131I治疗对伴巨大甲状腺肿Graves病患者疗效及影响因素分析

目的探讨 131 I治疗对伴巨大甲状腺肿的Graves病患者甲状腺功能和TSH受体抗体(TRAb)的影响,并分析该治疗方法的影响因素。方法选择154例2009年1月至2015年12月在本院住院进行 131I治疗的伴巨大甲状腺肿的Graves病患者(经CT测算甲状腺体积均>100cm^3 ),检测患者治疗前后甲状腺功能及TSH受体抗体的变化,6~24个月随访。疗效按照治疗后甲状腺功能,分为治愈、甲亢部分缓解、甲减以及无效。结果 154例Graves病患者的甲状腺体积为121.08(108.43~143.43)cm^3 。治疗后甲状腺功能恢复正常91例(59.09%),甲亢部分缓解仍需服抗甲状腺药物56例( 36.36%),甲减7例(4.55%)。末次治疗6个月后FT3 、FT4 和TRAb均明显下降,其中,FT3 由治疗前的23.88( 11.49~ 45.81 )pmol/L降低为6.27(4.58~10.07)pmol/L,FT 4 由治疗前的42.08(19.99~100.00)pmol/L下降到19.31( 13.67~ 30.08 )pmol/L,TRAb由35.07(22.82~40.00)IU/L降至21.75(9.46~39.30)IU/L,( P 均<0.05),并且TSH水平上升明显,由治疗前的0.09(0.06~ 0.21 )mIU/L增至0.22(0.09~1.33)mIU/L( P <0.05)。甲功正常组治疗前甲状腺体积为 116.08 (106.95~130.04)cm^3 ,小于部分缓解组125.87(111.86~154.93)cm^3 ( P <0.05)和甲减组145.20( 128.55~ 169.31 )cm^3 ( P <0.05)。 131I治疗巨大甲状腺肿的Graves病患者的转归与患者治疗前的甲状腺体积有关(相关系数 OR = 0.21 , P < 0.05 )。结论 131I治疗可用于巨大甲状腺肿Graves病患者,治疗安全有效,治疗效果与治疗前甲状腺体积有关。     

甲状腺自身抗体对131I治疗青少年Graves病后甲减的影响

研究青少年Graves病(GD)患者治疗前促甲状腺激素受体抗体(TRAb)和甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)水平对131I治疗后甲状腺功能减退症(甲减)发生率的影响.131I治疗青少年GD患者 264例,治疗前依TRAb和TPOAb分为TRAb阳性、阴性组及TPOAb强阳性、阳性和阴性组;依两抗体不同阳性组合分为A[...     

Graves病患者131I治疗前后TRAb、TGA和TMA的变化及其与早发甲减的关系

目的 测定Graves病患者131I治疗前后血清TRAb、TGA、TMA水平,探讨其变化规律及与早发甲减的关系.方法 收集215例经131I治疗的Graves病患者,根据临床症状和实验室检查结果分为治愈组和早发甲减组,应用化学发光免疫分析测定患者治疗前3个月,治疗后3 、6 、12 、18 个月血清TRAb、TGA、TMA 的含量,并进行比较.结果 131I治疗后3个月血清TRAb 含量明显升高（P〈0.05）,TGA、TMA 值与治疗前无明显差异（P〉0.05）.治疗后6个月TRAb达最高值并呈下降趋势,TGA、TMA 值明显升高.治疗后12 个月TRAb、TGA、TMA 值明显下降,治疗后18个月各项指标均接近正常.治愈组患者TRAb阳性率显著地低于其他组（P〈0.05）,早发甲减组患者TGA、TMA阳性率显著地高于其他组（P〈0.05）.结论 动态监测Graves病患者131I治疗前后血清TRAb、TGA、TMA 的含量,对Graves病的疗效观察、预后判断及早发甲减的预后评估具有重要的意义.因此,这些实验项目对Graves病而言,应置于优先的考虑.     

Graves病131I治疗前后甲状腺自身抗体的变化及其临床意义

测定放射性131I治疗前后Graves病患者血清甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)和甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)的变化,探讨131I治疗Graves病的疗效及影响早发甲低的因素.将334例Graves病患者按131I治疗前TGAb、TPOAb水平分为阳性组202例(TGAb＞115IU/mL,TPOAb＞34IU/mL)和阴性组132例(TGAb＜115IU/mL,TPOAb＜34IUmL),并对其治疗前及治疗后3、6、9及12个月的血清FT3、FT4、TSH及TGAb、TGAb水平进行动态观察.治疗后1年, 甲低发生率分别为阳性组23.8%,阴性组11.4%, 两组间甲低发生率有显著差异(P＜0.01).并且随着131I治疗后时间的推移, TPOAb、TGAb的阳性率逐渐降低.早发甲低与治疗前TGAb、TPOAb水平有关, 测定血清中TGAb、TPOAb浓度对Graves病患者131I治疗前调整给药剂量可提供参考, 并且131I治疗Graves病可以降低患者甲状腺激素自身抗体水平, 促进其自身免疫状态的改善和恢复.     

131I治疗初诊Graves甲亢并白细胞减少618例疗效分析

目的 分析初诊Graves甲亢并白细胞(white blood cells,WBC)减少的131I治疗疗效.方法 对我院2001年7月至2013年12月经131I治疗初诊Graves甲亢并WBC减少患者随访的618例进行回顾性分析.结果 初诊Graves甲亢并WBC减少的女性患者的WBC低于男性患者(P＜0.05).131I治疗:甲亢治疗治愈率(包括甲减)95.31％ (589/618),好转率4.69％ (29/618),甲减率6.9％ (43/618),有效率达100％(618/618);甲亢治愈的同时,WBC减少治愈率95.63％(591/618),治疗前后WBC水平差异有统计学意义F=20292.06,P=0.000;4.37％(27/618)患者WBC仍低于正常(3.68±0.38×109/L),但比较其初诊时WBC(2.97±0.56×109/L)水平呈明显升高(P＜0.05).结论 131I治疗初诊Graves甲亢并WBC减少患者的甲亢和WBC的治愈率高,有效率达100％,初诊Graves甲亢并WBC减少的患者应首选131I治疗.     

