老年急性非早幼粒细胞白血病NPM1及FLT3-ITD基因突变特征及临床意义

目的:探讨老年急性非早幼粒细胞白血病（non-acute promyelocytic leukemia,non-APL）NPM1及FLT3-ITD基因突变特征及临床意义。方法:回顾性分析本院2011年1月至2018年6月接受NPM1、FLT3-ITD基因突变检测的98例老年non-APL患者临床资料,统计NPM1、FLT3-ITD基因突变阳性率,分析不同核型non-APL患者NPM1、FLT3-ITD基因突变情况,并比较 NPM1/FLT3-ITD基因突变阳性与阴性患者性别、年龄、白细胞、血小板、血红蛋白、骨髓原始细胞、CD34+、CD117+的关系。结果:NPM1基因突变阳性20例,占20.41%;FLT3-ITD基因突变阳性15例,占15.31%;NPM1、FLT3-ITD基因突变双阳性5例,占5.10%。正常核型38例,占38.78%,正常核型患者NPM1、FLT3-ITD基因突变阳性率及双阳性率均显著高于异常核型者（P<0.05）。NPM1基因突变阳性患者白细胞计数、血小板计数均显著大于NPM1基因突变阴性者,CD34+比例显著小于NPM1基因突变阴性者（P<0.05）;FLT3-ITD基因突变阳性患者白细胞、骨髓原始细胞均显著大于FLT3-ITD基因突变阴性者（P<0.05）。NPM1基因突变阳性患者1疗程CR率、总CR率均显著高于NPM1基因突变阴性者（P<0.05）;FLT3-ITD基因突变阳性患者1疗程CR率、总CR率均显著低于FLT3-ITD基因突变阴性者（P<0.05）。结论:对老年non-APL患者行FLT3-ITD及NPM1基因突变检测,可指导临床治疗及疗效评估。     

急性髓细胞白血病NPM1和FLT3-ITD突变检测临床意义分析

目的:研究核仁磷酸蛋白1(NPM1)FMS样酪氨酸激酶3(FLT3)基因内部串联重复(ITD)突变在急性髓细胞白血病(AML)中发生的情况,并了解其临床特征及预后意义.方法:分别应用高分辨熔解曲线(HRM)和变性高效液相色谱技术(DHPLC)检测103例初诊AML患者NPM1和FLT3-ITD突变情况,并结合临床资料进行分析.结果:103例初诊AML患者中,31例发现NPM1基因突变,20例发现FLT3-ITD突变,阳性率分别为30.1％和19.4％,而在核型正常组中所占的比例分别为47.6％(20/42)和26.2％(11/42).FLT3-ITD突变型外周血白细胞计数高,t=2.21,P=0.037;骨髓原始细胞比例高,t=2.44,P=0.023;NPM1突变型亦表现为高外周血白细胞计数,t=2.24,P=0.034.在非M3患者中,NPM1突变型的CR与野生型差异无统计学意义,但第1次化疗的CR(76.9％)明显高于野生型患者(35.0％),x2=12.78,P=0.000 35;FLT3-ITD突变型患者的CR为58.8％,野生型患者为82.6％,两者比较,x2=4.48,P=0.034;FLT3-ITD突变型患者第1次化疗的CR为17.6％,而野生型患者为55.1％,两者比较,x2=6.23,P=0.012.31例NPM1基因突变中有6例合并FLT3-ITD突变,NPM1+/FLT3-ITD-组的CR最高(85.0％),1年内RR率最低(17.6％);NPM1-/FLT3-ITD+组的CR最低(54.5％),1年内RR率最高(50.0％).结论:NPM1和FLT3-ITD突变是AML患者常见的分子遗传学异常,与预后密切相关,可成为目前细胞遗传学预后分组的重要补充,对于指导AML患者的个体化治疗具有重要的临床价值.     

