10年来局限期小细胞肺癌放化综合治疗模式及疗效分析

背景与目的:近20年来,局限期小细胞肺癌(limited-stage small cell lung cancer,LS-SCLC)放疗方面的进展推动了其综合治疗模式的改变。本研究旨在分析收治的LS-SCLC的放化综合治疗模式及疗效。方法:回顾性分析本院1997年1月—2006年12月收治的LS-SCLC患者的临床资料,入组标准为病理证实且接受根治性目的放疗的患者,就分期检查、放化疗模式及治疗效果进行总结分析。结果:本研究共入组220例患者。绝大部分患者治疗前接受了骨扫描和脑CT或MRI检查。96%的患者接受了诱导化疗,中位诱导化疗周期数为2。仅5%的患者接受了同步放化疗。三维适形放疗和适形调强放疗的比例为25%,中位放疗剂量为56 Gy(39～70 Gy),超分割放疗(每次1.4 Gy,每日2次)的比例为58%。接受脑部预防性放疗的比例为11%。全组中位生存期为23个月(95%CI:20～25个月),2和5年的生存率分别为46%和22%。结论:本院近10年来收治的LS-SCLC总体治疗效果同文献报道相近,分期检查也相对比较完善,但在治疗模式上,同步放化疗的应用比例较低,放疗早期参与和脑部预防性放疗的应用方面尚存在不足,在以后临床实践中有待提高。     

Definitive irradiation in multidisciplinary management of localized Ewing sarcoma family of tumors in pediatric patients: outcome and prognostic factors

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of radiation dose on local tumor control of the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors in 79 patients with localized disease treated at a single institution. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Thirty-seven patients received vincristine, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin, and 42 received vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide, with alternating cycles of ifosfamide and etoposide; all underwent definitive radiotherapy (median dose, 37.5 Gy) with either low-dose (<40 Gy) or standard dose (> or =40 Gy) radiation delivered according to the protocol. We calculated the cumulative incidence of local treatment failure, disease recurrence, and overall survival and analyzed the effect of known prognostic factors and radiation dose. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of local treatment failure at 10 years was 30.4% and that of disease recurrence was 40%. The overall survival rate was 64.5%. Patient age > or =14 years and tumor size > or =8 cm were adverse prognostic factors for local treatment failure; patient age > or =14 years was also associated with worse survival. Although the radiation dose alone did not predict for local treatment failure, the cumulative incidence of local failure at 10 years was 19% when tumors <8 cm were treated with <40 Gy, and no patient treated with standard doses (> or =40 Gy) developed local recurrence (p = 0.084). CONCLUSION: Tumor size and patient age predict for local tumor control in patients with Ewing sarcoma family of tumors treated with systemic therapy and definitive radiotherapy. Patients treated with reduced-dose radiotherapy experienced unacceptably high rates of local recurrence.     

28例不能手术的肝外胆道系统肿瘤放化疗疗效分析

目的 评价放疗晚期肝外胆道系统肿瘤的疗效。方法 对28例手术不可切除的肝外胆道系统肿瘤采用放化疗，其中胆囊癌13例，肝外胆管癌15例。15例采用常规放疗，中位照射剂量45Gy（30～60Gy），13例采用三维适形放疗（3DcRT）多野（3～5个野）照射或加量，中位照射剂量55Gy（50～70Gy）。12例单纯放疗，16例放化结合。化疗方案为氟尿嘧啶500mg，2次／周，或氟尿嘧啶500mg＋顺铂30mg，1次／周，疗程3～6个周期。结果 全部患者近期有效率14％。全组中位生存期9．4个月（2～28个月）。1、2年生存率分别为38％、15％；其中1年生存率胆囊癌为46％，肝外胆管癌为27％，3DCRT为42％，常规放疗为33％，单纯放疗为37％，放疗＋化疗为31％；〈50Gy的为29％，≥50Gy的为45％。只有照射剂量（≥50Gy）对1年生存率有影响（X^2=5．31，P=0．023）。急性消化道反应1～2级为57％，3级为18％，仅有25％的出现1～2级血液毒性反应。结论 对晚期肝外胆道系统肿瘤采用放化疗可取得一定疗效，且副作用可耐受。     

