64层螺旋CT肺动脉造影在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的价值

目的探讨64层螺旋CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的临床应用价值。方法行CTPA检查确诊肺栓塞病人49例,进行容积再现（VRT）、多平面重建（MPR）和最大密度投影（MIP）重建处理并计算CT肺动脉阻塞指数。结果 CTPA扫描肺动脉主干、左右肺动脉及叶、段、亚段动脉显示良好,显示受累肺动脉240条,其直接征象为肺动脉血管内充盈缺损,间接征象包括肺梗死、肺野少血征、胸腔积液等。CT肺动脉阻塞指数为0.375-0.825。结论 CTPA能清楚地显示肺栓塞的部位、范围、局部管腔狭窄程度及其他间接征象,并可以此判断肺栓塞的严重程度,为临床选择治疗方法、观察疗效及判定预后提供必要的帮助。     

超声心动图检测右心功能与急性肺栓塞患者预后相关分析

目的 探讨超声心动图检测右心功能对急性肺栓塞（APE）患者预后评价的价值。方法2001年11月至2005年6月40所医院入选，随机对照研究资料完整、符合APE诊断的患者502例。根据右心功能减低和CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）栓塞部位≥2个肺叶或≥7个肺段分为大面积、次大面积和非大面积APE。大面积、次大面积APE进入溶栓组，非大面积APE进入抗凝组。超声心动图检测右心功能参数。结果 治疗后近期（30d内）预后分析，溶栓组超声检测右心功能不全224例（死亡和恶化占2．7％），抗凝组超声检测右心功能正常278例（死亡和恶化占0．7％），二者之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。超声心动图右心功能参数与CTPA行一致性检验，并比较与预后的关系，显示三尖瓣反流压差（TRPG）〉25mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）＋右室前后径（RVTD）／左室前后径（LVTD）〉1．0的敏感性和特异性均为100％。结论超声心动图检测APE患者右心功能可较好地预测预后，与CTPA一致性较好，与临床预后相关。联合指标TRPG〉25mmHg＋RVTD／LVTD〉1．0是提示大面积和次大面积APE的最佳参数。     

第二代双源CT双能量成像对肺栓塞的诊断价值研究

目的：探讨西门子第二代双源CT（Somatom Definition Flash）双能量成像对肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值。方法：回顾性研究42位临床疑诊肺栓塞行双能量肺血管成像（DE-CTPA）扫描的患者的资料,利用工作站双能量软件Lung PBV（肺灌注）、Lung Vessels（肺血管）进行彩色编码成像。2名胸部影像医师结合DE-CTPA与软件提供的信息做出诊断。结果：根据临床及CT结果,其中32例（76.2%,32/42）存在肺动脉栓塞,28例在CTPA上表现为肺动脉充盈缺损, 4例在CTPA上未见异常征象,而双能量成像上表现为亚段或以下水平灌注或充盈缺损。双能量Lung PBV测得32例48个栓塞肺区CT强化值（35.6±12.1） HU,低于非栓塞区域所测得的CT强化值（44.5±10.6） HU,t=-2.336,P=0.027。结论：双能量Lung PBV与Lung Vessels软件能显示肺栓塞所致的灌注及充盈缺损,结合CTPA能提高肺栓塞的检出率,特别是外周性肺动脉栓塞。     