急性髓系白血病患者骨髓涂片FMS样酪氨酸激酶3、NPM1和c-kit基因检测及临床研究

目的：探讨提取贮存骨髓涂片DNA的方法,通过对急性髓系白血病（AML）患者FMS样酪氨酸激酶3（FLT3）、NPM1及c-kit基因突变进行检测,分析三种基因突变与AML临床特征之间的关系。方法收集55例AML患者骨髓涂片,采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）、DNA测序和分子克隆方法对FLT3-内部串联重复（ITD）、NPM1和c-kit基因突变进行检测及分析,记录患者疾病缓解、进展及生存时间。结果实验证实对于低温冻存、未经瑞特染色、未用化学方法固定的骨髓涂片标本及室温贮存、经瑞特染色脱色后的标本均能用苯酚∶氯仿∶异戊醇法成功提取DNA。从骨髓涂片中提取的DNA可用于PCR、直接测序和分子克隆测序分析。在55例AML患者中,FLT3-ITD阳性10例（18.2%）,其中9例为杂合型突变,1例为纯合型突变。FLT3-ITD阳性组较阴性组完全缓解（CR）率低,无事件生存（EFS）和总生存（OS）时间短（P＜0.05）。NPM1基因杂合型突变9例（16.4%）,全部为A型突变。10个月以内NPM1突变组患者EFS率比野生组高（P＜0.05）,19个月以内NPM1突变组OS率比野生组高（P＜0.05）。9例NPM1突变患者中FLT3-ITD阳性3例,CR率由高到低依次为NPM1+ FLT3-ITD-、NPM1- FLT3-ITD-、NPM1- FLT3-ITD+、NPM1+ FLT3-ITD+（P＜0.05）,且NPM1- FLT3-ITD+是影响OS的危险因素（RR＝1.250,P＝0.005）。55例患者中,c-kit基因突变2例（3.6%）,分别为D816H突变型和D816V突变型;c-kit基因突变患者与FLT3-ITD阳性及NPM1突变患者无重叠。结论 FLT3-ITD突变为AML患者预后不良的分子标志,NPM1基因突变可能提示预后较好,NPM1- FLT3-ITD+是影响OS的危险因素。AML中c-kit基因突变率低,未见其与FLT3、NPM1基因突变重叠。     

伴Fms样酪氨酸激酶3内部串联重复的急性髓系白血病临床特点及预后分析

目的 探讨Fms样酪氨酸激酶3内部串联重复(FLT3-ITD)的急性髓系白血病(AML)患者的临床特点及预后.方法 回顾性分析2011年6月至2014年3月收治的39例FLT3-ITD的AML患者临床资料.结果 FLT3-ITD突变的发生率为11.6％(39/337),39例FLT3-ITD AML患者中,M5所占比例最高(43.6％,17/39),其次为M2(28.2％,11/39);外周血白细胞计数平均为88.63×109/L,其中12例(30.8％)大于100×109/L;骨髓原始细胞比例平均为82.53％,其中33例(84.6％)大于50.00％.13例发生髓外浸润;17例核型正常,9例核型异常,3例未见核分裂象;13例患者伴随NPM1突变,2例伴有KIT突变,3例伴有DNMT3突变.37例接受治疗的患者中,第1个疗程获完全缓解(CR)16例(43.2％),第2个疗程获CR 4例(10.8％),2个疗程累积CR率为54.0％,诱导治疗相关病死率为21.6％ (8/37),死亡原因主要为感染及出血.中位随访时间12个月,20例CR患者的复发率为50.0％(10/20),无复发生存(RFS)率为45.0％(9/20);移植组17例患者的总生存及RFS均优于单纯化疗组的20例患者(P=0.004、0.020).结论 FLT3-ITD AML具有初发时外周血白细胞计数及骨髓原始细胞比例高、与M5亚型高度伴随的临床特点,异基因造血干细胞移植能明显提高患者总生存期及无复发生存期.     

初诊急性髓系白血病患者十种常见突变基因的突变组分析

目的 探讨初诊急性髓系白血病(AML)患者中最常见的10种突变基因的突变组合规律.方法 选取AML患者129例,基因测序法检测初诊时骨髓样本中ASXL1、CEBPA、DNMT3A、FLT3、IDH1/2、KIT、NPM1、PHF6和TET2基因突变.结果 68.99％(89/129)患者上述基因突变阳性,30.23％(39/129)同时有多种基因突变.激酶类基因FLT3和KIT突变互斥,不同时出现.FLT多与其他基因伴随突变,而KIT突变多单独出现.转录因子基因CEBPA、NPM1和PHF6可相互伴随突变.表观遗传调控基因ASXL1、DNMT3A、IDH1/2和TET2的突变多与上述两组基因突变同时出现,但该组基因之间较少伴随突变.结论 首次对初诊AML中的突变组按基因的功能和分类进行谱型分析,显示基因突变的组合具有一定的规律,与基因的功能和分类相关.     

