial color-coded sonography (TCCS) can accurately detect occlusive lesions in extra and intracranial brain arteries in acute stroke patients, using angiography as the standard. Just before angiography, we performed CD and TCCS in 40 consecutive patients within 24 h after stroke onset. We assessed 320 vessels in total, bilateral internal carotid arteries, vertebral arteries, M1 segments of middle cerebral arteries (MCAs), and P2 segments of posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs). Out of all vessels, 250 (78.1%) could be evaluated by neurosonography because 32 MCAs and 38 PCAs were excluded due to inadequate acoustic windows for TCCS. Significant occlusive lesions (>50%) were observed in 21 out of 250 vessels by neurosonography. Angiography confirmed 20 occlusive lesions as revealed by neurosonography. In the remaining 229 neurosonographically normal vessels, angiography showed no significant lesions except M2 occlusions. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of neurosonography for the detection of occlusive vessels were 99.6, 100 and 99.6%, respectively. Occlusive lesions were observed in 20 of all patients by neurosonography. Nineteen of them were confirmed by angiography. The combination of CD and TCCS can make an accurate diagnosis for significant occlusive lesions in brain arteries in acute stroke patients.     

16层螺旋CT血管造影在肺动脉栓塞中的应用价值

目的探讨16层螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)对肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值。方法33例患者行16层螺旋CT血管造影检查、薄层扫描及三维重建,三维重建方法包括容积再现(VR)、多平面投影(MPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)。结果33例均能显示肺栓塞的部位、范围、局部管腔狭窄程度,25例急性肺栓塞的直接征象为"截断征","双轨征";8例慢性肺动脉栓塞主要表现为肺动脉管腔内偏心性的和附壁性的充盈缺损。结论16层螺旋CT血管造影是诊断肺动脉栓塞及其溶栓疗效评价和随访最有效的无创性方法之一。     

脑血管病患者的经颅多普勒超声检查与脑血管造影的对比研究

用三维经颅多普勒(TCD)观查71例脑血管病患者脑底动脉的血流动力学变化。71例中脑出血10例,脑梗塞43例,短暂性脑缺血发作3例,动脉瘤2例,蛛网膜下腔出血2例,血管畸形8例,动脉炎3例。62例TCD异常(87.3％),其中脑出血10例均异常(10/10)、脑梗塞36/43,短暂性脑缺血发作3/3,其它14/15。TCD异常者中23例做了脑血管造影,20例证实了TCD的诊断,1例经手术证实为海绵状动脉瘤。结果提示TCD对脑血管疾病患者Willis环部位血流动力学异常的无损伤性诊断有较高的准确性和可靠性。     

Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: clinical applications in cerebrovascular disease

Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography was introduced in 1982 as a noninvasive procedure for assessment of the intracranial cerebral circulation. The lightweight and portable equipment used for transcranial Doppler examination facilitates its use in the bedside assessment of critically ill hospitalized patients and outpatients. Clinical applications include the diagnosis of vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, assessment of intracranial collateral flow in patients with extracranial arterial occlusive disease, detection of intracranial arterial stenosis, identification of the feeding arteries of arteriovenous malformations and monitoring the hemodynamic effects of their treatment, confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of brain death, intensive-care unit monitoring of brain-injured patients, and intraoperative and postoperative monitoring of neurosurgical patients. Transcranial Doppler technology is also providing new insights into the pathophysiologic mechanisms of a variety of cerebrovascular conditions. Clinicians will find transcranial Doppler technology most helpful if they have a specific question about the status of the intracranial circulation. Further investigations may expand the clinical and research utility of this technology.     

双层螺旋CT血管成像在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的应用研究

目的 研究双层螺旋CT肺动脉血管成像对肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值。方法 12例经双层螺旋CT肺动脉血管成像诊断的肺动脉栓塞,采用GE公司Hispeed NX／I双螺旋CT,注射非离子型造影剂100ml,注射速度3～4m1／s,注射后15s开始扫描,将得到的数据传输到工作站(ADW4．0)进行后处理。结果 12例病例,分析190支肺段以上肺动脉,共累及97支肺动脉(51％),其中40％的肺动脉主干和叶以上肺动脉受累,61％的叶肺动脉和段肺动脉受累。直接征象表现为肺动脉腔内充盈缺损;间接征象包括所谓的“马赛克征”(肺窗观察),局部肺梗死,肺血减少和右心室扩大。结论 螺旋CT血管造影是一种无创检查肺动脉栓塞的可靠方法,在临床诊断肺动脉栓塞中可起到重要作用。     

