Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Sediment Cores of Sunderban Wetland, Northeastern Part of Bay of Bengal, India, and Their Ecotoxicological Significance

This paper presents the first comprehensive report of the organochlorine pesticide residues (OCs) such as hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its six metabolites (DDTs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in core sediments (<63-μm particle size) from the Indian Sunderban wetland. The pooled mean values of the mass fraction of ΣHCHs, HCB, and ΣDDTs in the sediments were 0.05–12, 0.05–1.4, and 0.05–11.5 ng g⁻¹ dry weight, respectively. The vertical distribution of pesticides reveals an erratic pattern. The concentration of four isomers of HCHs reveals a heterogenic distribution where γ-HCH (lindane) and β-HCH shared the dominant part. The mass fraction of HCB did not show any sharp spatial variation. The prevailing sequence of DDT metabolites indicates an active degradation of the parent compound in the sediments and/or inputs of already degraded pp’DDT to the region. Peak concentrations of HCH isomers and DDT metabolites have the potential to induce ecotoxicological impact as per the sediment quality guidelines.     

Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Human Blood Samples Collected from Haryana,India and the Changing Pattern

Blood samples were collected during August 1992 and August 2002 from various hospitals of Haryana state and analyzed for the presence of HCH and DDT residues and the change in concentration of pesticide residues was calculated in terms of % reduction. The study revealed that the mean residue levels of total HCH in human blood samples have declined by 87.6 % while those of total DDT have decreased by 98.9 % during a gap of 10 years. The obtained results reveal that during 1992 p,p′-DDT was the major component with the mean value of 6.125 mg/L followed by p,p′-DDE, γ-HCH, α-HCH and β-HCH while in 2002, β-HCH and p,p′-DDE were comparable with mean value of 0.053 and 0.052 mg/L, respectively followed by p,p′-DDT, α-HCH and p,p′-DDD.     

Evaluation of Pesticide Residues in Farmgate Samples of Vegetables in Karnataka,India

Fifty Vegetable samples (Beans, Brinjal, Cabbage and Carrot) grown in Kolar district of Karnataka, India were analysed for 20 pesticide residues by gas liquid chromatography equipped with ECD and FTD. Recovery studies were performed at 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg ⁻¹ fortification levels of each compound and the recoveries obtained ranged from 73.0 % to 96.6 % with relative standard deviations lower than 7.5 %. The method showed good linearity over the range assessed 0.01–1.0 mg Kg⁻¹ with correlation coefficient >0.998 and the detection and quantification limits for the pesticides studied varied from 0.0001 to 0.002 mg Kg⁻¹and 0.0001–0.001 mg Kg⁻¹, respectively. All the samples were found to be contaminated, the organo chlorines (97 %) dominated followed by organophosphates (83 %) and pyrethroids (60 %). However, 58 % of the samples were found to contain the residues of these insecticides above their respective maximum residue limits (MRL). It is therefore proposed to perform extensive monitoring studies covering all the vegetable crops from different agro-climatic regions of the Karnataka to know the exact status of pesticide contamination.     

Determination of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Freshwater Fish Species in Punjab,India

The levels of organochlorine pesticides residues were determined in five freshwater fish species in Punjab State, India. These species were selected in view of their importance to local human fish consumer. DDTs were the predominant organochlorine contaminants in all species with pp DDT and pp DDE as the main pollutants. Other organochlorines, such as HCH isomers and dieldrin were also found at lower levels in fish species. The α-HCH was the dominant isomer of HCH in all fish species followed by γ-, β- and δ-HCH. The residues of aldrin, chlordane, heptachlor and endosulphan were not detected in any fish sample. The levels of organochlorines detected in present study were below the tolerance limits recommended at National and International standards.     

Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Human Milk of Mothers Living in Northern Tunisia

The levels of 13 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in breast milk from 87 Tunisian mothers throughout their lactation periods. Breast milk levels of OCP residues were determined using a validated methodology that included capillary column gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. All samples contained detectable residues of p,p′-DDE (2.421 mg/kg milk fat) and HCB (0.260 mg/kg milk fat). The other OCP residues were detected in the following order of frequency: Dieldrin 38%, β-HCH 22.9% and γ-HCH 6.8%. It was made an attempt to point out the relationship between some factors and the transfer of OCP residues into breast milk. In this study we found that concentrations of OCPs increased with mothers’ age, these levels decreased with the number of children.     

Persistent Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Milk and Butter in Agra City, India: A Case Study

No abstract available.     

Seasonal Trends in Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Raw Bovine Milk from Rural Areas of Haryana, India

Seasonal trends in organochlorine pesticides residues namely, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) and its metabolites and endosulfan stereo isomers were investigated in raw bovine milk samples from rural areas of Ambala, Gurgaon and Hisar districts of the state of Haryana for winter, summer, and post-monsoon seasons. Highest concentration of HCH and DDT was found in 43 % and 53 % milk samples, respectively in post-monsoon season whereas highest values of endosulfan was reported in 36 % samples during winter season. During the study period only 2 % milk samples exceeded the maximum residue limit recommended by WHO for ΣHCH, 1 % samples each for α-HCH and γ-HCH, 9 % samples for β-HCH as recommended by PFAA and 30 % samples for ΣDDT as prescribed by FAO. No statistical difference in the mean concentration of ∑HCH and ∑Endosulfan could be observed in any of the three districts. However, ∑DDT concentration showed marked difference [F(2, 25) = 12.42, p = 0.00018)] among the three districts.     