TET2合并DNMT3A突变及其他共存基因突变对急性髓系白血病患者预后的影响

  目的  探究TET2合并DNMT3A突变及其他共存基因突变对成人非M3型急性髓系白血病（acute myeloid leukemia,AML）患者预后的影响。  方法  回顾性分析2018年1月至2021年9月于南昌大学第一附属医院确诊的初治且行血液肿瘤相关突变基因外显子二代测序检测的512例成人 AML（非 M3 型）患者的临床资料,分析患者的临床特征、疗效及生存情况。  结果  本研究共纳入110例AML患者,TET2突变组64例,DNMT3A单突变组46例。男性50例（45.5%）,中位年龄54（15～79）岁。TET2基因突变频率为12.5%（64/512）,98.4%（63/64）患者突变基因数≥2个,每例患者平均合并5.2个突变基因。NPM1（43.8%）、DNMT3A（42.2%）、FLT3-ITD/TKD（40.6%）、CEBPA（26.6%）、TTN（20.3%）为TET2突变常见的共存突变基因。TET2合并DNMT3A突变患者初次诱导完全缓解（complete response,CR）率为46.2%,略低于TET2单突变患者的76.9%（P=0.077）,与DNMT3A单突变患者无显著性差异（P=0.952）。TET2合并DNMT3A突变患者的中位总生存（median overall survival,mOS）时间为9.5个月,明显低于TET2单突变患者（P=0.002）,而与DNMT3A单突变患者无显著性差异（P=0.414）。三者的中位无复发生存（median relapse- free survival,mRFS）时间无显著性差异（P>0.05）。在TET2突变背景下,合并K/NRAS突变患者的CR率为28.6%,明显低于无K/NRAS突变患者的75.0%（P=0.030）,合并FLT3-ITD突变患者的mOS明显短于无FLT3-ITD突变患者（P=0.030）。多因素分析显示年龄≥60岁、合并FLT3-ITD突变、初次诱导未达CR是影响TET2突变AML患者总生存时间（overall survival,OS）的独立危险因素,DNMT3A突变不影响TET2突变患者OS。  结论  TET2突变是AML患者常见突变,且常合并共存基因突变。共存基因突变与TET2突变共同影响AML患者预后。基于二代测序的基因突变检测对指导AML精确分层及精准治疗具有重要意义。      

老年急性髓细胞白血病患者FLT3-ITD基因突变的临床意义

 目的　分析老年急性髓细胞白血病（AML）Fms样酪氨酸激酶3内部串联重复序列（FLT3-ITD）基因突变及其临床意义。方法　采用聚合酶链反应-变性高效液相色谱技术（PCR-DHPLC）分析30例初发老年AML患者骨髓单个核细胞FLT3-ITD突变。结果　30例老年AML患者FLT3-ITD突变阳性率26.67 %（8／30）,对照组均未检测到该突变;FAB各亚型FLT3-ITD突变率不同,有M3型突变率较高的趋势;所检测到FLT3-ITD突变均为杂合突变,突变均在阅读框内;不同预后核型组FLT3-ITD突变阳性率不同,预后中等核型组突变率较高,达40.0 %（6／15）;显示FLT3-ITD突变阳性者具有高白细胞、白血病细胞、完全缓解（CR）率低等临床特点。结论　FLT3-ITD突变阳性老年AML患者预后差,且多发生于预后中等核型组;FLT3-ITD突变检测在一定程度上可以弥补细胞遗传学的不足,有可能成为老年AML患者常规检测项目,以指导治疗判断预后。     

