Ocular prevalence versus ocular dominance

Ocular dominance manifests itself in tests that contain stereo-objects with a disparity beyond Panum's area, e.g. in pointing a finger. These tests force subjects to decide in favour of one or the other eye. In contrast, ocular prevalence is determined using stereo-targets imaged within Panum's areas. These tests allow a graded quantification of the balance between the eyes. Here we present the computer-based Freiburg Ocular Prevalence Test in which stereo-disparate targets have to be aligned, and compare it with the Haase Stereo-balance Test that requires an estimation of the horizontal distance between stationary stereo-disparate objects. In addition, we compare ocular prevalence with ocular dominance. METHODS: (1) We measured the influence of a neutral-grey filter in front of one eye to assess the suitability of the Freiburg and the Haase Tests in revealing graded amounts of ocular prevalence. (2) About 20 subjects with equal vision of their two eyes underwent the Freiburg and the Haase Tests for ocular prevalence, and Parson's Monoptoscope Test for ocular dominance. RESULTS: (1) In both the Freiburg and the Haase Tests, the neutral-grey filter shifted ocular prevalence by about 50%. (2) An ocular prevalence of more than 10% occurred in 13 of the 20 subjects using the Freiburg, and in 14 using the Haase Test. On average, the ocular prevalence was 24.1+/-3.8% in the Freiburg and 32.0+/-8.2% in the Haase Test. The dominant eye coincided with the prevalent eye in 15 of the 20 subjects. DISCUSSION: The effect of the neutral-grey filter indicated that both the Freiburg and the Haase Tests can be used to measure fractions of ocular prevalence, although the Freiburg Test carries a higher reproducibility. Spontaneous ocular prevalence occurs frequently in persons with equal vision of their two eyes. This suggests that ocular prevalence does not represent a condition that requires treatment. Rather, partial suppression of one eye, the correlate of ocular prevalence, may play a physiological role in that it helps to disregard double images at stereo-disparities close to the limits of Panum's area.     

两种方法研究大学生群体优势眼与左/右利手间的关系(英文)

目的:评估大学生群体优势眼和左/右利手间的关系。方法:受试对象为179名大学生志愿者,平均年龄为19.4±1.6岁,其中女110名(61.5%),男69名(38.5%)。优势眼由Gndogˇan和McManus两种方法测得,左或右利手则由Edinburgh Handedness Inventory Oldfield和McManus法确定,t检验评估实验的可信度。结果:Gndogˇan法测得受试者中110人(61.5%)为右眼优势,69人(38.5%)为左眼优势,无性别差异。McManus法重测相同受试者,则右/左眼优势分别为128人(71.5%)和51人(28.5%)。两法测得的结果相关,一致度κ=0.256(P<0.01)。女性受试者中,Gndogˇan法测得右/左眼优势分别为62人(56.4%)和48人(43.6%),McManus法测得的结果为右/左眼优势分别为74人(67.3%)和36人(32.7%)。Fisher检验两法测得的结果相关(P<0.05),一致度κ=0.239(P<0.01)。男性受试者中,Gndogˇan法测得右/左眼优势为48人(69.6%)和21人(30.3%),Mc-Manus法检测为54人(78.3%)和15人(21.7%)。Fisher检验两法测得结果相关(P>0.05),一致度κ=0.239(P<0.01)。Oldfield和McManus法分别测得右利手比例为91.6%(n=164)和91.1%(n=163),两者间有较高的一致度κ=0.753(P<0.01)。McManus法检测出的优势眼和左或右利手间的统计学相关性具有显著性意义(Fisher检测P<0.017;一致度评分phi=0.193(P<0.05)。结论:大学生以右利手为主,McManus法检测发现右利手似乎与有眼优势更为相关。左或右利手和优势眼似乎是研究大脑功能不对称性和大脑偏侧型的最可靠的方法。     

Sports vision testing of selected athletic participants in the 1997 and 1998 AAU Junior Olympic Games.