Improved local control with higher doses of radiation in large-volume stage III non-small-cell lung cancer

PURPOSE: It has been suggested that larger tumor volume is associated with poor survival in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We investigated whether high-dose radiation improved local control in patients with large-volume Stage III NSCLC. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Seventy-two patients with Stage III NSCLC and gross tumor volumes (GTV) of greater than 100 cc were treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT). Patients were divided into two groups: those treated to less than 64 Gy (37 patients) and those treated to 64 Gy or higher (35 patients). RESULTS: The 1-year and 2-year local failure rates were 27% and 47%, respectively, for Stage III patients treated to 64 Gy or higher, and 61% and 76%, respectively, for those treated to less than 64 Gy (p = 0.024). The median survival time for patients treated to 64 Gy or higher was 20 months vs. 15 months for those treated to less than 64 Gy (p = 0.068). Multivariate analysis revealed that dose and GTV are predictors of local failure-free survival. A 10 Gy increase in dose resulted in a 36.4% decreased risk of local failure. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that administration of higher doses using 3D-CRT improves local control in Stage III NSCLC patients with large GTVs.     

鼻腔非何杰金淋巴瘤的放射治疗

 目的:分析鼻腔非何杰金淋巴瘤(NHL)治疗方法和疗效。 方法:1975年6月～1993年3月收治30例鼻腔NHL。 单纯放疗16例, 综合治疗(放疗＋化疗)14例。 照射剂量:<45Gy15例, ≥45Gy15例。 结果:全组5年生存率为70.8％(17/24)。 病变局F民于鼻腔和超出鼻腔组的5年生存率分别为85.7％和50.0％。 单纯放疗组和放疗＋化疗组的5年生存率分别为57.1％和90.0％。 照射剂量<45Gy和≥45Gy的5年生存率分别为64.3％和80.0％。 建议:病变局限于鼻腔者不必做颈部预防性照射。 对病变超出鼻腔或有区域淋巴结受侵者, 应采用放疗与化疗综合治疗。     

Impact of overall treatment time on local control of anal cancer treated with radiochemotherapy

Between 1987 and 2000, 111 patients with epidermoid anal cancer (T1-T4 Nx M0) were assigned to primary simultaneous radiochemotherapy (RCT) with a radiation dose of 45 Gy, performed either as a split course with 2-Gy single fractions (schedule A, 1987-1996, n = 65 patients) or continuously with fractions of 1.8 Gy (schedule B, 1996-2000; n = 38 patients). The chemotherapy consisted of continuous infusions of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; 800/1,000 mg/m(2)/day, on 4/5 consecutive days, during weeks 1 and 5) together with one (schedule A) or two (schedule B) short infusions of mitomycin C (10 mg/m(2)) during the first course of 5-FU. Associations between clinical outcome and various prognostic factors were assessed in 103 patients who completed these schedules. For both patient groups combined, 5-year local control rate was 67% and 5-year survival rate 71%. Advanced tumor stage, size, and nodal status significantly decreased the 5-year local control rate as well as the overall treatment time (OTT) >41 days (58% for OTT >41 days vs. 79% for OTT < or =41 days; p = 0.04). However, we did not find a correlation with the prescribed radiotherapy schedule (A or B). In conclusion, in patients with anal carcinomas treated with RCT with a radiation dose of 45 Gy, the predominant determinant of local control is the resulting OTT and not the administration schedule (split course or continuous radiotherapy).     

Radiation therapy for recurrent esophageal cancer after surgery: clinical results and prognostic factors

Objective: To evaluate the outcome of radiotherapy for recurrent esophagealcancer after surgery and to determine the prognostic factors. Methods: From 1987 through 2002, 82 patients treated with radiotherapyfor loco-regional recurrences of esophageal cancer after surgerywere retrospectively reviewed. The stage at initial surgerywas I in 16, II in 41, III or higher in 24 and unknown in 1.The median size of recurrent tumors was 3.5 cm in diameter.Fifty-two patients were treated with radiotherapy alone, and30 were treated with radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy.The median total dose of external radiotherapy given was 50.4Gy in 28 fractions. Results: The median survival period after recurrence was 7.0 months.The 2- and 5-year overall survival rate for all patients was22 and 11%, respectively. In univariate analysis, the patientswith performance status (PS) = 0–1, or tumor size <3.5cm, and those treated with total dose 50 Gy showed a bettersurvival outcome than each the other groups. The patients witha history of previous radiotherapy showed a poorer survivaloutcome in univariate analysis than each the other groups. Inmultivariate analysis, tumor size, PS and radiation dose wereindependent prognostic factors for overall survival. Conclusion: The prognosis of patients with post-operative loco-regionalrecurrence of esophageal cancer is poor. However, a long-termsurvival may be expected by definitive radiotherapy for thepatients with small-size tumors and with a good PS.     