老年肺栓塞患者溶栓治疗后CT肺动脉造影及CT肺灌注成像参数变化及意义

目的分析老年肺栓塞患者溶栓治疗前后CT肺动脉造影(CT pulmonary angiography, CTPA)及CT肺灌注成像(CT perfusion imaging, CTP)参数变化,探讨二者在老年肺栓塞溶栓治疗效果评估中的应用价值。方法老年肺栓塞患者45例,均应用重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂+肝素行溶栓治疗。分别于溶栓治疗前及溶栓治疗后1个月行CT平扫及增强扫描,通过Vitrea工作站获得CTPA、CTP图像。比较溶栓治疗前后CT容积剂量指数、剂量长度乘积、图像质量评分、对比度噪声比、信噪比;比较溶栓治疗前后CTPA、CTP图像检出栓子数目、部位、类型,CTPA图像下肺栓塞评分、肺栓塞指数、右心室/左心室横径比,CTP图像下肺灌注缺损评分、肺灌注缺损指数。45例患者根据治疗效果分为治愈组14例,有效组24例,无效组7例,比较3组栓子数目改善指数、肺栓塞评分改善指数、肺栓塞指数改善指数、右心室/左心室横径比改善指数、肺灌注缺损评分改善指数及肺灌注缺损指数改善指数。结果溶栓治疗前后CT容积剂量指数、剂量长度乘积、图像质量评分、对比度噪声比、信噪比比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0....     

心脏彩超对急性肺栓塞患者的诊断应用价值分析

目的:分析心脏彩超对急性肺栓塞患者的诊断应用价值。方法:本次研究对象选取在我院接受治疗的肺栓塞患者100例,收治时间为2015年4月到2018年4月,将CT肺血管成像诊断作为被诊断标准,用心脏彩超测量患者的心血管参数,采用Qanadli评分法测量患者的栓塞指数(PAOI),之后进行组间的对比分析。结果:肺动脉主干栓塞组的左心室前后径、Qanadli栓塞指数以及肺动脉收缩压高于肺叶栓塞组以及肺段栓塞组,其中肺叶栓塞组高于肺段栓塞组,p0.05,数据的比较差异显著。在治疗后,随访患者,患者治疗后的Qanadli栓塞指数和治疗前相比显著低于,心血管参数指标的变化不明显;患者栓塞指数(LnY)=-1.213+0.004(主动脉内径)+0.006(肺动脉收缩压)。结论:心脏彩超可以用来诊断急性肺栓塞,也可以用于预测栓塞的指数以及部位,但是仅仅适用于急性期,其容易受到原发性心肺疾病的影响。     

肺栓塞20例的螺旋CT肺动脉造影诊断分析

目的：探讨螺旋CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）在诊断肺动脉栓塞中的诊断价值。方法：对20例肺栓塞回顾性分析CTPA的影像学表现,并进行统计学分析。结果：20例肺栓塞共累及肺动脉238支,其中,中心型充盈缺损（8.0%）、锐角附壁型充盈缺损（18.0%）、钝角附壁型充盈缺损（45.0%）、完全闭塞（19.3%）管腔突然狭窄（9.7%）。间接征象有：“肺少血”征、肺梗死、“马赛克”征、右室增大伴或不伴室间隔偏移、主动脉和（或）右侧叶间肺动脉扩张、胸腔积液等。结论：螺旋CTPA是诊断肺栓塞快速、安全有效、无创的检查方法,在PE的诊断中发挥着重要作用。     

心脏彩超对急性肺栓塞患者的诊断应用价值分析

目的:分析心脏彩超对急性肺栓塞患者的诊断应用价值。方法:本次研究对象选取在我院接受治疗的肺栓塞患者100例,收治时间为2015年4月到2018年4月,将CT肺血管成像诊断作为被诊断标准,用心脏彩超测量患者的心血管参数,采用Qanadli评分法测量患者的栓塞指数(PAOI),之后进行组间的对比分析。结果:肺动脉主干栓塞组的左心室前后径、Qanadli栓塞指数以及肺动脉收缩压高于肺叶栓塞组以及肺段栓塞组,其中肺叶栓塞组高于肺段栓塞组,p 0. 05,数据的比较差异显著。在治疗后,随访患者,患者治疗后的Qanadli栓塞指数和治疗前相比显著低于,心血管参数指标的变化不明显;患者栓塞指数(LnY)=-1. 213+0. 004(主动脉内径)+0. 006(肺动脉收缩压)。结论:心脏彩超可以用来诊断急性肺栓塞,也可以用于预测栓塞的指数以及部位,但是仅仅适用于急性期,其容易受到原发性心肺疾病的影响。     