BACKGROUND: Sports vision researchers have attempted to establish the need for vision care services for athletes and the relationship between visual skills and athletic success. METHODS: Data collected from sports vision screenings at the 1997 and 1998 Amateur Athletic Union AAU Junior Olympic Games was compiled for analysis. Four hundred forty-nine athletes, ranging in ages from 5 to 19 years old and representing 12 sports, were part of the sports vision epidemiology project conducted by the American Optometric Association Sports Vision Section. Protocols from the AOA Sports Vision Section were used to assess the visual systems of athletes participating in the games. The history included evaluation of the use of vision care services, refractive correction type, and symptomology. The screening assessed visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, ocular alignment, eye-hand dominance, handspeed, footspeed, speed of stereopsis, speed of recognition, eye movements, hand-eye coordination, anterior-segment health, and posterior-segment health. Performance testing was analyzed by age group and sport. RESULTS: In this population of athletes, eye care was under-utilized. The performance testing indicated an increase in performance with increasing age for most tests. With increasing age, there was a decrease in the number of fixation losses, an increase in footspeed, and a decrease in handspeed. The norms for the performance tests are reported by age group and by sport. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study imply that athletic populations at all levels are in need of eye care services. The norms derived from this investigation act as a standard for the evaluation of vision performance using the AOA Sports Vision Testing Battery.     

北京市西城区特定人群干眼症的患病率调查

目的 调查西城区一机关内在职及离退休人员干眼症的患病情况，以了解北京市社区正常人群干眼症的流行病学情况。方法 2003年9月1日～30日对北京西城区一机关内在职及离退休人员共1997人进行常规眼部检查，同时进行SchirmerⅠ试验和泪液镜（Tearscope Plus，Keeler公司）检测BUT，共有3994只眼。共中男性1072人，年龄20～90岁（59．53±15．86岁），女性925人，19～85岁（55．36±14．28岁）。角结膜干燥症的诊断标准为：SchirmerⅠ≤5mm、BUT≤10秒，伴随患者主诉眼干燥症状，所得数据采用SPSSforWindows统计软件进行分析。结果本次分层非匹配病例对照研究检查确诊为干眼症的病人共有122人。眼部疾病尤其是角膜疾病对病人的干眼症有影响，干眼症的发病机会随接触电脑时间的增多而增多，有线性关系。结论 多种因素影响患者的泪膜状态，干眼症的患病率是比较高的，应正确对待干眼症，不要滥用抗生素。     

Ocular dominance testing

Clinicians typically apply the distance correction to the dominant sighting eye when fitting monovision contact lenses on presbyopic patients. This study investigates if this form of dominance testing correlates with a second type of dominance testing, the eye that will accept the least plus power when viewing a distance target binocularly. The plus lens test more closely simulates the condition under which the patient will be using the monovision correction. The theory is that the nondominant eye will accept more plus to blur than the dominant eye. Our study population consisted of subjects from the ages of 10 to 72 years. Fifty (64%) of the 78 subjects preferred the same eye by the plus lens testing as they did for sighting dominance. Seven subjects (9%) showed the opposite eye dominance with the plus lens test, and 21 subjects (27%) demonstrated no preference in the plus lens testing. The results could indicate that same-eye dominance on both tests may enhance the changes of a successful monovision adaptation.     

Dry eye: prevalence and attributable risk factors in a hospital-based population

PURPOSE: To study the prevalence of dry eye in a hospital-based population and to evaluate the various risk factors attributable to dry eye. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 500 patients above 20 years of age were screened randomly for dry eye. A 13-point questionnaire, Lissamine Green test, Tear film break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer's test and presence of strands/filaments were used to diagnose dry eye. The diagnosis was made when at least three of the tests were positive. The role of air pollution, sunlight, excessive winds, smoking, drugs and refractive status as dry eye risk factors was assessed. RESULTS: Ninety-two (18.4%) patients had dry eye. Dry eye prevalence was maximum in those above 70 years of age (36.1%) followed by the age group 31-40 years (20%). It was significantly higher (P = 0.024) in females (22.8%) than in males (14.9%), more common in rural residents (19.6%) than in urban (17.5%) and highest among farmers/labourers (25.3%). A 2.15 fold increase was found in the odds for dry eye in those exposed to excessive wind, 1.91 fold to sunlight exposure, 1.42 to smoking, 1.38 to air pollution and 2.04 for persons on drugs. Dry eye prevalence was 14% in emmetropes, 16.8% in myopes and 22.9% in hypermetropes. It was 15.6% in those with corrected and 25.3% in those with uncorrected refractive errors. CONCLUSION: Dry eye is an under-diagnosed ocular disorder. Reduction in the modifiable risk factors of dry eye is essential to reduce its prevalence.     

Prevalence of map-dot-fingerprint changes in the cornea.