三维飞行时间磁共振血管成像作为颅内动脉狭窄和闭塞性疾病支架置入前有效筛查工具的可能性

目的：评估三维飞行时间磁共振血管成像（3D time—of -flight magnetic resonance angiography，3D TOF MRA）是否可以作为一种可靠的筛检工具用于术前评估颅内血管狭窄和闭塞性疾病。方法：2007—03，2008-04首都医科大学附属朝阳医院共有33例患者怀疑存在颅内动脉狭窄，均同时接受了3DTOFMRA和数字减影血管成像（digital subtraction angiograpby,DSA）检查。两位对患者血管狭窄程度、病史及其他临床资料不知情的影像科医生分析了33例患者的363个血管片段（双侧的颈内动脉、大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉、大脑后动脉、椎动脉和基底动脉）。狭窄程度分为30％～49％，50％～69％，70％～99％及100％。对于各类的狭窄，3DTOFMRA与DSA相比的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测价值、阴性预测价值、w值及P值分别给予计算。结果：总共发现42处病变血管片段，对于50％-69％的狭窄来说，3DTOFMRA的敏感度是100％，特异度是96．8％，阳性预测价值是62．1％，阴性预测价值是100％，k值是0．751，P值0．1300；对于70％～99％的狭窄来说，分别是100％，98．6％，70．6％，100％，0．821和0．000；对于100％的狭窄（闭塞）来说，分别是100％，100％，100％，100％，1．000和0．000；对于30％-49％的狭窄来说，分别是25．0％，99．7％，66．7％，98.3％，0．356和0．000。结论：鉴于对狭窄程度为100％、70％～99％或者50％-69％颅内动脉狭窄来说，3DTOFMRA与DSA相比有着高度的敏感度及特异度，可以认为3DTOFMRA是颅内动脉狭窄支架置入前一种有效的筛查手段。     

Comparison of SPECT findings and neuropsychological sequelae in carbon monoxide and organophosphate poisoning

Abnormal regional cerebral blood flow in patients with acute carbon monoxide (CO) and organophosphate (OP) poisoning was examined using (99m)Tc-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (HMPAO) brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in fourteen patients. We evaluated the predictive significance of acute phase brain SPECT findings for long-term neuropsychological sequelae. Changes were found in the frontal, temporal, parietal lobes within the first week after both types of poisoning. The distribution of the hypoperfused cerebral areas as demonstrated by (99m)Tc-HMPAO imaging was similar in the two groups during the acute phase. Neuropsychological sequelae developed in five patients poisoned with OP and six with CO. Patients who had SPECT findings heterogeneously or in the temporal or frontal lobes displayed disorientation. Those with fronto-parietal and frontal lobe changes displayed mental confusion. Parkinsonism also was observed in patients with parieto-occipital, parietal and frontal lobe lesions. The distribution of these lesions appears to predict the long term sequelae of these poisonings, though additional studies with larger numbers of patients are needed to confirm the role of SPECT imaging in both OP and CO poisonings.     

椎-基底动脉延长扩张症患者颅内动脉影像学测量对照研究

目的分析和探讨椎-基底动脉延长扩张症（VBD）患者颅内动脉扩张程度,并观察脑干受压情况。方法回顾性分析26例经临床确诊VBD患者和30例正常对照组磁共振血管造影（MRA）及CT血管造影（cTA）图像,观察脑干受压情况,并利用MRA图像对基底动脉、颈内动脉、大脑中动脉直径测量分析。结果26例VBD患者中,8例可见脑干不同程度受压,其中桥脑受压5例,延髓受压3例,但临床均未发现相应症状及体征。利用MRA图像对VBD组和正常对照组颅内大动脉进行测量,两组间基底动脉、颈内动脉（颅内段）比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,两组间大脑中动脉差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论部分VBD患者,脑干可见明显受压,但临床症状不明显。VBD患者椎-基底动脉扩张以外,颅内其他动脉也同时存在不同程度扩张,临床应给予高度重视。     

TCD对缺血性脑血管病颅内动脉狭窄的诊断价值

目的：观察经颅多普勒超声（TCD）对颅内血管狭窄诊断的可靠性。方法：对确诊的128例缺血性脑血管病进行TCD与数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查，观察颅内血管的变化情况。结果：128例中共检查血管1112条，TCD发现狭窄血管183条，其中135条与DSA诊断一致，但在TCD检查正常的血管中DSA发现血管狭窄29条，显示TCD诊断血管狭窄的敏感性82．3％，特异性94．9％，阳性预测值73．7％，阴性预测值96．8％，其中对大脑中动脉的价值最大，其后依次为椎动脉、大脑前后动脉。结论：TCD对诊断脑内动脉狭窄具有较高的敏感性和特异性，尤其对大脑中动脉和椎动脉，对大脑前动脉和大脑后动脉诊断须慎重。     

微创治疗脑出血的护理

目的 :提高脑出血病人救治的成功率 ,降低致残率。方法 :采用微创颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血(HIH )。结果 :临床治愈 9例 ,显效 2 3例 ,好转 12例 ,死亡 12例。结论 :微创颅内血肿清除术疗效肯定 ,明显提高了病人生存的机会和生存质量