MSCT与MR肺动脉成像对肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值

目的：比较多层螺旋CT肺动脉成像（MSCT pulmonary angiography,MSCTPA）及磁共振肺动脉成像（MR pulmonary angiography,MRPA）对肺动脉栓塞（Pulmonary embolism,PE）的诊断价值。方法：对50例拟诊为PE的患者,42例采用双源CT行肺动脉成像,观察肺动脉栓子的部位、数目、形态等直接征象,观察肺叶继发改变;8例行1.5T MRPA,其中3例补充行三维增强磁共振肺动脉成像（3D-CE-MRPA）检查,观察肺动脉栓子的特点。结果：42例中,MSCTPA共发现栓子657支,其中段以上栓子481支,包括中心型栓子176支、附壁型259支、完全阻塞型46支。间接征象包括马赛克征、肺梗死、胸腔积液、肺动脉增粗等。8例MRPA共诊断左、右肺动脉栓塞9支,叶肺动脉栓塞19支。非增强MR成像对肺段动脉栓塞诊断受到限制。3例行3D-CE-MRPA的患者中,段及以上及大部亚段肺动脉栓塞显示清楚。结论：MSCTPA能够方便、快捷、清楚地显示肺动脉栓子;MRI平扫可以发现肺叶动脉以上的栓子,肺段动脉栓子部分可见;3D-CE-MRPA可以发现肺段及大部分亚段肺动脉栓子,诊断效能接近CTPA。     

多层螺旋CT心血管参数评价急性肺栓塞严重性

目的:研究多层螺旋CT心血管参数评价急性肺栓塞(APE)严重性的价值。方法:APE患者分为严重APE组(28例)和非严重APE组(47例)两组。根据CT肺动脉内栓子阻塞部位和程度计算CT阻塞指数;测量右室短轴最大径、左室短轴最大径、右室与左室短轴最大径比、右室壁厚、主肺动脉直径及上腔静脉直径;观察室间隔是否左突。评价严重APE组和非严重APE组之间的CT心血管参数的差异是否有统计学意义。结果:严重APE组与非严重组的CT心血管参数有统计学差异(P<0.05)的指标包括:阻塞指数、右室短轴最大径、左室短轴最大径、右室与左室短轴最大径比、右室壁厚、主肺动脉直径及室间隔位置。结论:综合分析APE患者的CT心血管参数变化,有助于判断APE患者的严重性。     

双源CT低剂量对比剂肺灌注成像评估肺动脉内血栓与灌注缺损间的关系

目的：应用双源CT低剂量对比剂肺灌注成像评估急性肺动脉栓塞患者血管内血栓与肺灌注缺损间的关系。材料与方法：15例无肺动脉栓塞患者分别行低剂量与常规剂量双能量肺灌注成像,对比分析其图像质量;20例疑肺动脉栓塞患者行低剂量双能量肺灌注成像,同时获得肺动脉CTA（CTPA）及肺灌注图像。用CTPA轴位及三维重建图像分析肺动脉内有无血栓以及血栓的部位、数量、形态特征。用双能量肺灌注分析软件判断有无灌注缺损及缺损的部位、范围。统计肺动脉内血栓与肺灌注缺损间的关系。结果：肺动脉栓塞患者的低剂量与常规剂量双能量肺灌注图像质量无明显差异（P>0.05）。20例患者中,13例肺灌注图像中出现102个肺叶、肺段或亚段灌注缺损,4例共6个灌注缺损无明确血栓。11例患者CTPA轴位及三维重建图像显示43个血栓,2例CTPA显示5个血栓的患者肺内无灌注缺损。9例同时出现血栓与灌注缺损,肺内75个灌注缺损与栓塞肺动脉供血范围一致,21个灌注缺损（8个肺段、13个亚段）与肺动脉供血范围无关。结论：肺动脉内血栓与肺灌注缺损不一定匹配,综合分析双源CT低剂量对比剂双能量肺灌注图像与CTPA,可以提高肺动脉栓塞诊断的准确性。     

Computed tomography pulmonary angiography in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism in the emergency department

