降钙素基因相关肽抑制大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞增殖

本工作用培养的大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞，以细胞计数和＾３Ｈ－胸腺嘧啶掺入为指标，观察到降钙素基因相关肽呈剂量依赖地抑制ＶＳＭＣ增殖，１０＾－８和１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／ＬＣＧＲＰ可使＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入量较对照组减少２６％（Ｐ＜０．０５）和３６％（Ｐ＜０．０１）并使细胞计数分别较对照组下降１７％（Ｐ＜０．０５）和３５％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示ＣＧＲＰ参与ＶＳＭＣ增殖的调节。     

同型半胱氨酸对培养大鼠心肌细胞牛磺酸摄取及其影响机制的研究

目的：观察同型半胱氨酸（ＨＣＹ） 对培养大鼠心肌细胞牛磺酸摄取的影响及其影响机制。方法：应用［３ Ｈ］－ 牛磺酸同位素检测技术,测定ＨＣＹ 不同浓度或在ＨＣＹ 作用下牛磺酸作用不同时间对牛磺酸摄取量的影响,以及应用蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ） 抑制剂Ｈ７ 和多粘菌素（ｐｏｌｙｍｙｘｉｎ Ｂ, ＰＢ） 观察大鼠心肌细胞在ＨＣＹ 作用下对牛磺酸摄取量的影响。结果：ＨＣＹ 呈浓度依赖性刺激大鼠心肌细胞对牛磺酸的摄取,１０ ～１００ μｍｏｌ／Ｌ 浓度组分别较阴性对照组牛磺酸摄取量增加３３ ％ （ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ～６７ ％ （ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ;ＨＣＹ 刺激心肌细胞摄取牛磺酸量呈时间依赖性,牛磺酸作用时间２ 、５ 和１０ ｍｉｎ时分别较作用１ ｍｉｎ 时增加４８ ％ 、２４５ ％ （ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） 和３０６ ％ （ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ;ＨＣＹ 刺激摄取牛磺酸量分别为Ｈ７ 和ＰＢ 作用减少３５ ％ （ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） 和４３ ％ （ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） 。结论：ＨＣＹ 促进大鼠心肌细胞摄取牛磺酸的作用可能与ＰＫＣ 所介导的蛋白磷酸化过程有关     

体外阻断GR功能对鸡脾淋巴细胞活性及Dex免疫抑制的影响

用地塞米松（Ｄｅｘ）和ＲＵ４８６分别或联合与鸡淋巴细胞，ＣｏｎＡ－一起培养，检测了淋巴细胞掺入＾３Ｈ－胸苷（＾Ｈ－ＴｄＲ）量的变化，１０＾－５和１０＾－６ｍｏｌ／ＬＲＵ４８６可抑制淋巴细胞掺入＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ（Ｐ〈０．０１），而１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ则无明显影响（Ｐ〉０．０５）１０＾－５，１０＾－６和１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／ＬＤｅｘ地淋巴细胞掺入＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ有明显的抑制作用（Ｐ〈０．０１），１０＾－５ｍｏ     

CoxsackieB＿3病毒对小鼠高频心电图时域值的作用研究

以Ｂａｌｂ／ｃ小鼠为实验动物，观察了ｃｏｘｓａｃｋｉｅＢ＿３病毒对小鼠高频心电图（ＨＦ－ＥＣＧ）的影响。实验组小鼠腹腔注射０．２ｍｌｃｏｘｓａｃｋｉｅＢ＿３病毒后，分别于第１、３、５、７天记录高频心电图，结果表明：从种毒１天后开始，心率显著增加，分别增加了２４．４％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、１６．３％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、１９．９％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、２９．３％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。从种毒３天后开始，Ｑ－Ｔ间期、Ｔ波时程较种毒前明显延长，Ｑ－Ｔ间期较种毒前分别延长了２４．２％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、１７．５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、２４．０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ｔ波时程较种毒前分别延长了３０．７％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、２９．１％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、３６．４％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。对照组无此变化。结果提示，病毒可能对窦房结自律细胞的自律性、心室肌细胞的复极化过程产生影响。     