Hazards of dose escalation in prostate cancer radiotherapy

PURPOSE: To assess the benefit of escalating the dose in definitive prostate cancer radiotherapy vs. the associated risk of complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1987 and 1999, 1087 patients with clinical Stage T1b-T3 adenocarcinoma of the prostate were definitively irradiated without hormonal therapy and had a pretreatment serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and Gleason score recorded. The median follow-up was 65 months. Doses ranged from 64 to 78 Gy, with the treatment techniques corresponding to the year of therapy and the prescribed dose. A total of 301 patients were treated on a randomized protocol to either 70 or 78 Gy. Also, 163 patients were treated with three-dimensional conformal therapy and had dose-volume histograms available for review. RESULTS: Tumor stage, grade, pretreatment PSA level, and radiation dose were all independent predictors of PSA disease-free survival (PSA-DFS) in multivariate analysis. The hazard rate for biochemical failure peaked at 1.5-3 years after radiotherapy. Although a statistically significant dose effect on PSA-DFS was found in the pretreatment PSA levels of those with both < or =10 ng/mL and >10 ng/mL, in those with a pretreatment PSA < or =10 ng/mL, the improvement in outcome was only seen going from a dose level of 64-66 Gy to 68-70 Gy with a 5-year PSA-DFS rate of 66% vs. 81% (p <0.0001). This was also confirmed by the data from the randomized patients who showed no difference in outcome whether treated to 70 Gy or 78 Gy. In patients with a pretreatment PSA level >10 ng/mL, a statistically significant improvement was found in disease-free outcome among the 64-66-Gy, 68-70-Gy, and 78-Gy levels. PSA-DFS was approximately 50% better at each higher dose level at 5 and 8 years after treatment. The dose had a statistically significant impact in both intermediate- and high-risk groups. Rectal morbidity was both dose and volume related. Although at 5 years after therapy, the Grade 2-3 rectal complication rate was twice as high for patients treated to 78 Gy than to 70 Gy, 26% vs. 12%, this risk could be markedly diminished by adhering to dose-volume constraints. CONCLUSIONS: In intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer patients, although it appears that radiation-dose escalation may improve PSA-DF outcome, the price paid in treatment morbidity can be high without adequate attention to dose-volume constraints of normal tissue. Care must be taken to consider not only the hazard of tumor recurrence but also that of complications.     

Interstitial microwave hyperthermia combined with iridium-192 radiotherapy for recurrent tumors

From 1985 through 1987, 44 tumors in 39 patients with recurrent cancer were treated with interstitial microwave hyperthermia (HT) combined with interstitial 192Ir radiotherapy (RT). All patients had unresectable and previously treated tumors (mean RT dose 57.6 Gy). Diagnoses were squamous cell carcinoma in 27 (62%), adenocarcinoma in 11 (25%), melanoma in 5 (11%), and soft tissue sarcoma in 1 (2%) site. Interstitial RT dose was from 25 to 50 Gy (mean 38.3 Gy). The first HT session was scheduled immediately before the loading of 192Ir, and the second was scheduled following its removal. Each session lasted 45-60 min at therapeutic temperature (42.5 degrees C). Complete response (CR) was obtained in 28 (64%) sites and partial response (PR) in 15 (34%) sites. None of the CR patients had local recurrence. Tumor volume was the most important factor influencing CR (p less than 0.001). The treated site, radiation dose, and thermal dose were not significant factors for CR (p = 0.03). The overall median survival was 39 weeks, with a 2-year survival of 22%. The treatment was well tolerated, with two patients developing focal skin necrosis.     

