肝脏孤立性坏死结节一例

患者女,71岁。右腹部隐痛、不适1个月余于2005年5月19日入院。体格检查:右中下腹可及4cm×4cm×3cm肿物。肠镜见升结肠隆起肿物。病理诊断:中分化管状腺癌。B超示肝脏右叶见约1·0cm低回声肿物,提示肝囊肿。术中见肝右叶表面有淡黄色质硬结节。临床诊断:结肠腺癌伴肝转移。行右半结肠及部分肝切除。病理检查:右半结肠及回盲部标本,升结肠距回盲瓣2cm处见隆起型肿物7·0cm×5·0cm×1·5cm。镜下检查为中分化管状腺癌。另送肝标本一块10cm×7cm×4cm,肝表面见一淡黄色结节,呈瘢痕样;体积1·2cm×1·0cm×1·0cm,切面实性,分叶状,质地中等硬,…     

上皮样血管瘤2例

例1,女性,17岁,因头枕部肿物2年余,近2个月逐渐增大而入院。体检:头枕部有一2 cm×1·5 cm大小红褐色肿物,质较硬,表面破溃,有暗红色带臭味的血性液体渗出。例2,男性,65岁,因左额部肿物半年而入院就诊。体检:左额部皮下触及0·5 cm×0·5 cm大小肿物,质韧,无压痛,边界较清,活动。术中见肿物位于皮下,质软,有较多暗红色血液溢出。病理检查眼观:例1,灰褐色皮肤组织1块,1·3 cm×1cm×0·7 cm,表面突出的质韧肿物1·3 cm×1 cm×1 cm,切面灰白间暗红色,质稍硬,表面破溃。例2,1 cm×1 cm×0·3cm的皮肤组织1块,切面见皮下组织中有一面积为0·8 c…     

肺原发间叶性软骨肉瘤一例

患者男, 57岁。因咳嗽、咳血痰 5个月、加重 5d于 2003年 10月 24日入院。胸部X片示右中下叶肺门区阴影,形状不规则,内有钙化 (图 1)。临床以“右中央型肺癌”于 2003年 10月 31日行“右中下肺肺叶切除术”。术中右中下肺触及肿块,约 4cm×4cm×3cm,上叶无异常,胸腔内无积液,右侧肺门及纵隔内未触及肿大淋巴结。图 1　胸部X线正位片可见右中下肺门区有一肿物　　　病理检查:送检右中下肺组织大小约22cm×17cm×6cm,肺门支气管周可见一肿物,大小约 4 5 cm×4 0cm×3 7cm,切面灰白、淡黄相间,质地较硬,局部有钙化。镜下观察 (图 2 ~4 ):…     

肺血管球瘤1例

患者女性,42岁,因发现肺部肿块3天入院。患者10天前曾行“甲状腺乳头状癌切除术”。查体:T:38℃,呼吸平稳,两肺呼吸音清,对称,未闻及干湿啰音俅舱锒?右肺肿块;甲状腺癌术后。胸部X片示:右肺第三肋间见一26mm×27mm肿块影,边界光整,侧位位于右肺中叶,余无异常。X片诊断:右肺中叶肿块,结核球首先考虑。术中见右肺及中叶上缘水平裂处一2·5cm×2·5cm圆形肿块,质软,切取中叶肺送病理检查。病理检查眼观:肺组织1块,大小9cm×6·5cm×3cm,肺膜下可见一2cm×1·5cm肿块,呈灰白暗红色交错,质地中等,无包膜,边界清。镜检:肿瘤边界清楚,局部形成…     

结节性淋巴细胞为主型霍奇金淋巴瘤

1.病例简介:患者男,70岁,偶然发现右腋下无痛性肿物3年,逐渐增大。于1997年10月24日入院。体检:右腋下肿物10cm×10cm×4cm,无触痛。质软,部分坚实,可活动。全身其余部位浅表淋巴结未扪及。肝脾肋下未及。实验室及影像学检查均未见异常。临床诊断:脂肪瘤。行肿物手术切除。2.病理检查:肉眼观察:灰红灰黄组织13·0cm×12·0cm×4·5cm,多结节状,切面灰红色,均质,质软。光镜观察:淋巴结结构破坏,低倍镜下可见多个大小不一深染模糊结节,边界不清,无生发中心(图1)。结节与结节之间较拥挤,有的结节较大,周围有少许纤维组织围绕,大多数结节间不见…     

原发性睾丸类癌一例

患者男 ,4 5岁。因睾丸肿大就诊。患者自 2 0年前即发现右侧睾丸较左侧稍大 ,以后逐渐长大 ,平卧与站立无变化 ,无下坠感或疼痛 ,未加注意。于 2 0 0 2年 3月 7日入院治疗。外科体检 :右侧睾丸肿大 ,约 8cm× 6cm× 5cm。质硬 ,有沉重感 ,无触痛 ,透光试验阴性。手术所见 :鞘膜内有少许淡黄色澄清液体。右睾丸肿大 ,质硬 ,将右侧睾丸完整切除。病理检查 :切除的睾丸及其周围的组织 ,总体积 7 0cm× 5 2cm× 4 5cm ,睾丸体积 6cm× 5cm× 4cm。正常睾丸组织结构完全被肿瘤替代包在鞘膜内 ,副睾亦消失 ,质稍韧。切面 ,肿瘤呈灰白夹淡黄色 ,…     