罗钙全对尿毒症患者血清IL-2、sIL-2R水平的影响

观察１６ 例血液透析患者（ＨＤ）服用罗钙全前后血清ＩＬ ２、ｓＩＬ ２Ｒ 以及血免疫反应甲状旁腺激素（ｉＰＴＨ） 、Ｃａ 水平变化。结果显示： 用药前ＨＤ组ＩＬ ２ 低于正常对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５） , 而ｓＩＬ ２Ｒ 高于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ; 服罗钙全４ 周后,ＩＬ ２从（５－８２±４－３４ ）μｇ／Ｌ升至（６－６１±３－４７ ）μｇ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜ ０－０５） ; ｓＩＬ ２Ｒ从（５１６－１３ ±３７－３１ ）Ｕ／ｍｌ 降至（３７５－６７ ±３３－０５ ）Ｕ／ｍｌ（ Ｐ＜０－０１） ; 而ｉＰＴＨ 显著降低, 血Ｃａ 显著升高。     

电离辐射对大鼠下丘脑和垂体内亮脑啡肽含量的影响

本文应用放射免疫分析（ｒａｄｉｏｉｍｍｕｎｏａｓｓａｙ，ＲＩＡ）方法检测４，８和２５Ｇｙ＿６０ＣｏＹ射线照射后大鼠下丘脑和垂体内亮脑啡肽（ｌｅｕｃｉｎｅ－ｅｕｋｅｐｈａｌｉｎ，Ｌ－ＥＮＫ）含量的变化。发现８Ｇｙ照射后２４和７２小时下丘脑Ｌ－ＥＮＫ含量分别为１３８．２３±１８．３２ｐｇ／ｍｇ和２１０．６８±２８．９９ｐｇ／ｍｇ，前者明显低于正常对照组（１７７．９２±２４．６８ｐｇ／ｍｇ）（Ｐ＜０．０１），后者明显高于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。２５Ｇｙ照射后２４和４８小时下丘脑Ｌ－ＥＮＫ含量分别为１３１．６５±１０．６４ｐｇ±ｍｇ和１５２．６６±１４．０７ｐｇ／ｍｇ，均明显低于正常对照组（前者Ｐ＜０．０１，后者Ｐ＜０．０５）。２５Ｇｙ照射后４８小时垂体Ｌ－ＥＮＫ含量为９６．３７±１５．７４ｐｇ／ｍｇ，明显低于正常对照组（１２１．４１±１．９４ｐｇ／ｍｇ）（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

一氧化氮、内皮素和循环内皮细胞在支气管哮喘中的作用研究

目的：探讨一氧化氮、内皮素和循环内皮细胞在支气管哮喘中的作用。方法：哮喘患儿６１例,４０名健康儿童为对照,测定其血浆ＮＯ－２／ＮＯ－３、ＥＴ、ｃＧＭＰ和循环内皮细胞（ＣＥＣ）水平,用过敏性哮喘豚鼠进行验证。结果：哮喘患儿血浆ＮＯ－２／ＮＯ－３、ｃＧＭＰ和ＣＥＣ水平均明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５～００１）,其中重度哮喘患儿血浆ＮＯ－２／ＮＯ－３和ＣＥＣ水平较轻中度哮喘患儿更高（Ｐ均＜００１）;重度哮喘患儿血浆ＥＴ水平明显升高（Ｐ＜００１）;哮喘患儿血浆ＮＯ－２／ＮＯ－３与ｃＧＭＰ和ＣＥＣ水平呈显著正相关（Ｐ＜００５～００１）。过敏性哮喘豚鼠ＢＡＬＦ中ＮＯ－２／ＮＯ－３、ＥＴ及ｃＧＭＰ水平均明显升高（Ｐ均＜００１）;血浆中ｃＧＭＰ和ＣＥＣ水平亦升高（Ｐ均＜００５）;糖皮质激素可降低ＮＯ－２／ＮＯ－３、ＥＴ、ｃＧＭＰ和ＣＥＣ水平。结论：哮喘时ＮＯ－２／ＮＯ－３、ＥＴ和ＣＥＣ产生过多,它们在哮喘发病机制中占有重要地位,而且血浆ＥＴ和ＣＥＣ水平可能与哮喘病情相关。     