难治复发急性髓系白血病患者十种常见突变基因的突变组分析

目的 探讨难治复发急性髓系白血病(AML)患者中常见的10种突变基因发生的规律.方法 选取难治复发AML患者148例.基因测序检测并分析患者骨髓样本中10种常见突变基因,包括激酶类基因FLT3和KIT,转录因子基因CEBPA、NPM1和PHF6,以及表观遗传类基因ASXL1、DNMT3A、IDH1、IDH2和TET2.结果 在62.16％(92/148)的患者中检测到上述基因突变阳性,其中10.14％(15/148)的患者同时携带多个基因的突变.FLT3-ITD突变率最高(19.59％,29/148),其次为KIT(12.84％,19/148)和CEBPA(11.49％,17/148)突变.KIT突变常单独出现,而IDH1/2突变常伴随其他基因突变.激酶类基因FLT3和KIT突变互斥,转录因子基因和表观遗传基因也存在同类互斥现象.以35岁为界限分组,≤35岁的患者多携带单个基因的突变[61.77％(63/102)比31.11％(14/45),P＜ 0.05],而＞35岁的患者多个基因突变(≥2个)的携带率高[20.00％(9/45)比4.90％(5/102),P＜ 0.05].＞35岁患者组中NPM1突变率高于≤35岁组[20.00％(9/45)比2.94％(3/102),P＜ 0.05].结论 研究发现难治复发AML患者中常见基因突变的组合具有一定的规律,与基因的功能分类和患者的年龄有关.     

FLT3基因内部串联重复突变在急性早幼粒细胞白血病中的临床意义

目的 研究FLT3基因内部串联重复(ITD)突变在急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)中的临床意义.方法 采用PCR方法检测30例初发APL患者FLT3基因外显子14、15中ITD突变,并比较分析ITD突变型和野生型患者的临床特征及疗效.结果 30例初发APL患者中,8例(26.7％)FLT3-ITD突变阳性.与野生型患者相比,FLT3-ITD突变患者白细胞计数(WBC)高[20.48×109/L(0.74×109 ～74.3×109/L)比1.75×109/L(0.78×109 ～ 35.3×109/L)]、乳酸脱氢酶水平(LDH)高[447.5 U/L(191～1 533U/L)比205.0U/L(118～743U/L)]、血小板计数(Plt)低[14×109/L(6×109 ～59× 109/L)比30×109/L(9× 109～ 124× 109/L)],差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).而在性别、年龄、血红蛋白、纤维蛋白原含量、骨髓原始细胞+早幼粒细胞比例及危险度分层等方面,二者差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).FLT3-ITD突变患者的完全缓解(CR)率、达CR的时间、维甲酸综合征(RAS)和弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)发生率与野生型患者相比,差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).中位随访时间为17个月,FLT3-ITD突变患者与野生型患者总生存率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 FLT3-ITD是APL患者常见的基因突变类型,其发生与患者初诊时高WBC、高LDH及低Plt相关,而对近期疗效无影响.     

化学法提取贮存骨髓涂片DNA检测Fms样酪氨酸激酶3基因突变预测急性髓系白血病患者预后

目的 探讨用化学法(苯酚:氯仿:异戊醇法)从贮存的骨髓涂片中提取微量DNA检测Fms样酪氨酸激酶3内部串联重复(FLT3-ITD)突变情况,分析其对急性髓系白血病(AML)预后的预测价值.方法 采用化学法从58例-20℃贮存1~5年的骨髓涂片(AML 48例和非恶性血液病10例)中提取微量DNA,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术检测患者FLT3-ITD突变情况.结果 48例初治AML患者中6例(12.5%)检测到FLT3-ITD,10例非恶性血液病患者中均未检测到FLT3-ITD.FLT3-ITD阳性AML患者初次诱导完全缓解(CR)率较FLT3-ITD阴性者低[0(0/6)比77.78%(21/27),P=0.001],总生存时间短(x2=7.274,P=0.007).肝、脾大和FLT3突变是影响AML患者初次化疗CR的危险因素(OR=7.2,P=0.12;OR=36.3,P=0.10).FLT3-ITD是初治AML患者不良预后的危险因素(RR=9.088,P=0.029).结论 使用化学法提取贮存的AML患者骨髓涂片微量DNA可在临床中应用,是进行回顾性分子生物学研究的重要实验方法.从骨髓涂片中提取微量DNA检测FLT3-ITD可用于预测AML预后.     