Recurrence-free survival rates after external-beam radiotherapy for patients with clinical T1-T3 prostate carcinoma in the prostate-specific antigen era: what should we expect?

BACKGROUND: The objective of the current study was to report biochemical recurrence-free survival (bRFS) rates among men with T1-T3 prostate carcinoma who were treated with external-beam radiotherapy (RT) at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (Cleveland, OH). METHODS: In total, 1352 patients were identified between 1987 and 2000 with a minimum follow-up of 1 year (median follow-up, 55 months; range, 12-189 months). The median radiation dose was 74.0 grays (Gy) (range, 63.0-83.0 Gy). The median radiation doses for patients who received < 68.0 Gy (n = 201), 68.0-72.0 Gy (n = 373), and > or = 72.0 Gy (n = 778) were 66.6 Gy, 70.0 Gy, and 78.0 Gy, respectively. The RT techniques used were standard RT in 41% of patients, 3-dimensional conformal RT in 34% of patients, and intensity-modulated RT in 25% of patients. Androgen-deprivation (AD) therapy lasting < or = 6 months was administered to 34% of patients. RESULTS: The 5-year and 7-year bRFS rates were 63% and 59%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, T classification (P < 0.001), pretreatment prostate-specific antigen level (P < 0.001), biopsy Gleason score (P = 0.001), radiation dose (P < 0.001), and year of therapy (P < 0.001) were independent predictors of biochemical failure. Age, race, AD therapy, and RT technique did not predict for biochemical failure. For patients with low-risk tumors, the 5-year bRFS rates for those who received RT doses of < or = 68.0 Gy, 68.0-72.0 Gy, and > or = 72.0 Gy were 52%, 82%, and 93%, respectively (P < 0.001); for patients with intermediate-risk tumors, the respective 5-year bRFS rates were 27%, 51%, and 83% (P < 0.001); and for patients with high-risk tumors, the respective 5-year bRFS rates were 21%, 29%, and 71%, respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The most significant therapeutic factor affecting bRFS rates after RT was radiation dose, rather than AD therapy use or radiation technique.     

Preoperative Chemoradiotheraph for Inflammatory Breast Cancer

OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of preoperative chemoradiotherapy for inflammatory breast cancer.METHODS From December 1996 to December 2000, we received and treated 21 patients with inflammatory breast carcinoma with a combinedmodality treatment. The chemotherapy protocol consisted of cyclophosphamide (CTX), pirarubicin (THP-ADM) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or CTX, 5-Fu and methotrexate (MTX). The same infusion scheme was repeated on day 21. After 3～4 cycles the patients were treated with radiotherapy. When the radiation dose reached 40 Gy, the patients who were unable or unwilling to under go an operation received continued radiotherapy. When the radiation dose to the supra clavicular fossa and internal mammary lymph nodes reached 60 Gy and 50 Gy respectively, the radiotherapy was stopped. Chemotherapy was then continued with the original scheme. Patients who had indications for surgery and were willing to under go an operation received no treatment for 2 weeks, after which a total mastectomy was performed. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy was resumed with the original scheme after the operations. When the radiation dose reached 50 Gy, radiotherapy was stopped.RESULTS All patients were followed-up for more than 5 years with a follow-up rate of 100%. The overall 3 and 5-year survival rates of these patients were 42.9%, and 23.8% respectively. For patients in Stage ⅢB the 3 and 5-year survival rates were 50.0% and 27.8% respectively, and for patients in Stage Ⅳ, the 3 and 5-year survival rates were both 0.0%.There was a significant difference between the 2 stage groups (P＜0.05,X2=11.60). For patients who received an operation, the 3 and 5-year survival rates were 80.0% and 33.3% respectively, For patients who were not treated with an operation, the 3 and 5-year survival rates were both0.0%, There was a significant difference between the operated and nonoperated groups (P＜0.05, X2=11.64).CONCLUSION The prognosis of inflammatory breast carcinoma is poor.Before operation, a combined-modality treatment (first chemotherapy,then local therapy, finally chemotherapy and radiotherapy) is the best treatment method.     