Levels of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Blood Plasma of Various Species of Birds from India

Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in blood plasma of 13 species of birds collected from Ahmedabad, India. Among the various OCPs determined, HCHs and its isomers had higher contribution to the total OCPs. Concentration of ∑HCHs varied from 11.4 ng/mL in White ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus to 286 ng/mL in Sarus Crane Grus antigone, while ∑DDT ranged between 19 ng/mL in Black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa and 147 ng/mL in Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala. p,p′-DDE was accounted for more than 50% of total DDT in many of the samples analysed. However, a p,p′-DDT to p,p′-DDE ratio higher than one obtained for many species of birds indicates the recent use of DDT in this study region. The concentrations of cyclodiene insecticides, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin and total endosulfan ranged from 15.8 to 296.2 ng/mL, below detectable level to 15 and 41.1–153.2 ng/mL, respectively. The pattern of total OCP load generally occurred in the following order: granivores < insectivores < omnivores < piscivores < carnivores. Although, the organochlorine residues detected in blood plasma of birds are not indicative of toxicity, the presence of residues in birds over the years (2005–2007) indicates continued exposure to organochlorine compounds. However, continuous monitoring is recommended to facilitate the early identification of risks to the survival of a species.     

气相色谱法测定血清中有机氯农药残留的不确定度分析

目的建立气相色谱法测定有机氯农药的不确定度评定方式。方法按照测量不确定度评定的指导性文件GUM和JJF1059-1999技术规范要求,建立数学模型,找出影响测量结果不确定度的各个因素,计算各不确定度分量,对其进行评定。结果对血清中有机氯农药六六六和滴滴涕进行测定由样品处理引入的不确定度分项为6.9×10^-3,由标准引入的不确定度分项为8.1×10^-3,色谱峰面积引入的不确定度分项为9.1×10^-3,回收率引入的不确定度分项为2.1×10^-3。合成相对不确定度为1.42×10^-2,扩展不确定度为4.26×10^-2。结论根据不确定度评定结果可以判定色谱峰面积对不确定度贡献较大。     

Organochlorine Pesticide (HCH and DDT) Residues in Dietary Products from Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China

No abstract available.     

Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Plankton,Rangsit Agricultural Area,Central Thailand

Few studies have investigated organochlorine pesticide residue content in freshwater plankton communities in Thailand. As a result, this study looks to examine the concentration of organochlorine pesticide residues in plankton collected from Khlong 7 (canal) at Rangsit agricultural area, central Thailand from June 2006 to February 2007. The results from this study show that plankton communities were composed of microphytoplankton, microzooplankton, and mesozooplankton. The average method recoveries varied from 84% to 103% with a relative standard deviation between 0.20% and 3.72%. The concentrations of organochlorine pesticide residues during a one-year-period were in the range of 0.10–3.65 ng/g wet wt and contained DDT and derivatives > Σ endosulfan > Σ HCH > Σ heptachlor > aldrin and dieldrin > endrin and endrin aldehyde > methoxychlor, respectively. Moreover, the residues of Σ HCH, DDT and derivatives, and methoxychlor were higher during wet season than dry season (t-test, p ≤ 0.05).     

Studies on Organochlorine Pesticide Residue in Fishes from the Densu River Basin, Ghana

The study was carried out to determine the levels of organochlorine pesticide residue in five fish species Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Hepsetus odoe, Tilapia zilli, Heterotis niloticus and Oreochromis niloticus from the Densu river basin (Weija) in Ghana. The fishes sampled from the Weija fish landing site were selected on the basis of their importance to local human fish consumption. The detectable organochlorine pesticides were γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), δ-Hexachlorocyclohexane, aldrin and dieldrin. Others investigated were alpha endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, p,p’-DDT and its metabolite p,p’-DDE, endrin and its metabolite endrin aldehyde and endrin ketone. The total contamination levels of the individual fishes varied in the decreasing order of 9.19 ng g^?1 (O. niloticus), 4.16 ng g^?1 (T. zilli), 3.69 ng g^?1 (C. nigrodigitatus), 3.68 ng g^?1 (H. odoe) and 3.09 ng g^?1 (H. niloticus). The highest organochlorine pesticide residue recorded in the study was alpha-endosulfan while dieldrin was the least pesticide observed. Analysis of variance indicated significant statistical differences for most organochlorine pesticide residues in the samples. The levels of organochlorine pesticides found in fish samples in the study were below maximum residue limit for food safety stipulated by EU, US FDA, FAO, Italy and Australia and thus safe for human consumption.