131Ⅰ治疗Graves甲亢临床疗效分析

目的 观察131Ⅰ治疗Graves甲亢的疗效及影响因素.方法 选择在我科接受131Ⅰ治疗的甲亢患者792例,其中53例治疗前使用了丙基硫氧嘧啶(PTU)、428例使用了甲巯咪唑(MMI),311例未使用抗甲状腺药物(ATD).治疗前测定甲状腺功能、甲状腺吸131Ⅰ率和甲状腺显像.甲亢131Ⅰ治疗剂量(mci)=甲状腺质量(g)×每克甲状腺给予的剂量/甲状腺24h吸131Ⅰ率(％).治疗后1～3个月复查甲功,随访时间6个月至4年.结果 131Ⅰ治疗后甲低、临床治愈,部分缓解,复发,无效率分别为42.6％、27.9％、17.7％、5.6％、6.3％.治疗总的有效率93.7％.治疗前未用ATD、使用ATD者131Ⅰ治疗有效率分别为97.7％,91.1％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).治疗有效组、无效组比较病程、甲状腺重量、血清FT3、FT4水平、服131Ⅰ剂量差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).采用Logistic回归分析对相关因素筛选,甲状腺重量、血清FT3、FT4水平是影响疗效的主要因素.结论 131Ⅰ治疗甲亢安全、疗效好.ATD可能降低131Ⅰ治疗效果.甲状腺重量、FT3、FT4水平是影响治疗结果的关键因素.     

甲状腺重量及血清TSH浓度对小剂量131Ⅰ治疗甲亢疗效的影响

目的:评价甲状腺重量及血清TSH浓度对小剂量131Ⅰ治疗甲状腺功能亢进症(甲亢)疗效的影响.方法:患者治疗前均行甲状腺SPECT扫描并检测血清FT3、FT4、TSH浓度;131I治疗的剂量为常规剂量的1/2～2/3.结果:①治疗前一次给药组TSH浓度为0.10±0.34mμ·L-1,重复给药组为0.04±0.10mμ·L-1,两者差异有显著性(P＜0.05);②治疗前甲状腺的重量一次给药组为51.22±26.09g,重复给药组87.34±63.69g,两者差异有显著性(P＜0.0001).结论:小剂量131Ⅰ治疗甲亢的疗效良好,多数患者能一次治愈,但对于大甲状腺患者或血清TSH浓度很低者则需多次治疗.     

CT显像和放射碘治疗在有ATD药物反应的格雷夫斯甲亢中的应用

目的 研究16层螺旋CT显像估算甲状腺重量和放射性131I治疗有ATD药物反应的格雷夫斯甲亢的临床疗效.方法 所有患者均有大于一次至多次的ATD药物反应,均为白细胞减低、或肝功能损害、或皮肤过敏反应较严重.在131I治疗前均对所有患者进行血清TT3、TT4、FT3、FT4、sTSH、TGAb、TMAb、TRAb、血尿常规、心电图、肝肾功能、甲状腺摄碘率、甲状腺CT显像估算质量等检查,禁用影响甲状腺摄碘功能的药物和食物2周以上,计算总的131I剂量,一次口服,随诊并观察1年.结果 131I治疗有ATD药物反应的格雷夫斯甲亢患者95例,完全缓解（其中甲状腺功能减低13例）75例、部分缓解14例,总有效率93.68％,无效6例,占6.32％.治疗后1年有效（包括完全缓解、部分缓解、甲低）的CT显像甲状腺质量由治疗前的42.6±15.4克缩小到29.8±8.5克（t=6.863,P＜0.01）,治疗后1年无效的CT显像甲状腺质量由治疗前53.6±18.3克缩小到48.8±17.5克（t=1.965,P＞0.05）.131 I治疗后暂时性甲低13例,占13.68％（观察1年,与总甲低率10％比较u=1.196,P＞0.05）.并发轻度的白细胞降低、肝损、皮损共10例,占总数的10.5％.结论 CT显像对估计甲状腺重量有较大的应用价值,131 I治疗有ATD药物反应的格雷夫斯甲亢患者是非常安全、简单、有效的首选治疗方法.     

