早期肠内营养在食管癌术后感染预防中的效果研究

目的 观察早期肠内营养对预防食管癌术后感染的效果,为临床治疗提供参考.方法 将100例食管癌手术患者随机分为肠内营养组(EN组)、肠外营养组(PN组)各50例,术后EN组早期行肠内营养,PN组给予全肠外营养支持;分别于术后第1、8天采用Array360测定仪检测体液免疫指标(血液中IgA、IgG、IgM),采用Beck-man-Coulter Epics XL流式细胞仪检测细胞免疫指标(T淋巴细胞及其亚群、NK细胞、B淋巴细胞).结果 EN组术后发生切口感染、肺部感染、吻合口瘘各1例,PN组分别为4、5、4例,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);EN组术后第1、8天与PN组术后第1、8天的IgA、IgG、IgM、CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4 +/CD8+、NK细胞、B淋巴细胞比较,EN组术后第8天与术后第1天及PN组术后第8天比较,IgA、IgG、IgM、CD3+、CD4+、CD4 +/CD8+、NK细胞、B淋巴细胞升高(P＜0.05),而CD8+降低(P＜0.05).结论 早期肠内营养可预防食管癌术后感染的发生,可能与其提高机体免疫功能有关.     

ICU患者进行肠内营养支持治疗前后免疫功能的变化研究

目的 研究肠内营养支持对ICU患者免疫功能的影响.方法 选取2009年1月～2011年1月某院ICU收治并进行肠内营养的16例患者为观察组研究对象,对比其接受肠内营养支持治疗前后细胞免疫和体液免疫的变化,另选取10例在该院体检中心查体的健康体检者作为对照.结果 (1)观察组患者肠内营养支持前CD4+淋巴细胞亚群水平(31.2±8.6)以及CD4+/CD8+比值(1.4±0.4)均低于正常对照组,比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);CD3+、CD8+T淋巴细胞亚群水平虽低于正常对照组,但比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);NK细胞水平略高于正常对照组,比较差异无统计学意义(P＞ 0.05); IL 2浓度(8.6±2.4) mg/L低于正常对照组,比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).观察组患者肠内营养支持后CD3+、CD4+淋巴细胞亚群水平(76.5±13.7、49.2±12.4)以及CD4+/CD8+比值(2.9±0.9)高于治疗前和正常对照组,比较差异有统计学意义(P＜ 0.05); CD8+T淋巴细胞亚群水平虽高于治疗前和正常对照组,但比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);NK细胞水平高于治疗前和正常对照组,比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);IL 2浓度(12.2±3.9) mg/L高于支持前,比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)观察组患者肠内营养支持前IgG、IgM、IgA浓度[(10.3±1.2) g/L、(1.2±0.6) g/L、(2.2±0.2) g/L]均低于正常对照组,比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).观察组患者肠内营养支持后IgG、IgM、IgA浓度[(13.8±2.3) g/L、(2.1±0.4) g/L、(3.1±0.6) g/L)均高于支持前,比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 肠内营养支持可改善ICU危重症患者的细胞免疫和体液免疫功能.     

早期肠内营养对胃癌根治术患者术后免疫功能及抗氧化功能的影响

目的 探讨早期肠内营养对胃癌根治术患者术后免疫功能及抗氧化功能的影响.方法 80例胃癌根治术患者分为观察组和对照组各40例,术后均给予常规静脉滴注营养,在此基础上,观察组给予肠内营养,疗程为1周;比较两组患者术前1天和术后第8天营养状况(白蛋白水平、前白蛋白水平及体重)、免疫指标(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+比值、NK细胞的比例和IFN-γ/ IL-4)、抗氧化功能(T-SOD、MDA、GSH-Px).结果 术前1天,2组患者的营养状况、免疫指标及抗氧化功能差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后第8天,观察组患者CD8+T细胞降低,CD4+/CD8+、NK细胞和GSH-Px水平升高,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);其他指标与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).对照组患者术后第8天体重、CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+、IFN-γ/ IL-4降低,MDA水平升高,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 胃癌根治术后给予早期肠内营养有利于维持患者术后的免疫功能和抗氧化-氧化系统的平衡,促进术后恢复.     