Map-dot-fingerprint basement-membrane abnormalities of the cornea are common in the general population, affecting as many as 76% of persons over age 50 and 42% of persons of all ages. The prevalence of this condition in the general population is not significantly different from that found in families of patients with recurrent corneal erosions and map-dot-fingerprint corneal changes. Despite this extremely high prevalence of basement-membrane changes the incidence of recurrent erosive symptoms in total groups of patients with basement-membrane changes is quite rare, suggesting that these 2 entities are possibly not related. Although previous observers have suggested an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance of these basement-membrane changes, our data raise the possibility that map-dot-fingerprint basement-membrane changes represent an age-dependent, degenerative condition of the cornea. We were unable, however, to prove either hypothesis.     

Migraine aura without headache: prevalence and risk factors in a primary eye care population.

BACKGROUND: Although migraine headache has received substantial attention in the scientific literature, migraine aura without headache (MAWOH) has not been investigated frequently. A general population survey study estimated the lifetime prevalence of MAWOH to be 1% in males and 3% in females. Anecdotal evidence has suggested that MAWOH is encountered by primary eye care practitioners more frequently than these rates suggest. This study is the first investigation of this condition in a primary eye care population. METHODS: A written questionnaire was used to survey 1,000 patients, ages 18 years and older, presenting for a comprehensive eye examination in the Primary Care Optometry Service of the School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Cases were identified by the presence of visual sensations consistent with MAWOH. RESULTS: Of the primary eye care population surveyed, 6.5% reported experiencing visual sensations consistent with MAWOH. The prevalence in males was 2.9% and in females, 8.6%. A multivariate analysis revealed that female gender (odds ratio [OR] = 2.3), history of migraine headaches (OR = 3.2), and history of childhood motion sickness (OR = 2.7) were significantly related to MAWOH. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MAWOH is higher in an adult primary eye care population than previously reported in a general population study.     

Prevalence and causes of visual impairment and blindness among 9980 Scandinavian adults: the Copenhagen City Eye Study

PURPOSE: To investigate the age-specific prevalence and causes of visual impairment and blindness in an epidemiologic study of an adult Scandinavian population. DESIGN: Population-based, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: The study population was composed of 9980 persons, ages 20 to 84, from the general population of Copenhagen, Denmark. METHODS: This study is based on the third Copenhagen City Heart Study (CCHS III). Participants who reported visual impairment or blindness or had difficulty reading newspaper type and used prescribed eye medications were contacted from 1999 through 2000 and asked to complete a standardized interview concerning their ophthalmologic history. Verification of objective ophthalmologic data was done with a validated questionnaire response method. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Best-corrected visual acuity in the better eye and primary causes of visual impairment and blindness. Visual impairment was defined as visual acuity worse than 20/40 but better than 20/200, and blindness was defined as visual acuity of 20/200 or worse. RESULTS: The age-standardized prevalence rates of visual impairment and blindness were 0.66% and 0.20%, respectively, and rose significantly with age (P<0.001). For persons 20 to 64 years, myopia-related retinal disorders, diabetic retinopathy, optic neuropathy, and retinitis pigmentosa were the most common causes of impaired vision. For persons 65 to 84 years, cataract was the most common cause of visual impairment, whereas age-related macular degeneration was the major cause of blindness. CONCLUSIONS: Visual impairment and blindness are strongly associated with increasing age, and the causes are determined by age. Among persons aged 20 to 64 years, an intervention for the predominating eye diseases might have some effect. Among those aged 65 to 84 years, cataract surgery could reduce visual impairment by one third.     

Eye dominance in the visual cortex using functional MRI at 1.5 T: an alternative method.

PURPOSE: To develop a functional MRI method for producing eye dominance histograms in humans at 1.5 Tesla (T). METHODS: In the first set of experiments, 8 normal persons were tested. The eye dominance of each voxel within the person's visually activated primary visual cortex was determined with Student t statistics during a left eye versus right eye contrast. Eye dominance distribution was plotted, and the mean t statistic was used to describe the histogram asymmetry. In the second set of experiments, the effect of monocular optical blur and decreased luminance via filter was studied, and eye dominance distributions were similarly determined. RESULTS: The eye dominance histogram in each of the 8 normals was approximately symmetric; the average mean t value was +0.13. All 4 subjects with the right eye blurred had histograms approximately symmetric or slightly shifted toward the left eye (average mean t = +0.56), and all 4 subjects with the right eye filtered had histograms dramatically shifted toward the left eye (average mean t = +2.22). The average mean t for the group with the right eye filtered was significantly different from that of the other 2 groups (P <.0001). CONCLUSIONS: With noninvasive methods in normal persons, functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques at 1.5 T were able to characterize the distribution of eye dominance of voxels in primary visual cortex, based upon their t statistic in the left eye versus right eye contrast. The method is sensitive to filtering but relatively insensitive to visual blur. This approach may have a future use in the study of amblyopia in humans.     

