线粒体DNAl6189T→C变异与2型糖尿病发病机制的关系

目的　探讨线粒体DNA16189T→C变异与 2型糖尿病 (T2DM )的关系。　方法　运用PCR -RFLP技术在 3 0 8例无血缘关系的上海地区汉族人 (糖耐量正常 158名 ,T2DM患者 150例 )中检测线粒体DNA16189T→C变异。　结果　上海地区汉族人线粒体DNA16189T→C变异频率显著高于英国白种人 (2 9%vs 9.9% ,P =6.85× 10 - 6 )。线粒体DNA16189T→C变异阳性的糖尿病 (DM )患者胰岛素抵抗 (HOMA IR)值明显低于阴性者 (P =0 .0 2 7) ,并且 ,逐步多元回归分析显示该变异是HOMA IR的独立相关因素之一 (部分R2 =0 .0 2 8,P =0 .0 2 6)。　结论　线粒体DNA16189T→C变异与上海地区汉族人T2DM胰岛素抵抗相关     

高敏C反应蛋白对新诊2型糖尿病患者亚临床动脉粥样硬化的预测探讨

目的探讨高敏C反应蛋白（hsC—RP）对新诊2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者亚临床动脉粥样硬化（AS）发生的预测作用。方法前瞻性观察新诊T2DM患者（n=161）接受抗血小板聚集，强化血糖、血压及血脂等多因素干预1年后hsC-RP（免疫比浊法检测）的变化。结果亚临床AS组基线hsC-RP高于无AS组[1．34（O、09～6、43）mg／Lus0．56（0．04～7．84）mg／L，P〈0．05]；干预1年无AS组hsC—RP较基础值降低（P〈0.01），亚临床As组无此改变。hsC—RP处于上四分位数区间组亚临床AS发生率高于其余三组（30．0％vs10．0％、11．1％及9．8％，P=0．029）。结论轻度升高的hsC-RP能在多因素干预条件下预测新诊T2DM亚临床AS发生的风险。     

线粒体DNA3537A→G、4824A→G、5351A→G突变与2型糖尿病的相关性研究

目的研究T2DM患者线粒体ND1基因3537A→G和ND2基因4824A→G、5351A→G突变与T2DM的相关性。方法应用PCR-RFLP技术检测145例T2DM和334例正常对照者（NC）线粒体DNA（mtDNA）3537A→G、4824A→G、5351A→G突变情况。结果NC组mtDNA4824A→G突变率高于T2DM组（P＜0．05）。3537A→G及5351A→G突变率在两组中无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论mtDNA4824A→G突变可能为T2DM患病的保护因素。3537A→G及5351A→G突变可能与T2DM不相关。     

内皮一氧化氮合酶基因5′-侧翼区T^-786→C突变与2型糖尿病并发冠心病的关系

目的研究血管内皮一氧化氮合酶（eNOS）基因5′-侧翼区T^-786→C突变与2型糖尿病（T2DM）并发冠心病（CHD）的关系。方法选择T2DM患者186例，其中65例并发CHD；选择正常人63例作为对照。采用PCR／ASO杂交技术检测T^-786→C突变。结果与对照组相比，T2DM伴CHD组TC基因型及C等位基因频率明显增高（P〈0．05）。与T2DM不伴CHD组相比，T2DM伴CHD组C等位基因频率明显增高（P〈0．05）。在T2DM患者中，与TT组比较，TC组HbA1C明显增高。多元logistic回归分析显示，年龄、血压、病程、LDL-C、脂蛋白（a）、HbA1C、C等位基因与CHD呈正相关（P〈0．01）。结论eNOS基因5′-侧翼区T^-786→C突变增高T2DM患者并发CHD的危险性。     

PPAR5基因＋294T／C多态性与2型糖尿病患者血脂和胰岛功能关系研究

目的研究2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者和糖耐量正常（NGT）者中PPARδ基因＋294T／C多态性与血脂和胰岛功能的关系。方法选取346例南京地区汉族人群，其中新诊断T2DM患者236名，NGT者110名，用Touch-down PCR检测PPAR5＋294T／C基因变异，并检测人选人群的临床指标。结果T2DM组中携带C等位基因（TC＋CC）者HOMA-β水平低于TT型（P〈0．05）；NGT人群中，携带C等位基因（TC＋CC）者LDL-C／HDL-C比值高于TT型（P〈0.05），Pearson相关分析显示NGT组携带C等位基因与LDL-C、LDL-C／HDL—C水平呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论T2DM患者携带PPAR5＋294C等位基因者胰岛素分泌能力下降，在NGT组中PPAR5＋294T／C与脂代谢紊乱相关。     