肠内营养对消化道恶性肿瘤患者术后免疫功能及并发症的影响

目的:探讨肠内营养对消化道恶性肿瘤患者术后免疫功能及并发症的影响.方法:将2013年1月-12月收治手术的胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者92例分为两组,观察组采用肠内营养支持,对照组采用肠外营养支持;对比两组营养指标、免疫指标及并发症.结果:观察组手术时间和出血量均少于对照组(P＜0.05);观察组排气时间和住院天数比对照组缩短(P＜0.05);观察组治疗后白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、体质量等指标均明显优于对照组(P＜0.05);观察组治疗后CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+、IgA、IgG等指标优于对照组(P＜0.05);观察组并发症发生率低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:围手术期肠内营养支持能改善消化道恶性肿瘤患者的营养状况与免疫功能,降低并发症.     

同种异体肾移植病人早期肠内免疫营养的临床疗效研究

目的 :研究对肾移植病人术后早期进行肠内免疫营养的有效性和安全性。方法 :将46例肾移植术后病人按营养方式随机分为肠内免疫营养组(实验组)和肠内普通营养组(对照组),分别进行免疫营养和普通营养,分别监测病人术前、术后第1天、第7天、第28天的免疫学指标:Ig G、Ig M、Ig A、CD3+淋巴细胞、CD4+淋巴细胞、CD8+淋巴细胞、CD4+/CD8+,同时监测相同时间点的营养学指标:白蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白、胆固醇,比较两组的差异性。结果 :术后第1天,两组的免疫学指标无显著差异(P0.05);术后第7天,实验组的Ig M和Ig A均显著高于对照组(P0.05),两组的Ig G无明显差异(P0.05);实验组CD3+淋巴细胞较对照组有显著升高(P0.05),CD4+淋巴细胞、CD4+/CD8+两组间无显著性差异(P0.05);术后第28天,实验组Ig G、Ig M、Ig A、CD3+淋巴细胞、CD4+淋巴细胞、CD4+/CD 8+均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。两组的营养学指标,各个时间点均无显著性差异,但两组第28天的营养学指标除胆固醇外,均优于术后第1天,有显著性差异(P0.05)。术后30 d内,两组均未发生排异反应。结论 :肾移植病人术后早期应用肠内免疫营养在促进病人免疫功能恢复方面明显优于普通肠内营养,且不会增加排异反应发生。     

急性氯化氢气体中毒患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群的变化

目的 探讨急性氯化氢气体中毒患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群的变化,为临床治疗提供依据.方法 采用美国BD公司生产的FACSCalibur流式细胞仪检测37例急性氯化氢气体中毒患者入院当日或次日淋巴细胞亚群总T细胞(CD3+CD19-)、CD4+T细胞(CD3+CD4+)、CD8+T细胞(CD3+CD8+)、B细胞(CD3-CD19+)和NK细胞(CD3-CD16+CD56+)百分数及CD4+/CD8+比值;并与健康体检的49名健康人进行对照分析,观察淋巴细胞亚群的变化.结果 急性氯化氢气体中毒患者总T细胞百分数及CD4+T细胞百分数明显低于健康组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);CD8+T细胞百分数与健康组的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);NK细胞及B淋巴细胞百分数明显高于健康组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);CD4+/CD8+比值明显低于健康组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 急性氯化氢气体中毒患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群水平存在异常,提示急性氧化氢气体中毒患者免疫功能受到影响.     

肠内营养联合聚乙二醇在结直肠肿瘤伴不全肠梗阻病人围手术期中的应用

目的:探讨口服肠内营养(EN)联合聚乙二醇对伴有不全肠梗阻的结直肠肿瘤病人行围手术期准备的可行性及疗效. 方法:对结直肠癌伴有不全梗阻的病人分为两组,研究组(n=72)病人术前口服整蛋白型EN和聚乙二醇进行围手术期准备;对照组(n=105)病人术前给予流质饮食和冲服番泻叶行常规术前准备.观察两组病人术前营养评分、术中肠道清洁度、术后肛门首次排气时间、术后吻合口瘘、感染并发症、免疫指标以及血浆内毒素水平等. 结果:研究组病人营养评分、肠道清洁度均好于对照组(P＜0.05).对照组病人感染并发症的发生率明显高于研究组.研究组病人术后第7天的IgG、IgM和CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+水平较对照组高,术前1d血浆内毒素含量低于对照组,两组比较均有显著性差异(P＜0.05). 结论:整蛋白型EN制剂联合聚乙二醇在结直肠肿瘤伴不全肠梗阻病人围手术期中的应用,不仅术中肠道清洁度满意,而且还能改善病人术后营养和免疫功能,保护肠黏膜屏障,加速胃肠功能的恢复.     