Testability of a color vision screening test in a population with mental retardation

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the testability of the "Co or Vision Testing Made Easy" color vision test, marketed as a screening test for young children, in a population of individuals with mental retardation. The test uses simple geometric figures that are easily identified. Previously, the test has demonstrated validity as a measure of color deficiency. METHODS: The test was presented to Special Olympic athletes, who are individuals with mental retardation or significant developmental delay, at four sites: the 1997 World Winter Games in Toronto, Canada; the Texas Summer Games in Houston, Texas; the Massachusetts Summer Games in Boston, Massachusetts; and Regional European Swim Competition in Seville, Spain. The criteria for passing was 8 correct responses on the first trial or 9 of 9 on the second attempt. RESULTS: Testability in Toronto, Canada; Houston, Texas; and Seville, Spain was high--95.5%, 98.7%, and 95.7%, respectively. Testability, however, dropped to 78.8% during the Boston, Massachusetts screening. There was no apparent difference in the testing environment that would account for the difference. The overall rate of testability was 93.2% for the 1078 athletes screened. The frequency of males identified as color deficient was similar to that expected in the general population; only two females (in Spain) failed the color vision screening. CONCLUSIONS: The "Color Vision Testing Made Easy" color vision test was successfully completed by a very high percentage of Special Olympics athletes. These results suggest that this test is useful in screening this population for color deficiencies, and that the prevalence of color vision deficiencies is approximately the same in individuals with mental retardation as in the general population.     

Dominance of cerebral hemispheres and visual space-hand localization

The visual space-hand localization from each eye and by each hand was examined by means of a localizer. Two kinds of examination were performed: one checked the initial, the other the postexercise localization. The dominance of the cerebral hemispheres was determined by psychological tests. No dependence of the behaviour of the visual hand localization on the domination of a given hemisphere was shown.     

The absence of lateral congruency between sighting dominance and the eye with better visual acuity

The notion that in subjects with normal binocular vision (i.e. non-strabismic cases) the eye showing sighting dominance will also most likely be that individual's better-sighted eye has proved to be persistent. A review and analysis of the literature has now demonstrated, across several population groups, the fallacy of this belief. In fact, the occurrence of lateral congruency between sighting dominance and the eye with better visual acuity is at a statistical level no greater than chance would predict. Some clinical implications of this outcome are considered.     

中国陕西省农村原发性闭角型青光眼流行病学调查

目的：调查陕西省农村≥40岁人群原发性闭角型青光眼的患病率及影响因素。方法：2003—07／12，采用按比例随机整群抽样的方法在陕南、陕北及关中3个地区农村调查8500人，其中≥40岁人群3500人，所有受检人员均进行标准问卷调查，包括询问青光眼确诊史、家族史、发作史及手术史，并进行了相关的眼科检查，包括视力、外眼、Van Herick周边前房深度评估、眼底检查。≥50岁人群及怀疑有高眼压者对其应用压平式眼压计测量眼压。对可疑青光眼者进行进一步检查，包括复查眼压、前房角镜检查、暗室试验、视野检查。结果：8500人中有6815人完成了青光眼的相关检查，总受检率为80．18％，其中≥40岁人群3500人中有2835人完成了青光眼的相关检查，受检率为81．00％。VanHerick周边前房深度分级：2级、1级和0级分别占10．4名、3．0％和0．2％。≥40岁人群原发性闭角型青光眼患者有3l例，其患病率为1．09％，通过多因素logistic回归分析显示随着年龄的增长患病率显著增加（P=0．008）。虽然女性较男性多见（OR：1．77，95％CI为0．77-4．10），文盲较非文盲多见（OR：1．71，95％CI为0．76～3．87），但其差异无统计学意义（P不同性别=0．180，P不同文化程度=0．199）。事前未被诊断为青光眼的患者占67．74％（21例），在另外10例有确诊史的青光眼患者中只有6例（60％）曾作过虹膜根切术。48．39％（15例）原发性闭角型青光眼患者存在不同程度的视力损伤，其中盲目占29．03％。70．97％（22例）为慢性闭角型青光眼。结论：陕西省农村≥40岁人群的窄房角比例高于亚洲其他国家人群。原发性闭角型青光眼的患病率与国内其他报道相近，且随着年龄的增长而增加，大部分患者无青光眼确诊史。     