This study was undertaken to evaluate the use of computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) who were followed in the emergency department (ED). The files and computer records of 850 patients older than 16 years of age who were seen in the Hacettepe University Hospital ED between April 10, 2001, and December 1, 2005, and who required CTPA for PE prediagnosis and/or another diagnosis, were studied retrospectively. PE was identified by CTPA in 9.4% of 416 women and in 5.8% of 434 men. A significant difference (P< .05) was noted in the women and men in whom PE was detected. The mean age of the patients was 58.13±17.88 y (range, 16–100 y). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for clinical susceptibility to PE among patients who underwent CTPA were assessed at 95.3%, 48.2%, 13%, and 99.2%, respectively. CTPA was done for different reasons: aortic aneurysm dissection (n=1), cough distinctive diagnosis (n=1), dyspnea distinctive diagnosis (n=6), chest pain distinctive diagnosis (n=3), PE prediagnosis (n=51), and other reasons (n=2). Also, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were found to be 95.4%, 16.2%, 14.4%, and 96%, respectively, for D-dimer. CTPA, which is accessible on a 24-h basis in the ED, is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of PE.     

Subsegmental pulmonary embolism diagnosed by computed tomography: incidence and clinical implications. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the management outcome studies

Summary. Background: Multiple‐detectors computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) has a higher sensitivity for pulmonary embolism (PE) within the subsegmental pulmonary arteries as compared with single‐detector CTPA. Multiple‐detectors CTPA might increase the rate of subsegmental PE diagnosis. The clinical significance of subsegmental PE is unknown. We sought to summarize the proportion of subsegmental PE diagnosed with single‐ and multiple‐detectors CTPA and assess the safety of diagnostic strategies based on single‐ or multiple‐detectors CTPA to exclude PE. Patients and methods: A systematic literature search strategy was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials. We selected 22 articles (20 prospective cohort studies and two randomized controlled trials) that included patients with suspected PE who underwent a CTPA and reported the rate of subsegmental PE. Two reviewers independently extracted data onto standardized forms. Results: The rate of subsegmental PE diagnosis was 4.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.5–7.6] and 9.4 (95% CI: 5.5–14.2) in patients that underwent a single‐ and multiple‐detectors CTPA, respectively. The 3‐month thromboembolic risks in patients with suspected PE and who were left untreated based on a diagnostic algorithm including a negative CTPA was 0.9% (95% CI: 0.4–1.4) and 1.1% (95% CI: 0.7–1.4) for single‐ and multiple‐detectors CTPA, respectively. Conclusion: Multiple‐detectors CTPA seems to increase the proportion of patients diagnosed with subsegmental PE without lowering the 3‐month risk of thromboembolism suggesting that subsegmental PE may not be clinically relevant.     

Symptomatic subsegmental pulmonary embolism: what is the next step?

Summary. The introduction of computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) has led to an increase in the incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) diagnosis. However, the case fatality rate is lower and the mortality rates of PE have remained unchanged, suggesting a lower severity of illness. Specifically, the multiple‐detector CTPA increased the rate of subsegmental filling defect reported in patients with suspected PE. Whether these filling defects reported on CTPA would correlate with true subsegmental PE (SSPE) on pulmonary angiography or are actually artifacts is unknown. The inter‐observer agreement for SSPE diagnosis among radiologists with varied levels of experience is low (κ of 0.38; 95% CI, 0.0–0.89). Furthermore, the clinical importance of a symptomatic SSPE diagnosed by CTPA is unclear. SSPE are frequent on pulmonary angiography in patients with a low probability ventilation‐perfusion (V/Q) scan for suspected PE. Several prospective management cohort studies have demonstrated that patients with low or intermediate V/Q scan results can be safely managed without anticoagulation by combining the scan results with the pretest probability (PTP) of PE and compression ultrasonography. Although clinical equipoise exists, the majority of patients diagnosed with SSPE on CTPA are currently treated with anticoagulant therapy. Only a small number of patients with SSPE diagnosed by CTPA and without DVT who did not receive anticoagulation treatment have been reported in the literature. None of these patients suffered recurrent symptomatic VTE (PE or DVT) during the 3‐month follow‐up period (0%; 95% CI, 0–7.4%), suggesting that SSPE might be clinically unimportant. These conclusions are only hypothesis generating and need to be confirmed in prospective clinical management studies before changing clinical practice.     