高胆固醇血症大鼠LDL受体与apoA－1mRNA的水平变化及苯甲酸雌二醇对其影响

本文研究了实验性高胆固醇血症大鼠肝及小肠中低密度脂蛋白（ＬＤＬ）受体ｍＲＮＡ和载脂蛋白（ａｐｏ）Ａ－１ｍＲＮＡ的水平变化以及苯甲酸雌二醇（ＥＢ）对二者的影响。发现高脂（ＨＣ）组肝及小肠ＬＤＬ受体ｍＲＮＡ水平分别低于正常组５０％和６０％（Ｐ＜０．０５），小肠ａｐｏＡ－１ｍＲＮＡ水平低于正常组５８％（Ｐ＜０．０５），此时血清总胆固醇（ＴＣ）及ＬＤＬ胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－ｃ）均明显高于正常组（Ｐ＜０．０１），血清ａｐｏＡ－１低于正常组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＨＣ＋ＥＢ组血清ＴＣ及ＬＤＬ－ｃ明显低于ＨＣ组，而肝ＬＤＬ受体ｍＲＮＡ水平则显著高于ＨＣ组，为ＨＣ组的３．５倍（Ｐ＜０．００２）。结果提示：（１）高胆固醇负荷时细胞可通过转录水平下行调节ＬＤＬ受体；（２）小肠可能在ａｐｏＡ－１的代谢中起重要作用；（３）ＥＢ可能通过诱导肝ＬＤＬ受体基因表达而降血脂。     

实验大鼠梗阻性黄疸形成中TNF-α和IL-6对肝脏的影响

目的：探讨梗阻性黄疸形成过程中,血清及肝组织ＴＮＦα和ＩＬ６ 的水平及其与肝损害的关系。方法：以结扎胆总管（ｌｉｇａｔｉｎｇ ｃｏ ｍ ｍ ｏｎ ｂｉｌｅ ｄｕｃｔ , ＬＣＤ） 的大鼠为模型, 采用放射免疫法, 测定ＬＣＤ 后不同时间血清和肝组织中ＴＮＦ－ α和ＩＬ－ ６ 的含量。结果：ＬＣＤ 组血清ＴＮＦα和ＩＬ６ 的水平［ 分别为（１２８５ ．００ ±７２ ．２３） μｇ／ Ｌ 和（３０１ ．２５ ±４４ ．８６） μｇ／ Ｌ］ 明显高于假手术对照组［ 分别为（７９１ ．００ ±１６４） μｇ／ Ｌ 和（２３５ ．００ ±４７） μｇ／ Ｌ］ ,（ Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０１ 和Ｐ ＜０ ．０５） ,肝组织中ＴＮＦα和ＩＬ６ 的含量［ 分别为（２３５３ ．７５ ±６９５ ．４５）μｇ／１００ｇ 和（９７２ ．７５ ±１５４ ．６２）μｇ／１００ｇ］ 也明显高于对照组（ 均为＜ ３００ μｇ／１００ｇ ,Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０１） ;于ＬＣＤ 后１ ｄ ～３ ｄ 变化最为明显,第７ 天～１４ 天维持在一较高水平。二者与谷丙转氨酶（ ＡＬＴ） 的变化均呈显著的正相关（ 相关系数ｒ 分别为０ ．６３１ 和０ ．７８２） 。结论：ＴＮＦα和ＩＬ６ 均参与了肝脏的损伤。     

去甲肾上腺素对大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内IP_3、［Ca~（2＋）］_i和Ia抗原表达

本文应用细胞膜放射标记和离子交换层析法测定巨噬细胞（ＭФ）内肌醇－１，４，５－三磷酸（ＩＰ３）、用Ｃａ￣（２＋）指示剂的分光光谱法测定ＭФ内Ｃａ￣（２＋）浓度（［Ｃａ￣（２＋）］）、用ＡＰＡＡＰ桥联酶标法检测ＭФ表面Ｉａ抗原的表达，研究去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）对大鼠腹腔的ＭФ内ＩＰ３、［Ｃａ￣（２＋）］ｉ和ＭФ表面ｌａ抗原表达的影响。结果显示ＮＥ（１０￣（－８）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）可显著增高ＭФ中ＩＰ＿３含量（４４２±２２ｃｐｍ／１０￣６ｃｅｌｌｓ，对照组１０２±８ｃｐｍ／１０￣６ｃｅｌｌｓ，Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＮＥ可使ＭФ内［Ｃａ￣（２＋）］ｉ显著增高（３２２±７８ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ，对照组９７±１７ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＮＥ可显著增高ＭФ表面Ｉ－Ａ、Ｉ－Ｅ抗原的表达（６４±８％、５８±６％，对照组５０±３％，４４±４％，Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示神经递质ＮＥ促进ＭФ表面Ｉａ抗原表达的作用可能是通过第二信使ＩＰ＿３和Ｃａ￣（２＋）介导的。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.