Prevalence of dry eye in Bangkok, Thailand

PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence of dry eye in the adult population of Bangkok, Thailand. METHODS: Five hundred fifty volunteers 40 years of age or more who presented to the Ramathibodi Hospital for annual eye examinations were enrolled. Interviewers administered a dry eye symptoms questionnaire. Slit-lamp examination and objective dry eye assessment consisting of tear film breakup time (TBUT), fluorescein corneal staining, Schirmer tests, and meibomian gland evaluation were performed. Outcome measures included frequency of symptoms and positive dry eye tests. RESULTS: Thirty-four percent reported significant symptoms, which were defined as having one or more symptoms often or all of the time (95% confidence interval, 28.1-40.6). Approximately one half had meibomian gland disease (MGD) or pingueculum/pterygium (46.2 and 53.8%, respectively). Individuals with significant symptoms tended to be women (83.4%, P = 0.024), had MGD (63.6%, P = 0.006), had current artificial tear use (33.2%, P = 0.024), and had positive TBUT (80.7%, P = 0.000) and fluorescein staining (16.6%, P = 0.013.) The presence of pingueculum/pterygium and MGD were significantly associated with positive dry eye tests. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of prevalence of dry eye inclusive of signs and symptoms in an elderly Thai population. The prevalence of disease diagnosed on the basis of symptoms and dry eye tests was approximately 2 to 3 times higher than reported in whites. Women were more likely to report symptoms. Positive associations with dry eye tests were found in subjects with pingueculum/pterygium and MGD.     

The distribution of cup disc ratios in a general population of Southern Togo aged 40 years and over

PURPOSE: Clinical reports and epidemiological surveys have raised the key issues of both the burden of glaucoma blindness and the high prevalence of the disease among the populations of Togo. This population survey aimed to collect data on the distribution of cup disc ratios. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study population of 685 persons was selected in a remote rural area. All participants aged over 40 years were included. Eye assessment was conducted in the local health facilities using a visual acuity chart, an ophthalmoscope and light magnification for exploration of the anterior segment. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 49.70 years (range, 40-99 years); men accounted for 61.8% and women 38.2%. Mean cup disc ratios were not different in both eyes, with 0.38 in the right eye and 0.37 in the left. Cup disc ratios over 0.5 represented 29.3% in the right eye and 29.8% in the left one; a cut-off point over 0.7 gave an abnormal cup ratio prevalence of 9.2% in the right eye and 9.3% in the left eye. In 92% of cases, the appearance of the cupping was round, and was elliptic in 7.6% of patients. We found that 75% of discs had a central round cupping. The temporal location was noted in 22% of cases while nasal locations were recorded in 2.4%. CONCLUSION: This survey has noted the various patterns of cup discs, with the mean cup disc ratio similar to what is usually described in similar studies. Further population-based surveys using the cut-off ratios found here are needed to determine the prevalence of glaucoma in this rural area.     

Prevalence of major eye diseases and causes of visual impairment in the adult Finnish population: a nationwide population‐based survey

Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of cataract, glaucoma, age‐related maculopathy (ARM) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the adult Finnish population. Methods: A representative cross‐sectional sample of the Finnish population aged 30 years and older. Of the 7979 eligible people, 7413 (93%) were interviewed and/or examined. The interview included self‐reported doctor‐made diagnoses of cataract, glaucoma, degenerative fundus changes (mainly ARM) or DR. Information on self‐reported eye diseases was complemented with data from national registers, and case records were gathered for non‐participants and persons with visual acuity (VA) < 0.5 or reporting difficulties in vision or eye diseases without assessed VA. Results: Based on self‐reported and/or register‐based data the estimated total prevalences of cataract, glaucoma, ARM and DR in the study population were 10%, 5%, 4% and 1%, respectively. All these chronic eye diseases increased with age (p < 0.001). The corresponding prevalences for persons aged 65 and older were 34%, 13%, 12% and 2%, respectively. Cataract and glaucoma were more common in women than in men [odds ratio (OR) 1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26–1.91; OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.24–1.98, respectively]. The most prevalent eye diseases in people with visual impairment (VA ≤ 0.25) were ARM (37%), unoperated cataract (27%), glaucoma (22%) and DR (7%). Conclusion: The high prevalence of these mainly age‐related eye diseases, together with increasing life expectancy, mean that continuous efforts are needed to identify and treat eye diseases in order to maintain patients’ quality of life and to alleviate the social and economic burden of serious eye diseases.     