ATD治疗对Graves’病~（131）I治疗后短期内血清TRAb变化的影响

目的：探讨131I治疗前行抗甲状腺药物治疗Graves’病患者对131I治疗后短期内血清TRAb变化的影响。方法：选取于我科接受131I治疗的Graves’病患者183例,分为两组：单纯131I治疗组74例与ATD组109例（131I治疗前曾接受规范ATD治疗,治疗时间〉1.5年）。采用放射免疫分析分别检测两组131I治疗前及治疗后3、6个月血清TRAb水平。结果：两组病例131I治疗后血清TRAb水平较治疗前均明显增高（P〈0.001）;131I治疗后3个月及6个月两组血清TRAb水平之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：131I治疗后3个月及6个月血清TRAb水平较治疗前明显增高;且前期行抗甲状腺药物治疗对Graves’病131I治疗后短期内血清TRAb值无影响。     

Graves’病患者~(131)I治疗后早发性甲减相关因素分析

目的:探讨TRAb、TGA、TMA在G raves’病131I治疗中的价值,了解131I治疗后早发性甲减产生的机理。方法:对167例G raves’病131I治疗患者进行治疗前及治疗后6个月检测TRAb、TGA、TMA和甲状腺功能,依据治疗后甲状腺功能状况分为甲亢未控制组91例、甲亢控制组48例和早发性甲减组28例,并对这三组治疗前后进行比较。结果:早发性甲减组年龄低于甲亢未控制组(P<0.01)。TRAb治疗前甲亢未控制组高于甲亢控制组和早发性甲减组(P<0.05)。各组治疗前后比较:治疗后甲亢未控制组与甲亢控制组的TRAb均高于治疗前(P<0.05),早发性甲减组的TGA、TMA治疗后高于治疗前(P<0.01)。TGA、TMA治疗后早发性甲减组明显高于甲亢未控制组和甲亢控制组(P<0.01)。结论:①G raves’病患者进行131I治疗时,年龄轻的比年龄大的容易发生早发性甲减;②131I治疗前血清中TRAb水平高的不易治愈,反之,要警惕早发性甲减。③Graves’病患者131I治疗后早发性甲减的发生可能与TGA、TMA阳性率增高有关。     

131I治疗Graves病质量控制探讨

制定131I治疗Graves病(GD)各环节中的质量控制(QC)标准并实行治疗环节中的QC,以期降低131I治疗GD中早发甲减症的发生率和提高131I治疗GD的一次性治愈率.在随机门诊患者治疗中,制定适应症、禁忌症、治疗方法、注意事项、随访观察和疗效评价、治疗前患者选择及准备、甲状腺摄碘率(RAIU)、甲状腺重量测定、131I给药剂量等各环节的QC标准,对未实施QC和实施QC后的131I治疗GD一次性治愈率、好转率、复治率、早发甲减率进行对照.结果表明:两组年龄、性别和ATD治疗史均无显著性差异(P＞0.05)患者相比,实施QC组一次性治愈率从76.6%提高到90.9%(P≤0.01),好转率由12.2%降至7.0%(P≤0.01),好转GD患者131I复治后治愈率由90.1%提高到93.0%(P＞0.05),早发甲减由11.0%降至2.1%(P≤0.01),实施QC可明显提高一次性治愈率和降低早发甲减率.     

131Ⅰ治疗Graves病疗效的临床因素分析

目的探讨131I治疗Graves病患者转归的直接影响因素。方法 302例Graves病患者接受131I治疗,治疗前做吸碘试验,治疗前和治疗三年后各抽血一次,检测血清T3、T4、FT3、FT4、s-TSH、TRAb、TPOAb。依据治疗三年后甲状腺功能情况分为：复发组、治愈组、甲减组,并对三组患者年龄、性别、治疗剂量、治疗前吸碘率、T3、T4、FT3、FT4、s-TSH、TRAb、TPOAb等因素进行比较。结果患者性别、治疗前吸碘率、血清T3、T4、FT3、FT4、s-TSH比较,各组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;甲减组年龄低于复发组（P〈0.05）;复发组131I治疗剂量高于治愈组（P〈0.05）;治愈组TRAb高于甲减组（P〈0.05）;治疗前血清TPOAb比较,甲减组最高,治愈组次之,复发组最低,三者之间有明显差异（P〈0.01）。结论患者年龄、131I治疗剂量、血清TRAb、TPOAb等因素与Graves病131I治疗后的转归有一定的关系。患者年龄低的容易发生甲减。少数严重的Graves病患者尽管治疗剂量大仍难治愈且易复发。治疗前TRAb低的患者容易发生甲减,TPOAb越高,越易发生甲减。     

碳酸锂联合131I治疗Graves病的疗效分析

目的 探讨碳酸锂联合131I治疗Graves病（GD）的疗效.方法 用碳酸锂联合131I治疗GD患者5638例,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 碳酸锂联合131I治疗GD,一次治疗后半年随访,GD痊愈率76.5％、好转率19.8％、总有效率96.3％,甲亢性心脏病的治疗总有效率93.8％.其中,甲状腺功能减退症（简称甲减）者569例,占10.1％.结论 131I联合碳酸锂治疗GD及合并甲亢性心脏病的GD经济、安全、方便、疗效可靠,同时可以减少131I的使用剂量.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.