食管鳞癌三维放疗或同期放化疗优选照射剂量分析

目的 分析不同治疗模式及照射剂量下食管鳞癌患者的OS状况,探讨优选照射剂量及获益亚组人群。方法 选取2003-2014年本院接受3DRT的1387例食管鳞癌患者,分别对单纯放疗(780例)和同期放化疗(302例)不同照射剂量患者进行分析,采用Logrank检验和Cox多因素分析筛选优选照射剂量及获益亚组人群。结果 单纯放疗中照射剂量<60 Gy (91例)、60 Gy (429例)、>60 Gy组(260例)的中位OS期分别为9、20、23个月(P=0.000);60 Gy与>60 Gy组OS曲线相近(P=0.362),且均优于<60 Gy组(P=0.000、0.000)。同期放化疗中照射剂量<60 Gy (18例)、60 Gy (224例)和>60 Gy组(60例)的中位OS期分别为22、34、15个月(P=0.004);<60 Gy与>60 Gy组OS曲线相近(P=0.952),60 Gy组OS优于>60 Gy组(P=0.002)。多因素预后分析结果显示不同治疗模式食管鳞癌预后不同,但GTV与照射剂量为2种治疗模式共同的预后因素(P=0.045、0.001);单纯放疗时照射剂量为≥60 Gy为生存获益因素(P=0.000);同期放化疗时仅照射剂量为60 Gy是生存获益因素(P=0.050)。结论 单纯放疗时食管鳞癌患者照射剂量≥60 Gy为优选剂量,同期放化疗时建议照射剂量尽量控制为60 Gy。     

Radiation therapy for superficial esophageal cancer: a comparison of radiotherapy methods

PURPOSE: A comparison of treatment outcomes in response to various methods of radiotherapy for superficial esophageal cancer (SEC) was carried out for a large series of patients. METHODS AND MATERIALS: During the period from March 1987 to November 1998, 147 patients with superficial esophageal cancer received definitive radiation therapy at nine radiotherapy institutions in Japan. Fifty-five patients were treated with external radiation therapy alone, 69 with high-dose-rate intracavitary radiation therapy with or without external radiation therapy, and 23 with low-dose-rate intracavitary radiation therapy and external radiation therapy. RESULTS: The 5-year survival rates for mucosal and submucosal cancer patients were 62% and 42%, respectively. The 5-year cause-specific survival rates for mucosal and submucosal cancer patients were 81% and 64%, respectively (p = 0.013). There was no statistically significant difference in the survival rates for either mucosal or submucosal cancer patients between treatment groups. Metastasis was observed only in submucosal cancer patients. Esophageal ulcers developed only in patients who received intracavitary radiation therapy, and were especially common in patients treated with a fraction size of 5 Gy or more. CONCLUSIONS: The use of intracavitary radiation therapy does not influence the survival or local control rate of SEC. Optimal radiotherapy methods for SEC should be determined by a randomized clinical trial.     

肿瘤体积和放疗剂量对体部γ刀治疗肝细胞肝癌的预后影响

目的 探索GTV和放疗剂量对体部γ刀治疗肝细胞肝癌的预后影响。 方法 回顾分析2012—2015年间 69例体部γ刀治疗肝细胞肝癌患者临床资料。采用50%或60%等剂量曲线覆盖计划靶区,单次 4~5 Gy,边缘总剂量 36~50 Gy (中位数45 Gy)。观察其近期疗效、总生存期及不良反应。采用ROC曲线确定肿瘤体积最佳界值。采用Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率,Logrank检验和单因素分析,Cox模型多因素分析。 结果 69例患者放疗近期总有效率为67%。1、2年生存率分别为62%、40%,中位生存期18.6个月。多因素分析显示GTV<93 cm³(P=0.013)及放疗近期有效(P=0.000)是影响生存的因素。GTV<93 cm³时患者≥45 Gy亚组预后明显好于<45 Gy亚组(P=0.019),而GTV≥93 cm³组患者中剂量大小对生存期无明显影响(P=0.665)。 结论 肿瘤体积是影响局部晚期肝癌患者生存的独立预后因素。小体积肿瘤行大剂量放疗患者生存获益。对肿瘤体积较大患者不宜强行追求高剂量照射。     

Improved long-term survival with combined modality therapy for pediatric nasopharynx cancer