重庆市南岸区部分人群盲患病率调查

目的调查重庆市南岸区部分50岁及以上人口低视力与盲患病率及盲原因,探讨防盲治盲工作的成效及盲和视力损伤的变化。方法2005年4至7月,采用整体随机抽样法,对重庆市南岸区29个基本抽样单位内50岁及以上人群进行视力及眼部检查。受检人数5079人,受检率89．4％。在正式调查前两个检查组均经过一致性重复检验。结果以世界卫生组织视力损伤标准为依据,受检人群的盲患病率为1．8％。年龄越大,盲患病率越高,80岁及以上高龄老人更明显。白内障盲仍为第1位,但白内障盲患病率由40．0％显著下降为31．6％;眼底病上升为第2位盲原因;以后依次为屈光不正、角膜病、青光眼等。结论重庆市南岸区部分人群盲原因以白内障为首位,眼底病其次。因白内障所致的盲患病率有所下降,以白内障手术为主的防盲工作开展初见成效,建议加大对年龄相关性眼病、眼底病及青光眼的防治工作。     

Cataract blindness in Paraguay – results of a national survey

PURPOSE To estimate the burden of visual loss and blindness due to cataract in people aged 50 years and over in Paraguay. METHODS Forty clusters of 60 persons each who were 50 years and older (2400 eligible persons) were selected by systematic random sampling from the entire population of Paraguay.A total of 2136 persons were examined (89% coverage). RESULTS For the population 50 years and over, the age- and gender- adjusted prevalence of bilateral blindness (VA &lt; 3/60 with available correction) was 3.14% (95% CI: 2.2–4.4). The adjusted prevalence of bilateral cataract blindness (VA &lt; 3/60) was 2.01% (95% CI: 1.3–3.0), making cataract the major cause of bilateral blindness in this age group (64%). The adjusted prevalence of bilateral severe visual impairment (VA &lt; 6/60 with available correction) was 5.17% (95% CI: 3.9–6.7) and the adjusted prevalence of severe visual impairment due to bilateral cataract (VA &lt; 6/60) was 3.09% (95% CI: 2.2–4.3). The cataract surgical coverage (persons) was 44% for bilaterally blind persons with VA &lt; 3/60; 36% for persons with bilateral VA &lt; 6/60; and 28% for any eye with VA &lt; 6/60 due to cataract. With IOL implantation, 77% of the operated eyes could see 6/18, against 46% of the non-IOLs (p &lt; 0.005), a significant better outcome. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to increase the cataract surgical coverage in Paraguay. The number of eye surgeons is adequate but the accessibility of cataract surgical services in rural areas and the affordability of surgery to large sections of society are major constraints.     

中国陕西省农村原发性开角型青光眼流行病学调查

目的：调查陕西省农村人群原发性开角型青光眼的患病率及相关影响因素。方法：2003—07／12，采用按比例随机整群抽样的方法在陕南、陕北及关中3个地区农村调查8500人，所有受检人员均进行标准问卷调查，包括询问青光眼确诊史、家族史、发作史及手术史，并进行了相关的眼科检查，包括视力、外眼、眼前节、眼底检查。≥50岁人群及怀疑有高眼压者对其应用压平式眼压计测量眼压。对可疑青光眼者进行进一步检查，包括复查眼压、前房角镜检查、视野检查。结果：8500人中共有6815人完成了青光眼的相关检查，受检率为80．18％。原发性开角型青光眼患者共有9例，年龄为38-80（平均62．0）岁，患病率为0．13％，≥30岁、≥40岁和≥50岁人群患病率分别为0．23％、0．28％和0．39％。可疑原发性开角型青光眼患者有12例（0．18％），年龄为35-77（平均54.7）岁，比原发性开角型青光眼患者平均年龄约小7岁。多因素logistic回归分析显示患病率随着年龄的增长而增加（P=0．023）。除年龄外，高度近视也是该人群开角型青光眼发生的危险因素。有青光眼确诊史的患者占22．22％，其中无1例接受过药物或手术治疗。66．67％（6例）原发性开角型青光眼患者存在不同程度的视力损伤，其中盲目占33．33％。结论：原发性开角型青光眼的患病率与国内其他报道相近，且随着年龄的增长而增加。绝大部分患者无青光眼确诊史，并且从未接受过任何相关治疗。