Prognostic Relevance of DNMT3A,FLT3 and NPM1 Mutations in Syrian Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients

Objective: Among all types of hematological neoplasms, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has the highest death rate. Recently, cytogenetic and molecular genetics are crucial in the management, as a consequence of their effect on AML pathogenesis, classification, risk-stratification, prognosis and treatment. Methods: 100 Syrian adults with Normal Karyotype (NK) newly diagnosed  AML patients were included in this study, all cases confirmed histologically and immunohistochemically. Patients were divided into six subgroups using flow cytometry and cytological results. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on exon 11-12 for FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD), exon 12 for Nucleophosmin1 (NPM1), and exon 23 for DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) using target primers, the electropherograms were analyzed for gene mutations by comparing with the reference DNA sequence. Data were compared and aligned with different sequences using the NCBI BLAST Assembled Genomes tool. Results: FLT3-ITD, NPM1 and DNMT3A were detected in 24%, 22 % and 4%  patients respectively. M2 subtype had the most frequent incidence of diagnosis in AML. FLT3-ITD mutation patients had the highest mean of death cases, while the DNMT3A mutation patients had the lowest. On the other hand, the highest mean of remission was in patients with NPM1 mutation and the lowest in the carriers of the FLT3-ITD mutation. It was observed that the mean relapsed patients with FLT3-ITD and DNMT3A mutation was 3.4 and 2 months respectively, with no significant differences between (FLT3-ITD and DNMT3A) carriers and non-carriers relapsed. On the contrary,  the mean relapsed for NPM1 mutation carriers was 2.4  months with significant statistical differences. The mean survival time for patients with FLT3-ITD and NPM1  mutation was 5.9 months and 5.85 months respectively, with significant correlation. Between it was 5.88 months in DNMT3A patients with no significant differences. Finally, It was noted that the mean event free survival (EFS) of FLT3-ITD mutation patients was 4.818 months and the mean EFS of NPM1 mutation patients was 4.805 months, with significant statistical differences (p<0.05) between the mutation patients and non-mutated patients regarding to EFS, While this mean was not statistically significant in patients carrying DNMT3A mutation. Conclusion: Patients with FLT3-ITD and NPM1 mutations have the worst prognosis, where the presence of those mutations was significantly related to overall survival (OS) and EFS. Our study reflects that DNMT3A was not an extremely bad prognostic effect as an independent factor. We can declare according to this study that genetic mutation and variants detection could easily be incorporated into the regimen evaluation of AML patients.     

FLT3-ITD,NPM1, and DNMT3A Gene Mutations and Risk Factors in Normal Karyotype Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome Patients in Upper Northern Thailand

Objective: Approximately 40-45% of AML and MDS patients have a cytogenetically normal karyotype (CN-AML and CN-MDS). The frequency and types of gene mutations in these cases may differ among various populations. The objective of this study was to identify frequencies and types of FLT3-ITD, NPM1, and DNMT3A mutations, and associations of them with clinical data and risk factors in CN-AML and CN-MDS cases in upper Northern Thailand. Methods: Bone marrow samples of 40 CN-AML and 60 CN-MDS patients were analyzed for gene mutations by direct sequencing. In addition, data for potential risk factors were obtained for comparison. Results: Frequencies of FLT3-ITD, NPM1, and DNMT3A mutations were 25.0%, 17.5%, and 10.0%, respectively in CN-AML, but all zero in CN-MDS cases. NPM1 mutations were found at a median age older than the wild type (58 vs 47 years) while DNMT3A mutations were associated with an increase in the white blood cell count. In all patients, factors for the mutations of these three genes included age ≤ 60 years, and a history of hypertension. Conclusion: When considering mutations in only normal karyotype patients, the frequency of FLT3-ITD, NPM1, DNMT3A mutations in CN-AML patients in upper Northern Thailand were found to occur at lower rates than in Western patients and to differ from other Asian populations including parts of Thailand. No mutations were observed in CN-MDS cases. Some types of gene mutations differed from previous studies, possibly attributable to differences in geography, lifestyle and genetic backgrounds. Links with age ≤ 60 years and history of hypertension were found. Investigation of these three genes in an intermediate risk group with a normal karyotype is useful for a better understanding of molecular leukemogenetic steps in CN-AML and CN-MDS patients and may be beneficial for planning treatment and prevention in the population of upper Northern Thailand.     