双源双能量CT诊断周围型肺动脉栓塞的价值

目的 探讨双源双能量CT对周围型肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值.方法 从临床怀疑肺动脉栓塞(PE)并行双源双能量CT肺动脉成像的患者中选择周围型PE患者36例(98个栓子)纳入本研究.运用Syngo.via工作站对双源双能量CT扫描数据进行CT肺动脉血管成像(CTPA)和CT双能量Lung Analysis后处理.记录PE的栓塞...     

广西地区13家综合医院肺栓塞诊断技术分析

目的 了解各种肺栓塞(PE)诊断技术在诊断PE中的应用.方法 对广西地区13家三级甲等综合医院1995年至2007年PE病例的诊断方法进行回顾性调查分析.根据临床表现以及普通检查诊断的PE病例为临床诊断病例,根据特殊影像检查结果或尸体解剖诊断的病例为确诊病例.比较各种PE诊断方法在诊断为PE患者中的比例以及不同年份各种诊断方法所占比例.结果 1995年至2007年13家医院诊断为PE患者460例,其中确诊病例237例(占51.52%),临床诊断病例223例(占48.48%).2002年至2007年确诊病例占同期PE病例的55.13%,较1995年至2001年14.63%明显提高(X~2=24.522,P<0.01).237例确诊病例中,17例由2项检查确诊,由肺动脉造影、CT肺动脉造影、超声检查、磁共振成像以及尸体解剖各诊断27例(11.39%)、214例(90.30%)、6例(2.53%)、5例(2.11%)和2例(0.84%),没有肺通气灌注显像确诊病例.2003年以后采用CT肺动脉造影广西地区确诊PE所占比例升高.其他检查技术则略有下降.结论 CT肺动脉造影是广西地区诊断PE的首选方法,其他诊断技术的临床应用有待加强.     

Real-time risk stratification of patients with acute pulmonary embolism by grading the reflux of contrast into the inferior vena cava on computerized tomographic pulmonary angiography

Summary.  Objective: To investigate whether fast grading of reflux of contrast to the inferior vena cava (IVC) on computerized tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is a potential biomarker for real-time risk stratification. Methods: We retrospectively identified 343 patients investigated for possible pulmonary embolism (PE) by CTPA at our medical center between September 2004 and March 2006. A total of 145 consecutive patients with PE (age 67 ± 19 years) and 168 consecutive ones with negative CTPAs (age 64 ± 20 years) fulfilled entry criteria. CTPAs were evaluated for retrograde reflux of contrast to the IVC by fast visual grading from 1 to 6 using the original axial images. Pulmonary obstruction index, the diameters of right and left ventricles and pulmonary artery, and patient survival data were recorded as well. Results: Twenty-nine (20.0%) patients with positive CTs and 23 (13.7%) patients with negative CTs had substantial degrees (≥4) of reflux of contrast to the IVC ( P  = 0.14). The Kaplan–Meier 30-day survival curves demonstrated significant reduction in survival in individuals with PE and grade ≥4 reflux of contrast to the IVC compared with lower grades ( P  = 0.008), but not in patients with grade ≥4 and no PE on CTPA ( P  = 0.26). The other cardiovascular parameters showed no significant correlation with survival in patients with and without PE. Conclusion: Substantial grades of reflux of contrast to the IVC during CTPA could predict early mortality in patients with acute PE. Rapid grading of reflux of contrast from the original axial CTPA images can be used for real-time risk stratification in patients with acute PE.     