2型糖尿病患者非糖尿病一级亲属血清高敏C反应蛋白与胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的探讨血清高敏C反应蛋白（hsC-RP）在2型糖尿病（T2DM）发病中的作用。方法利用ELISA方法检测72例T2DM患者非糖尿病一级亲属（FDR）和68例健康对照者（NC）血清hsC-RP、Fins、FPG等，并用HOMA—IR公式计算胰岛素抵抗指数。结果（1）FDR组血清hsC—RP水平较NC组升高（P〈0.01），HOMA—IR高于NC组（P〈0.01）；（2）血清hsC-RP水平与HOMA-IR（r=0．307，P〈0．01）、Fins（r=0．286，P〈0．05）、BMI（r=0．250，P〈0．05）、LDL—C（r=0．302，P〈0．05）、TC（r=0．267，P〈0．05）相关。结论慢性炎症与胰岛素抵抗密切相关，hsC-RP升高是2型糖尿病发生的一个预测因子。     

2型糖尿病患者血清抵抗素与肥胖及脂代谢关系

将T2DM患者按BMI分为A组（肥胖组）及B组（非肥胖组），测定FBG、TC、TG、HDL、LDL、FINS、Resistin，计算BF％、Homa—IR、Homa—B、ISI。结果糖尿病组BMI、BF％、FBG、FINS、Homa—IR、ISI、Resistin高于对照组（P〈0．05），Homa—B低于对照组（P〈0．05）。A组Resistin与BF％、BMI呈正相关（P〈0．05），与Homa—B呈负相关（P〈0．05），B组Resistin与HI）L呈正相关（P〈0．01）。结论TzDM患者无论是否肥胖，Resistin均明显升高，肥胖者更高。Re—sistin可能参与了肥胖者T2DM的发生，而与非肥胖者T2DM的发生关系不大。     

单核细胞趋化因子与2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗相关性的研究

ELISA方法测定96例2型糖尿病患者（T2DM组）及24例健康对照者（NC组）空腹血清MCP-1水平及其他临床指标，对结果进行统计学分析。结果T2DM组血清MCP-1水平高于NC组（P〈0．01），血清MCP-1与SBP、FPG、TG、TC、LDL—C、UA、HbA1c、Fins（P〈0．05）、HOMA—IR（P〈0．01）正相关，与HDL-C和BMI无相关性。多元逐步回归分析显示MCP-1与HOMA-IR独立相关。由此推测，MCP-1作为一种炎性因子，可能参与了IR及T2DM的发生和发展。     

2型糖尿病颈动脉内中膜厚度与亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶基因C677T多态性及血浆同型半胱氨酸水平的关系

目的探讨亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶（MTHFR）基因C677T多态性及同型半胱氨酸水平与早期2型糖尿病（T2DM）颈动脉内中膜厚度（IMT）的关系及影响因素。方法测定T2DM患者及对照组（NC）颈动脉IMT,分为糖尿病无内中膜增厚组（DM1）和糖尿病合并内中膜增厚组（DM2）。用PCR—RFLP检测MTHFR基因C677T多态性。结果DM。组MTHFR C677T基因TT基因型频率与NC组比较明显增高（40．4％ vs 17．3％,P〈0．01）,与DM1组比较明显增高（40．4% vs 17．9％,P〈0．01）,DM1组与NC组比较无统计学差异（17．9％ vs 17．3％,P〉0．05）。T等位基因频率DMz组与NC组比较明显增高（57．0％ vs 33．7％,P〈0．01）,与DM1组比较明显增高（57．0％ vs 42．9％,P〈0．01）,差异有统计学意义。结论高同型半胱氨酸血症、T等位基因是早期糖尿病患者颈动脉内中膜增厚的危险因素之一,血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与MTHFR C677T基因多态性有关。     