PURPOSE: Nasopharynx cancer is a rare malignancy in childhood. This study aims to determine the role of chemotherapy, the optimal dose of radiation, and the long-term outcome for children with locoregional disease. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Thirty-three patients [median age 14 (range: 12-20) years] were treated for Stage I-IVB nasopharynx cancer. Thirteen patients (39%) received radiotherapy alone and 20 patients (61%) had chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The median radiation dose to the primary tumor was 66 Gy (range: 54-72 Gy). The median follow-up time for surviving patients was 8.4 years (range: 0.5-23.6 years). RESUL TS: The actuarial 10-year locoregional relapse-free survival, distant metastases-free survival, and overall survival rates were 77%, 68%, and 58% , respectively. Locoregional control was improved for patients treated with radiation doses > 60 Gy compared to those receiving < or = 60 Gy (93% vs. 60%, p < 0.03). The addition of chemotherapy had no significant effect on locoregional control but did reduce the development of distant metastases (16% vs. 57%, p = 0.01). Combined modality therapy improved 10-year disease-free survival (84% vs. 35%, p < 0.01) and survival (78% vs. 33%, p < 0.05) over radiation alone. The 10-year actuarial rate of severe complications was 24%.60 Gy are used for gross disease. The addition of chemotherapy decreases the risk of distant metastases and increases survival.     

A multi-institutional retrospective analysis of external radiotherapy for mucosal melanoma of the head and neck in Northern Japan

PURPOSE: A multi-institutional retrospective study was performed in northern Japan to analyze the outcome of external radiotherapy as the definitive treatment modality for localized mucosal melanoma of the head and neck. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-one patients with localized mucosal melanoma of the head and neck treated by external radiotherapy at nine institutions of the Northern Japan Radiation Therapy Oncology Group between 1980 and 1999 were enrolled in this study. Radiotherapy alone was performed in 21 patients, and the remaining 10 patients received postoperative radiotherapy for gross residual tumors. The fraction size of radiotherapy varied from 1.5-13.8 Gy, with the total dose ranging from 32-64 Gy (median, 50 Gy). The follow-up periods ranged from 1-214 months (median, 16 months). RESULTS: Complete or partial responses were observed in 9 patients (29%) and 18 patients (58%), respectively. Local recurrence occurred in 13 patients (41.9%) and distant metastasis occurred in 11 patients (35.5%). Most incidences of local recurrence and distant metastasis developed within 2 years after the initial treatment. Overall cause-specific survival rates of patients at 1 and 3 years were 73% and 33%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that high dose per fractionated radiotherapy doses (>or=3 Gy) was associated with better prognosis for both local control (p = 0.048) and survival (p = 0.045). Multivariate analysis indicated that age (better prognosis in younger patients, p = 0.046) was the only significant factor. Radiotherapy for gross residual lesions after surgery did not seem to impact the significant gain of local control and survival. We observed two fatal late complications of mucosal ulcer and bleeding in the high dose per fractionated radiotherapy group. CONCLUSION: Radiotherapy at a dose of 3 Gy or more per fraction was effective in gaining local control in patients with localized mucosal melanoma of the head and neck, and subsequently better survival was possible, especially in younger patients.     

原发于上颌窦非霍奇金淋巴瘤15例临床分析

目的对原发于上颌窦非霍奇金淋巴瘤的临床、病理、治疗及预后结合文献进行分析。方法经手术后病理确诊为原发于上颌窦非霍奇金淋巴瘤15例在本院行放疗和化疗的综合治疗。放疗采用60Co-γ线或6MV~8MV高能X线,原发灶放疗中位剂量为56Gy,颈部放疗剂量为50Gy,颈部预防放疗剂量为44Gy。放射治疗前后行CHOP、COPP、COMP、BACOP等方案化疗2个~6个周期。结果5年生存率为53.4%。死亡8例,均死于远处转移。结论上颌窦非霍奇金淋巴瘤需行放射治疗和全身化疗,有条件时给予鞘内预防化疗。     

Concurrent chemotherapy (carboplatin, paclitaxel, etoposide) and involved-field radiotherapy in limited stage small cell lung cancer: a Dutch multicenter phase II study