早期肠内营养对高血压脑出血围手术期患者营养状态、免疫功能的影响

目的 探讨早期肠内营养治疗对高血压脑出血围手术期患者免疫功能和营养代谢的影响.方法 将60例病人随机均分为试验组和对照组,前者给予早期肠内营养治疗;后者给予续贯肠外营养过渡到肠内营养治疗,共14d.观察两组病人免疫细胞及血清免疫球蛋白.结果 实验组CD4+及CD4 +/CD8+比值、IgA、IgG浓度均较对照组升高(P＜0.05),差异有统计学意义.结论 早期肠内营养能改善高血压脑出血患者围术期免疫功能、营养状态和预后.     

谷氨酰胺增强的胃肠外营养在结直肠癌患者中的应用及其临床意义

目的探讨谷氨酰胺增强的胃肠外营养对结直肠癌患者术后的免疫功能、蛋白质代谢的影响.方法随机选择在南方医院普外科住院治疗的40例结直肠癌患者,术后分别接受等氮等热量常规肠外营养支持或谷氨酰胺增强的肠外营养支持(0.30～0.40 g@kg-1@d-1)一周,检测术前、术后不同时期的免疫功能,包括CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+比值、IL-2R、NK、C3、C4、CH50、IgG、IgA、IgM、氮平衡.结果两组患者入院时均有明显的免疫抑制,谷氨酰胺增强的肠外营养支持组患者的免疫功能(CD4+、CD4+/CD8+、NK、IL-2R)在术后第4天、第7天与对照组相比有明显改善(P＜0.05),试验组患者在术后第4天已达到氮平衡,与对照组相比有明显差异(P＜0.05).结论谷氨酰胺能改善大肠癌患者术后的免疫功能、蛋白质代谢,能增进肠外营养的效果.     

非小细胞肺癌手术治疗后外周血Tc亚群及NK细胞活性的变化情况及诊断价值分析

目的探讨非小细胞癌患者手术治疗后外周血Tc亚群及NK细胞活性的变化情况及其诊断价值。方法选取2010年4月至2014年4月来我院接受治疗的550例非小细胞肺癌患者为观察组,另选取同一时期来我院接受体检的550例健康成人作为对照组。对两组的Tc亚群以及NK细胞进行检测。结果 1NSCLC患者中,手术前血清中CD3+、CD8+细胞水平与患者的性别、KPS评分无关(P<0.05),但71~80岁年龄组与其他年龄组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而患者的性别、年龄、KPS评分均与CD4+、CD4+/CD8+细胞水平无关。2NSCLC患者手术前、手术后第4天以及手术后第8天的NK细胞、CD3+、CD4+及CD4+/CD8+水平与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);NSCLC患者手术后第8天的NK细胞、CD3+、CD4+及CD4+/CD8+水平与手术前及手术后第4天比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 NHCLC患者手术治疗后外周血Tc亚群及NK细胞活性的变化情况可以用来诊断和分析非小细胞肺癌患者的免疫功能以及T淋巴细胞总数,进而对癌症患者的免疫情况以及预后作出评估。     

孕妇营养状况及对胎儿营养储备的影响

对南京市区孕中、晚期妇女及产母311例次．产母及脐血配对89例进行营养状况的综合研究。结果显示：孕中期妇女膳食总热量及蛋白质摄入分别达到供给量标准(RDA)的115％和114％，但钙、铁、锌的摄入仅为RDA的41．3％、661％和63．8％。血生化指标检测，血浆白蛋白随孕期进展逐步下降、球蛋白增高。孕期妇女的甘油三酯．总胆固醇，维生素A、E显著高于非孕妇女．而钙、铁、锌显著低于非孕妇女。产母血浆总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白，血浆铁蛋白及微量元素锌水平与脐血显著相关。     

Subclinical nutritional deficiency in treated coeliac disease and nutritional content of the gluten free diet