急性冠脉综合征合并2型糖尿病患者冠状动脉的病变特点

目的探讨急性冠脉综合征合并糖尿病（DM）患者的冠状动脉病变严重程度。方法对193例（合并DM63例，非DM患者130例）急性冠脉综合征患者的冠状动脉造影资料进行回顾性分析。结果急性冠脉综合征合并DM患者多支病变比例（49．2％）显著高于非DM组（30．0％）（P〈0．01）；DM组冠脉血管12型病变所占比例（38．1％）高于非DM组（20．8％），两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；DM组冠状动脉血管发生弥漫性病变比例（42．9％）高于非DM组（22．3％），两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论急性冠脉综合征合并DM患者常出现多支病变、弥漫性病变，早期控制血糖对于预防冠状动脉病变具有重要意义。     

Satisfaction with ambulatory care of persons with AIDS

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation of patient characteristics and site of care to the perception of ambulatory care quality by persons with AIDS (PWAs). DESIGN: Patient surveys and medical record review were used to determine PWAs’ perceptions of their ambulatory care, self-perceived health status, primary care relationships, sociodemographic characteristics, and severity of illness. SETTING: A public-hospital HIV clinic, an academic group practice, and a staff-model health maintenance organization (HMO) that together care for 20% of all Massachusetts PWAs. PATIENTS: All active patients as of February 12, 1990, and all new AIDS patients at each of the three sites during the subsequent 13 months. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN BESULTS: The primary outcome measure was a six-item scale of patient-rated quality of care (PRQC), a newly developed measure that combined patients’ ratings of their physician care, nursing care, involvement in medical decisions, and overall quality of care. Multiple logistic regression was carried out with low PRQC (lowest quart He) as the dependent variable, to identify correlates of patient perceptions of poor quality. Patients who had a primary nurse were significantly less likely to have low PRQC scores (OR=0.50, 95% CI=0.26 to 0.97). Black patients and patients who used injection drugs were significantly more likely to rate their care in the lowest quartile (OR=2.22, 95% CI=1.04 to 4.78; and OR=2.43, 95% CI=1.13 to 5.23, respectively), as were those who had lower self-perceived health status, after controlling for confounders; no association was found by site or severity. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that primary nursing may be an important determinant of how PWAs rate the quality of their ambulatory care. Furthermore, PWAs who are black or who are injection drug users are less satisfied than are others with the quality of their ambulatory AIDS care. Presented in part at the annual meeting of the Society of General Internal Medicine, April 30, 1993, Arlington, Virginia. Supported by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, grant number HS06239.     

分析老年糖尿病患者应用甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖治疗的效果

目的探讨甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖在老年糖尿病患者中的临床疗效。方法选取该院2018年7月—2019年7月收治的113例老年糖尿病患者作为研究对象,经随机数字表法,划分A组(n=56,阿卡波糖)和B组(n=57,甘精胰岛素+阿卡波糖),比较两组临床疗效、血糖指标。结果B组患者临床治疗总有效率显著高于A组;经治疗,B组患者空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)水平明显低于A组。两组之间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在老年糖尿病患者中应用甘精胰岛素+阿卡波糖,临床疗效显著,使患者的空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白等指标得到了明显改善,安全性强。     

Treatment of patients with Eisenmenger's syndrome with Bosentan

We treated prospectively 14 patients with Eisenmenger's syndrome, with a mean age of 10 years, ranging from 3 to 18 years. Treatment continued for 12 months, and demonstrated a lasting symptomatic improvement, but no improvement in terms of mean saturation of oxygen over 24 hours. Exercise capacity, as judged by peak uptake of oxygen, worsened in the six patients able to perform a treadmill test. The symptomatic benefit from dual blockage of endothelin receptors in these patients may be due to mechanisms other than selective pulmonary vasodilatation alone.     