CT肺动脉造影检测肺栓塞:采用容积螺旋穿梭技术捕捉最佳成像时相

目的探讨采用容积螺旋穿梭(VHS)技术进行肺动脉血管造影成像(CTPA)的临床应用价值。方法对研究组30例疑诊肺栓塞患者采用VHS进行CTPA成像,于开始注药后10s启动扫描,连续扫描4次(path)。回顾性分析对照组15例疑诊肺栓塞患者的64排CT常规CTPA资料,于注射对比剂后13～16s进行扫描。测量肺动脉主干、各段肺动脉的强化程度及主肺动脉的噪声,由2名医师按照5点评分法评价图像质量。结果研究组全部病例均成功配合完成检查,最佳path在第Ⅰ～Ⅳ个时相占比例分别为30.00%(9/30)、36.67%(11/30)、26.67%(8/30)、6.67%(2/30)。研究组平均MPA的CT值为(286±39)HU,对照组为(278±71)HU,差异无统计学意义(P=0.631)。研究组MPA最低强化值为240HU,对照组3例低于200HU。研究组肺段动脉可评价率平均为(88±14)%,高于对照组的(72±33)%(P=0.192)。对研究组图像质量及肺动脉强化两研究者一致性的Kappa值分别0.366、0.714,86.67%病例图像质量及90.00%肺动脉强化良好,均优于对照组(P均<0.05)。对图像噪声及运动伪影的主观评价两组间差异均无统计学意义。结论采用VHS技术有利于捕捉最佳肺动脉强化时相,是简单、实用的肺动脉血管造影方法。     

Safety of ruling out acute pulmonary embolism by normal computed tomography pulmonary angiography in patients with an indication for computed tomography: systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction : Several outcome studies have ruled out acute pulmonary embolism (PE) by normal computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). We performed a meta-analysis in order to determine the safety of this strategy in a specific group of patients with a strict indication for CTPA, that is, 'likely' or 'high' clinical probability for PE, an elevated D-dimer concentration, or both. Methods : Studies that ruled out PE by normal CTPA, with or without subsequent normal bilateral compression ultrasonography (CUS), in patients with a strict indication for CTPA, were searched for in Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane dataset. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of (fatal) venous thromboembolism (VTE) in a 3-month follow-up period. Results : Three studies were identified that excluded PE by CTPA alone (2020 patients), and three studies that performed additional CUS of the legs after normal CTPA (1069 patients). The pooled incidence of VTE at 3 months was 1.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8–1.8] based on a normal CTPA result as a sole test, and 1.1% (95% CI 0.6–2.0) based on normal CTPA and negative CUS findings, resulting in negative predictive values of 98.8% (95% CI 98.2–99.2) and 98.9% (95% CI 98.0–99.4), respectively. This compares favorably with the VTE failure rate after normal pulmonary angiography (1.7%, 95% CI 1.0–2.7). The risk of fatal PE did not differ between the diagnostic strategies (0.6% vs. 0.5%). Conclusion : A normal CTPA result alone can safely exclude PE in all patients in whom CTPA is required to rule out this disease. There is no need for additional ultrasonography to rule out VTE in these patients.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重合并肺栓塞血液相关风险因素分析

目的分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)急性加重(AECOPD)合并急性肺栓塞血液相关风险因素及其相关性分析,为发病机制研究、治疗提供参考。方法纳入2015年5月至2016年4月入院的AECOPD可疑肺栓塞患者73例,检测其血常规、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、红细胞沉降率(ESR)、降钙素原(PCT)、内皮素-1(ET-1)、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、心肌酶、动脉血气、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)等指标,并进行胸部肺动脉造影(CTPA)检查,分析AECOPD合并肺栓塞患者与未合并肺栓塞患者血液相关风险因素的关系。结果 73例患者中,有15例为AECOPD合并肺栓塞,58例为AECOPD未合并肺栓塞。AECOPD合并肺栓塞患者的Neu%、PCT、NT-proBNP、D-二聚体、LDH、cTnI、CRP、IL-8、ET-1水平整体高于未合并肺栓塞患者(P0.05)。AECOPD合并肺栓塞患者血CRP与IL-8相关系数为0.457(P=0.087),与ET-1相关系数为0.598(P=0.019),IL-8与ET-1相关系数为0.695(P=0.004)。结论 AECOPD合并肺栓塞与体内炎症严重程度相关,炎性反应越重,对心肌损伤也相应增加,发生肺栓塞的风险增加。