横纹肌样表型大细胞肺癌1例

患者女性, 71岁,以咯血 1月余收入院。CT示:左肺下叶背段高密度影。术前诊断:左肺下叶癌。行左肺下叶切除,术中见左下肺背段有一质硬肿块, 5cm×3cm×3cm,分叶状。病理检查　眼观:送检左下肺叶切除标本, 11cm×9cm4cm,残端支气管处肺组织中可见一中央型肿物,分叶状,面积 5cm×3cm,切面灰黄灰黑相间,中央坏死明显,沿残端支气管剖开,管腔通畅,管壁光滑。肺门处见淋巴结 1枚,直1 5cm,包膜完整,表面光滑,切面碳黑色,质中。镜检:瘤细胞体积大,异型性明显,呈蝌蚪状、带状或梭形,界限清,胞质丰富,嗜伊红色,有的瘤细胞质内含有棕黑色颗粒状物或…     

阑尾巨大黏液囊肿1例

患者女性,69岁。因间断性左腰部疼痛5年,加重1年入院。体检:右下腹扪及一约10cm×5cm大小的囊性肿物,无压痛。B超示膀胱右上方探及一10·7cm×4·6cm×5·0cm的混合性肿物,边界尚清,形态不规则,内部回声不均匀,以囊性为主,印象:盆腔混合性肿物,性质待定。MR示膀胱直肠间偏右侧见一椭圆形异常信号,为长T1、长T2其边界较清,信号强度均匀,9·5cm×5cm×4·5cm,印象盆腔囊性占位。行剖腹探查术,术中见子宫萎缩如鸡蛋大左附件正常,右侧卵巢正常大小,表面布满透明囊粒样滤泡阑尾增粗增大,约10cm×4cm大小,表面光滑,与周围组织无粘连,行阑尾切除…     

肺结节硬化型霍奇金淋巴瘤

1.病例简介:患者女,30岁。间断咳嗽、咳痰2月余,发现肺部阴影20余天。CT示左上肺前段灶状实变影,病灶内缘与纵隔粘连,病灶内密度不均;纵隔内主动脉弓前部可见一不规则软组织肿块影。术中病变位于左肺上叶前段,大小9cm×7cm×6cm,向纵隔生长,纵隔淋巴结肿大,最大直径3cm。临床诊断:肺癌伴肺门淋巴结转移?2.病理检查:左肺上叶标本,肿物位于左肺前段,大小9cm×7cm×7cm,切面灰白色,质韧。肿物边界不清,中心有坏死。肿物侵及胸膜。另外可见纵隔淋巴结2枚,最大3.5cm×2.0cm×1.0cm,切面结节状。镜下观察:肺组织似呈慢性非特异性炎症,有纤维化,纤…     

支气管肺隔离症1例

患者男性 ,6 7岁 ,因刺激性咳嗽 1个月、痰中带血 1周入院 ,起病缓慢 ,逐渐加重 ,查体未见其它阳性体征。X线示 :右下肺外野高密度块影 ,与周围边界模糊 ,4 2cm× 2 5cm ,主动脉迂曲增厚 ,右侧膈面毛糙 ,肋膈角模糊。CT示 :右上肺前外侧段结节影 ,形态不规则 ,边缘不光滑 ,密度均匀 ,周围可见小毛刺 ,向外侧与侧胸壁粘连 ,纵隔稍向左移位 ,考虑为周围性肺癌。术中见病变位于右肺下叶基底段 ,4 0cm× 1 8cm× 1 5cm ,肺门及纵隔未见肿大淋巴结 ,右肺表面可见多个直径 0 5～ 0 8cm的肺大泡 ,包块上端有部分组织与右上肺相连 ,右侧缘有…     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

Modes of Inheritance of Errors of Refraction

Eighteen families in which both parents had refractions within the range of +4·0 D to −4·0 D and axial lengths seen in emmetropia (22·3-26·0 mm) showed coefficients of correlation of the order 0·5 indicative of polygenic inheritance. Such coefficients were seen for axial length (0·407) and for the cornea (0·487), but not for the lens (which is known to be yoked to the axial length). No such coefficients were seen in 19 families in which one of the parents had axial length outside the emmetropic range (nine families with long axes and 10 with short axes).

The pattern of polygenic inheritance for emmetropia (completely correlated optical components) and errors of refraction up to 4·0 D (inadequately correlated components: correlation ametropia) follows that seen in stature and other measurable characters. In contrast the high refractive errors with their abnormal axial lengths (component ametropia) are—like the extremes in stature—pathological anomalies with monofactorial inheritance.

     

Aspects of the problem of direct introduction of Standards of International Organizations

Editorial note. This article is published as part of a discussion. Particular issues of the article are disputable. First of all, this concerns the so-called “folder” method of introduction of international standards for medical devices to domestic medical practice (i.e., by direct translation of the standards and their publication as standardizing documents). Nevertheless, at least one of the problems, the problem of coordination between domestic state standards for medical devices and international recommendations of ISO and IEC, is undoubtedly of topical importance. Advancement of new health service legislation which is to be approved by law-makers will definitely introduce corrections into the present situation. The Editorial Board of Meditsinskaya Tekhnika believes this article will lessen these problems and to be welcomed by readers.