167例精细个体化131I治疗中老年Graves甲亢疗效观察

目的 积累临床病例,观察167例精细个体化131I治疗中老年Graves甲亢疗效.方法 回顾性分析167例中老年Graves甲亢应用131I治疗,引入个体化治疗方案矫正系数,根据甲状腺大小、质地、年龄、病程、抗甲状腺药物(ATD)治疗、并发症、手术、有效半衰期等指标对矫正系数进行精细化调整服131I剂量,跟踪随访一年.结果 精细个体化131I治疗用于167例中老年Graves甲亢,服131I后3个月、6个月、12个月患者临床症状显著改善,血FT3、FT4、TSH较治疗前明显降低(P＜0.05),甲亢完全缓解率80.24％,部分缓解率7.78％,总有效率98.8％,其中甲状腺功能低下(甲低)者15例,占9.0％.131I治疗后12个月,Graves眼病、甲亢性心脏病的缓解率分别为83.72％和82.14％.结论 精细个体化131I治疗中老年Graves甲亢疗效显著,副作用小,具有很好的应用价值,在临床治疗中值得推广.     

甲状腺重量及血清TSH浓度对小剂量^131I治疗甲亢疗效的影响

目的评价甲状腺重量及血清TSH浓度对小剂量131Ⅰ治疗甲状腺功能亢进症(甲亢)疗效的影响.方法患者治疗前均行甲状腺SPECT扫描并检测血清FT3、FT4、TSH浓度;131I治疗的剂量为常规剂量的1/2～2/3.结果①治疗前一次给药组TSH浓度为0.10±0.34mμ·L-1,重复给药组为0.04±0.10mμ·L-1,两者差异有显著性(P＜0.05);②治疗前甲状腺的重量一次给药组为51.22±26.09g,重复给药组87.34±63.69g,两者差异有显著性(P＜0.0001).结论小剂量131Ⅰ治疗甲亢的疗效良好,多数患者能一次治愈,但对于大甲状腺患者或血清TSH浓度很低者则需多次治疗.     

131I治疗儿童Graves病临床探讨

目的 探讨抗甲状腺药物(anti-thyroid drugs,ATD)和131 I治疗儿童Graves病的疗效分析.方法 将218例儿童Graves病患者随机分为131I组和ATD组,131I组给予小剂量131I(1 ～3mci)治疗,ATD组给予ATD规则治疗1～1.5年,于治疗后第12、18个月复查,对比两组的疗效并统计分析TGAb及TMAb滴度、甲状腺重量、年龄与31I疗效的关联.结果 13iI治疗组甲亢治愈率明显高于ATD组(P＜0.01),同时甲减率也高于ATD组(P＜0.05).131I治疗组中TGAb及TMAb强阳性组的甲亢治愈率、甲减率均高于非强阳性组(分别为P＜0.01和P＜0.05);小于10岁组的甲减率高于10 ～ 14岁组(P＜0.05);甲状腺重量＜45克组的甲减率高于＞45克组(P＜0.05).结论 131I治疗儿童Graves病优于ATD治疗,可以选择性应用于对ATD过敏或副作用大、对ATD疗效差、甲状腺腺体较大及对药物治疗依从性差的患者.     

ATD对Graves'病131I疗效影响的对比研究

目的探讨ATD(抗甲状腺药物)对Graves'病131I治疗疗效的影响程度,指导临床更加合理地使用131I治疗剂量.方法选取80例已服用ATD的Graves'病患者按停服ATD时间长短分成4组. 全部行吸碘率检查及131I治疗;再按服用ATD时间长短分为3组,以20例未服ATD即行131I治疗者为对照组,比较24小时最高吸碘率及131I治疗疗效.结果未服用ATD者24小时最高吸碘率和131I治愈率最高,停用ATD时间越短,最高吸碘率和治愈率越低;服用ATD时间越长,131I治疗的疗效越差.结论 ATD能较明显影响Graves'病131I的疗效,是131I治疗剂量制定过程中应综合考虑的影响因素之一.     