Patients with coeliac disease are started on a gluten free diet at the time of diagnosis, but after a varying period of follow-up are often discharged from outpatient and dietary follow-up. We have studied the nutritional status and dietary intake of 54 patients with treated coeliac disease diagnosed in adult life.
Each patient was paired with a healthy age and sex matched control. There was no difference in height in patients compared to controls, but a greater proportion of patients (15%) than controls (4%) had weight below the UK population lower 5th percentile ( x ² test P <0.05). Triceps skinfold thickness was 102% of age and sex matched mean reference values, but mid-arm circumference and arm muscle circumference were below reference mean values (93.1% and 91.5% of reference values, respectively). Haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, red cell folate and 25 hydroxyvitamin D were all in the normal range.
A strict gluten free diet was followed by 78% of patients; 22% had occasional gluten intake. Seventy-four per cent considered that they had reduced their intake of bread since commencing a gluten free diet. In 48% of patients, average daily intake of energy was less than the estimated average requirement, and in more than one-third of patients the intake of iron, copper, magnesium, retinol and folic acid was less than the relevant reference nutrient intake (RNI). In more than 10% of patients, average daily intake of calcium, zinc or vitamin B6 was less than the RNI. Vitamin D intake was lower than the RNI in four of five patients older than 65 years.     

A review of the evidence for the impact of improving nutritional care on nutritional and clinical outcomes and cost

Background:  The association between malnutrition and poor clinical outcome is well-established, yet most research has focussed on the role of artificial nutritional support in its management. More recently, emphasis has been placed on the provision of adequate nutritional care, including nutritional screening and the routine provision of food and drink. The aim of this literature review is to establish the evidence for the efficacy of interventions that might result in improvements in nutritional and clinical outcomes and costs.
Methods:  A structured literature review was conducted investigating the role of nutritional care interventions in adults, and their effects on nutritional and clinical outcomes and costs, in all healthcare settings. Ten databases were searched electronically using keywords relating to nutritional care, patient outcomes and healthcare costs. High quality trials were included where available.
Results:  Two hundred and ninety-seven papers were identified and reviewed. Of these, only two randomised, controlled trials and six other trials were identified that addressed the major issues. A further 99 addressed some aspects of the provision of nutritional care, although very few formally evaluated nutritional or clinical outcomes and costs.
Conclusions:  This review reveals a serious lack of evidence to support interventions designed to improve nutritional care, in particular with reference to their effects on nutritional and clinical outcomes and costs. The review suggests that screening alone may be insufficient to achieve beneficial effects and thus more research is required to determine the most cost-effective interventions in each part of the nutritional care pathway, in a variety of healthcare settings and across all age ranges, to impact upon nutritional and clinical outcomes.     

营养教育对学生饮食行为及营养状况的影响

目的:评价营养教育对中小学生饮食行为、营养状况的影响,为有效开展营养教育提供科学依据。方法:将学生分为干预组和对照组,对干预组学生采用多种形式进行为期1年的营养教育。结果:干预组学生营养教育后营养知识知晓率明显提高,平均知晓率由52.2%提高到75.3%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);每天吃早点的人数增加,从干预前的51.0%提高到干预后的71.6%,早点的质量有所改变,经常喝牛奶、吃蛋类的人数明显增多,且显著高于干预前(P<0.01);超重、肥胖率干预前分别为5.2%和3.2%,干预后为5.9%和1.6%,肥胖率有所下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);贫血患病率由干预前的6.9%降到6.0%,但差异无统计学意义。结论:营养教育对提高营养知识、促进学生饮食行为的改变切实有效。     

Incidence of nutritional risk and causes of inadequate nutritional care in hospitals

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Many patients in hospitals are undernourished and nutritional care is inadequate in most hospitals. The aim of this investigation was to gain insight into how this situation could be improved. METHODS: Seven hundred and fifty randomly selected patients were screened at admission in three hospitals and surveyed during their entire hospitalization. Each time a patient was not treated according to a clearly defined nutritional standard, the nurse responsible for the patient was interviewed about possible reasons according to preformed questionnaires. RESULTS: The investigators found that 22% of the patients were nutritionally at-risk, and that only 25% of these patients received an adequate amount of energy and protein. The departments had only screened for nutritional problems in 60% of the cases. Only 47% of the patients, who the departments judged to be at-risk patients, had a nutrition plan worked out, and only about 30% of the at-risk patients were monitored by the departments by recording of dietary intake and/or body weight. The main causes for inadequate nutritional care were lack of instructions to deal with these problems, and lack of basic knowledge with respect to dietary requirements and practical aspects of the hospital's food provision. Patient-related aspects and the system of food provision also contributed, but only to a small degree. CONCLUSIONS: These findings form the basis of the strategy to improve nutritional care in these hospitals.