小剂量垂体后叶素合并硝酸甘油治疗咯血

目的评价小剂量垂体后叶素联合硝酸甘油治疗咯血的疗效及不良反应。方法将50例咯血患者随机分为两组,治疗组在常规治疗基础上（n=26）应用小剂量垂体后叶素联合硝酸甘油;对照组（n=24）在常规治疗基础上仅应用小剂量垂体后叶素。分析其疗效及不良反应。结果48小时后治疗组有效率96.15％（25／26）,对照组有效率58.33％（14／24）,差异有统计学意义（P=0.012）;治疗组对血压影响小,无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,对照组能引起血压升高的副作用（P〈0.05）;治疗组出现头晕头痛、胸闷、心悸、腹痛、腹泻、恶心呕吐、出汗、面色苍白等不良反应比对照组少,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论小剂量垂体后叶素联合硝酸甘油治疗中量咯血比垂体后叶素单药治疗中量咯血疗效明显提高,且能减少垂体后叶素不良反应。     

Evaluation of atrial vulnerability with transoesophageal stimulation in patients with atrioventricular junctional: Comparison with patients with ventricular pre-excitation and with normal subjects

The aim of our work was to evaluate the inducibility of atrialfibrillation in a group of patients with atrioventricular junctionalreentrant tachycardia and to compare it with that of patientswith a Kent-type ventricular pre-excitation (Wolff-Parkinson-Whitesyndrome) and a control group. One hundred and twenty-five subjects were separated into groups.Group 1 comprised 49 Wolff-Parkinson-White patients, with amean age of 26.4, range 10.66 years; group 2, 51 patients withatrioventricular junctional reentrant tachycardia inducibleby transoesophageal atrial stimulation andlor clinically documented,with a mean age of 43.4, range 16–78 years; group 3, 25control subjects with a mean age of2.64, range 13–76 years. Each subject underwent atrial transoesophageal stimulation withthe following protocol: programmed atrial stimulation with 1and 2 stimuli during atrial pacing of 100. min^–1 and 150.min^–1; atrial stimulation for 10 s at a rate of 200–300–400–500–600.min^–1 with intervals of 10 s between stimulations, fivesuccessive ‘ramp-up’ atrial stimulations for 9 swith the rate increasing from 100 to 800. min^–1 with intervalsof 10 s between stimulations. The end point was the completionof the protocol or induction of sustained atrial fibrillation(>1 min). The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Our resultsshowed that in group 1 atrial fibrillation was induced in 27149patients (55.1%); this was sustained in 13149 (26.5%) and non-sustainedin 14149 (28.5%); in group 2, atrial fibrillation was inducedin 22151 patients (43.0%); it was sustained in 7151 (13.7%)and non-sustained in 15151 (29.4%); in group 3, sustained atrialfibrillation was not induced in any subject and in only onesubject was a non-sustained atrial fibrillation (4 s) induced. The chi-square test showed that group 2 vs group 1 were non-significant,while group 2 vs group 3 and group 1 vs group 3 were significant(P<0.003 and P<0.0007, respectively). Therefore group 2 patients showed a greater atrial vulnerabilityin comparison to the control subjects and a similar vulnerabilityto group 1 patients. It is possible that the greater atrialvulnerability in the patients of group 2 was due to the doublenodal pathway.     

Complications associated with the treatment of haemophiliacs with inhibitors

To examine the safety profile of products used to treat inhibitor patients unresponsive to factor VIII, a review of published clinical experience was performed. The products evaluated were activated prothrombin complex concentrates (aPCCs), such as AUTOPLEX® T, porcine factor VIII and recombinant activated factor VII (rVIIa). Safety characteristics included potential for transmission of infectious agents, anamnesis, thrombogenicity, thrombocytopenia and allergic reactions. While viral transmission has been virtually eliminated, the risk is theoretically higher with plasma-derived products such as aPCC and porcine factor VIII than with rVIIa, although contamination of cultured cells is a concern. Anamnesis occurs with aPCCs and porcine factor VIII, and may induce resistance to further therapy with porcine factor VIII. Thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation are very infrequently reported in patients exposed to aPCCs and rVIIa, and never with porcine factor VIII. The latter is occasionally associated with thrombocytopenia, but this uncommonly limits treatment with this agent. Lastly, allergic reactions occur with about equal frequency with all products, but anaphylaxis is mainly a concern after administration of porcine factor VIII. In conclusion, products currently available are reasonably safe. Considerations such as efficacy, availability, ease of administration and cost must also be considered in making treatment choices.