442例Graves病131I治疗后晚发甲减相关因素分析

目的 回顾分析Graves' disease(GD)131I治疗后永久性甲状腺功能减退(晚发甲减)的相关因素.方法 依据摄131I率公式并结合临床经验确定131 I剂量,一次给药,门诊治疗GD患者442例,其中男性128例(29.0％),女性314例(71.0％).一次治疗未愈或复发者,相隔3个月以上同法重复治疗,直至治愈.结束治疗后随访疗效1年以上,并根据是否发生晚发甲减分成甲减组和非甲减组,然后分析两组患者相关因素的差异及临床意义.结果 ①晚发甲减231例(52.3％),包括男性56例(43.8％)和女性175例(55.7％)(x2=4.7639,P＜0.05).②两组事先抗甲状腺药物(antithyroid drugs,ATD)治疗时间分别为43.6±42.0月和64.6±50.1月(t=3.0290,P＜0.01);治疗前ATD停药时间分别为27.2±25.3周和18.7±16.4周(t=2.7709,P＜0.01).③两组的年龄、病程、摄131I率、治疗前激素和自身抗体水平、甲状腺质量和质地、治疗次数、首次和累计治疗剂量等,均无统计学差异(t=0.2592 ～1.2363,P＞0.05).结论 晚发甲减与性别和ATD有一定关系,与年龄、病程、摄131I率、激素和自身抗体水平、甲状腺大小和质地、1311I剂量等未见明显相关,提示患者内在规律的自然转归是晚发甲减主要原因,因此临床应用131I剂量不必过于保守.     

131I治疗结节性甲状腺肿并甲亢260例临床分析

目的 对131I治疗结节性甲状腺肿并甲亢的效果进行临床分析.方法 对确诊为结节性甲状腺肿并甲亢的260例患者采用131I治疗,结合结节情况、甲状腺吸碘率、甲状腺重量及甲状腺B超检查等确定131I剂量,并随访3～60个月.2～6个月复查甲功,根据甲功情况给予左甲状腺素钠片25 ～ 150μg/日,抑制TSH增高及治疗甲减.结果 260例患者131I甲亢治愈率为65.39％ （170/260）,甲亢好转率为20.00％ （52/260）,甲减发生率14.61％ （38/260）,总体有效率100％（含甲减）;131I治疗后结节消除占78.85％ （205/260）,结节缩小占15.39％ （40/260）,结节治疗无效占5.77％ （15/260）.结节直径越小的疗效越好（P＜0.05）.结论 131I治疗结节性甲状腺肿并甲亢疗效较好,适合有手术禁忌证或拒绝手术的患者.     

ATD对Graves’病^131I疗效影响的对比研究

目的 探讨ATD(抗甲状腺药物)对Graves’病^131I治疗疗效的影响程度，指导临床更加合理地使用^131I治疗剂量．方法 选取80例已服用ATD的Graves’病患者按停服ATD时间长短分成4组．全部行吸碘率检查及^131I治疗：再按服用ATD时间长短分为3组．以20例未服ATD即行^131I治疗者为对照组，比较24小时最高吸碘率及^131I治疗疗效．结果 未服用ATD者24小时最高吸碘率和^131I治愈率最高，停用ATD时间越短．最高吸碘率和治愈率越低；服用ATD时间越长，^131I治疗的疗效越差．结论 ATD能较明显影响Graves’病^131I的疗效，是^131I治疗剂量制定过程中应综合考虑的影响因素之一．     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.