Do AML patients with DNMT3A exon 23 mutations benefit from idarubicin as compared to daunorubicin? A single center experience

Mutations in DNMT3A encoding DNA methyltransferase 3A were recently described in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. To assess their prognostic significance, we determined the mutational status of DNMT3A exon 23 in 288 patients with AML excluding acute promyelocytic leukemia, aged from 18 to 65 years and treated in Toulouse University Hospital. A mutation was detected in 39 patients (13.5%). All DNMT3A exon 23+ patients had intermediate-risk cytogenetics. Mutations significantly correlated with a higher WBC count (p less than 0.001), NPM1 and FLT3-ITD mutations (p=0.027). DNMT3A mutations were conserved through xenotransplantation in immunodeficient mice. No difference in outcome between DNMT3A exon 23+ and DNMT3A exon 23- patients was found even if the results were stratified by NPM1 or FLT3-ITD status. However, DNMT3A exon 23+ patients had better median DFS (not reached vs 11.6 months, p=0.009) and OS (not reached vs 14.3 months, p=0.005) as compared to DNMT3A exon 23- patients when treated with idarubicin, whereas patients treated with daunorubicin had similar outcome regardless the DNMT3A status. This study shows that DNMT3A mutations have no impact on outcome but could be a predictive factor for response to idarubicin and thus, could have a direct influence in the way AML patients should be managed.     

Landscape of TET2 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia

We investigated ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), their correlation with other gene mutations and prognostic value. By deep-sequencing, 131 somatic TET2 mutations were identified in 87/318 (27.4%) patients. Of 87 mutated cases, 44 (50.6%) carried two mutations. TET2 mutations were concomitantly observed with mutations in NPM1, FLT3-ITD, FLT3-TKD, JAK2, RUNX1, CEBPA, CBL and KRAS. However, TET2 mutations rarely concomitantly occurred with IDH1mut or IDH2mut (2/251 or 0/184; P=0.046 and P=0.003, respectively). TET2 mutations were associated with normal karyotype AML (CN-AML) (62/206 (30.1%) CN-AML vs 20/107 (18.7%) aberrant karyotype; P=0.031), higher white blood cell count (mean 65.3 vs 40.3 × 10(9)/l, P=0.023), lower platelet count (mean 68.6 vs 92.4 × 10(9)/l, P=0.03) and higher age (67.5 vs 65.2 years, P<0.001). Survival analyses were restricted to de novo CN-AML patients (n=165) and showed inferior event-free survival (EFS) of TET2 mutations compared with TET2wt (median: 6.7 vs 18.7 months, P=0.009). This negative effect of TET2 mutation on EFS was particularly observed in patients 65 years (median: 8.9 months vs not reached (n.r.), P=0.027) as well as in patients of the European LeukemiaNet favorable-risk subgroup, that is, patients harboring mutated CEBPA and/or mutated NPM1 without FLT3-ITD (median: 10.3 vs 41.3 months, P=0.048). These data support a role for TET2 as an important prognostic biomarker in AML.     

Amount of bone marrow blasts is strongly correlated to NPM1 and FLT3-ITD mutation rate in AML with normal karyotype

FLT3-ITDs are linked to higher leukocytes/blasts in acute myeloid leukemia. To evaluate the effect of NPM1 mutations, we correlated NPM1mut status with morphology in 805 adult normal karyotype AML. NPM1mut were found in 391/805 (48.6%), FLT3-ITD in 219/805 (27.2%). Frequencies of FLT3-ITD and NPM1mut cases were continuously increasing by blast decades: NPM1mut from 38/123 (30.9%) in 20-29% blast decade to 70/103 (68.0%) in 90-100% decade (p < 0.001), FLT3-ITDs from 15/123 (12.2%) to 58/103 (56.3%) (p < 0.001). Mean WBC count was highest in NPM1-mut/FLT3-ITD-positive and lowest in NPM1-wildtype/FLT3-ITD-negative patients (p < 0.0001); similar for BM blasts. Therefore, FLT3-ITD and NPM1mut might synergistically stimulate blast proliferation.