To improve the prognosis of limited stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) the addition of concurrent thoracic radiotherapy to a platinum-containing regimen is important. In the Netherlands, we initiated a multicenter, phase II study, of the combination of four cycles of carboplatin (AUC 5), paclitaxel (200 mg m(-2)) and etoposide (2 x 50 mg orally for 5 days) combined with 45 Gy (daily fractions of 1.8 Gy). The radiation was given to the involved field and concurrently with the second and third chemotherapy cycle. Patients with a partial or complete response received prophylactic cranial irradiation to a dose of 30 Gy. From January 1999 to December 2001, 37 of the 38 patients with LS-SCLC entered were eligible for toxicity analysis and response. Grade 3 and 4 haematological toxicity occurred in 57% (21/37) with febrile neutropenia in 24% (9/37). There were no treatment-related deaths or other grade 4 toxicity. Grade 3 toxicities were oesophagitis (27%), radiation pneumonitis (6%), anorexia (14%), nausea (16%), dyspnea (19%) and lethargy (22%). The objective response rate was 92% (95% confidence interval (CI) 80-98%) with a median survival time of 19.5 months (95% CI 12.8-29.2). The 1-, 2- and 5-year survival rate was 70, 47 and 27%, respectively. In field local recurrences occurred in six patients. Distant metastases were observed in 19 patients of which 13 in the brain. This study indicates that combination chemotherapy with concurrent involved-field radiation therapy is an effective treatment for LS-SCLC. Despite PCI, the brain remained the most important site of recurrence.     

Clinical outcome of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma treated with radiotherapy of once- and twice-daily fractionation regimens

BACKGROUND: The purpose was to assess local control, survival, and toxicity after radiotherapy in patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, and to compare clinical outcomes between once-daily and twice-daily fractionation regimens. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (n = 47) who underwent external beam radiotherapy from 1983 to 2004 was conducted. Twenty-three patients underwent radical radiotherapy with a radiation dose > 40 Gy, and 24 patients underwent palliative radiotherapy with a dose < or = 40 Gy. Of radical radiotherapy, radiation was given with once-daily (14 patients) or twice-daily fractionation (9 patients; 1.5 Gy per fraction) to a total dose of 45-66 Gy. Most patients (37 patients; 78.7%) were followed to death. RESULTS: The 6-month local progression-free rate in patients who underwent radical radiotherapy was 94.1%, significantly higher compared with palliative radiotherapy (64.6%; P = .02). The median actuarial overall survival was greater in patients with radical radiotherapy (11.1 months) compared with palliative radiotherapy (3.2 months; P < .0001). The median overall survival in patients with twice-daily fractionation (13.6 months) was 3.3 months longer than patients treated with once-daily fractionation (10.3 months), but the difference was not statistically significant (P = .3). For patients treated with twice-daily fractionation, 3 patients had Grade 3 acute skin toxicity, and no patient had Grade 3 or higher esophageal toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Radiotherapy can result in local control of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. A twice-daily fractionation regimen is well tolerated and has a trend to longer survival, which deserves a larger study.     

局限期小细胞肺癌同步推量调强放疗的I期/II期临床研究

背景与目的同步放化疗是局限期小细胞肺癌的标准治疗,但患者局部复发率和远处转移率仍较高,本研究旨在评估同步推量调强放疗治疗局限期小细胞肺癌的安全性和有效性。方法符合局限期小细胞肺癌的患者纳入研究行同步放化疗,放疗采用每日两次方案,应用经典“3+3”模式对肿瘤大体体积（gross target volume, GTV）进行同步推量剂量递增,设定为三个剂量梯度,分别为45 Gy/30 f（单次剂量1.50 Gy）、50 Gy/30 f（单次剂量1.67 Gy）和54 Gy/30 f（单次剂量1.80 Gy）。计划靶体积均为45 Gy/30 f。主要研究终点为放疗期间及结束3个月内毒性反应。次要研究终点包括1年生存率、无进展生存期、局部无进展生存期。结果研究共入组26例患者,中位年龄为52岁（30岁-68岁）。26例患者中,1例出现3级放射性食管炎,未观察到3级及以上放射性肺炎。中位随访时间11.2（3.2-36.2）个月,1年生存率、无进展生存率和局部无进展生存率分别为89.0%、51.0%和85.0%。结论局限期小细胞肺癌采用化疗联合同步推量调强放疗,将GTV由45 Gy提升至54 Gy是安全有效的。