红细胞包蔽吗啡过程中ODC的变化

为了解高渗法制备 RBC包蔽吗啡过程中载体红细胞携氧功能是否受到影响 ,采用 L ogistic曲线拟合法对 RBC包蔽吗啡过程中 Hb的 ODC的变化进行了研究。结果显示 ,当 RBC与高渗糖以 1:0 .5混合时其 P50 值没有变化 ;当以 1:1混合时其 P50 值则略有降低。     

红细胞包蔽吗啡的制备及包蔽效果的研究

目的：了解高渗法制备RBC吗啡载体的可行性。方法：①全血与50％GS混合后以血球压积的变化评价RBC的脱水效果；②利用扫描电镜观察RBC包蔽吗啡前后其形态的变化；③采用放免分析(RIA)方法对RBC一吗啡溶液中RBC内外吗啡的浓度进行测定；④HPLE法分析人RBC内Hb与吗啡的结合率。结果：全血与50％GS按1：0．5混合时的脱水效果最显著；RBC脱水后以及包蔽吗啡后其形态由正常圆盘状变为扁平和皱缩，最后又恢复为正常圆盘状；RBC包蔽吗啡剂量为5mg和10mg时RBC内外吗啡浓度之间均无显著差异。Hb与吗啡在不同浓度混合下均具有一定的结合率。结论：高渗法制备RBC吗啡载体具有较好的包蔽效果，Hb与吗啡结合率的存在可能影响吗啡的作用时效。     

正交实验设计优化甲氨蝶呤红细胞载体制备工艺

目的:基于包封率优化甲氨蝶呤红细胞载体(MTX-RBC)制备工艺.方法:按正交实验L9(34)表格设计,采用高效液相色谱柱法间接测定红细胞载体的包封率,考察不同浓度MTX、全血与高渗葡萄糖比例、脱水时间和药物浸润红细胞时间等4个因素在3种不同水平条件下对包封效率的影响.结果:各水平条件下,包封率均值最高分别出现在全血与高渗葡萄糖比例为3:2、脱水时间为 40 min、MTX溶液浓度 250 μg·mL-1、药物浸润红细胞时间 30 min.此时包封率亦最高,达41.58%.结论:确定新鲜全血以3:2比例在高渗葡萄糖溶液中脱水 40 min,再在浓度为 250 μg·mL-1MTX溶液中重涨 30 min 为最优方案.     

白细胞过滤前后血液质量的测定

目的 :考察白细胞过滤器在有效滤除白细胞的同时血液质量是否有影响。方法 :取 2 6份全血或红细胞悬液分别测定过滤前后红细胞数、红细胞平均体积 (MCV)、红细胞平均血红蛋白含量(MCH)、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度 (MCHC)、血红蛋白浓度 (Hb)、红细胞体积分布宽度变异 (RDW )、红细胞膜渗透脆性、血浆游离血红蛋白 (FHb)浓度、2 ,3—二磷酸甘油酸 (2 ,3—DPG)浓度和过滤后白细胞数。结果 :过滤后白细胞残留量为 (2 .3± 1.5 )× 10 6 U- 1;白细胞去除率为 99.98%± 0 .14 % ;红细胞回收率为 92 .15 %± 1.2 7% ;HCT、MCV、MCH、MCHC、RDW、血浆血红蛋白、红细胞膜渗透脆性过滤前后无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。过滤前后红细胞 2 ,3—DPG含量有差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,过滤后略大于过滤前。结论 :白细胞过滤器在有效去除白细胞的同时 ,并未引起血液质量的改变。     

442例地中海贫血血液学分析

目的探讨地中海贫血在我市拟婚青年中的发病率 从而指导婚姻、指导生育 降低重型地中海贫血患儿的出生率.方法采用平均红细胞体积(MCV)测定法(MCV法) 红细胞脆性一管定量法(一管法) 血红蛋白常规检查(Hb分析)及红细胞形态观察等进行地中海贫血筛查.结果在5583人中检出地中海贫血442例(7.9%) 其中标准型α地中海贫血265例(4.7%) 异常血红蛋白病(H病)11例(0.2%) 轻型β地中海贫血166例(3.0%).结论结合MCV法红细胞脆性一管法可以提高地中海贫血筛查率;而Hb分析可作为地中海贫血与缺铁性贫血之间的鉴别诊断依据.     

442例地中海贫血血液学分析

目的探讨地中海贫血在我市拟婚青年中的发病率,从而指导婚姻、指导生育,降低重型地中海贫血患儿的出生率.方法采用平均红细胞体积(MCV)测定法(MCV法),红细胞脆性一管定量法(一管法),血红蛋白常规检查(Hb分析)及红细胞形态观察等进行地中海贫血筛查.结果在5583人中检出地中海贫血442例(7.9%),其中标准型α地中海贫血265例(4.7%),异常血红蛋白病(H病)11例(0.2%),轻型β地中海贫血166例(3.0%).结论结合MCV法红细胞脆性一管法可以提高地中海贫血筛查率;而Hb分析可作为地中海贫血与缺铁性贫血之间的鉴别诊断依据.     

洗涤红细胞临床应用100例效果观察

目的 了解洗涤红细胞输注效果.方法 对2003年6月～2005年5月间输注100例洗涤红细胞及102例全血的临床资料进行回顾分析,计算输注1U血液提升的Hb值、RBC值,并记录发生输血反应的情况.结果 洗涤红细胞组每输注1U洗涤红细胞提高Hb(34.8±9.75)g/L,RBC(1.035×1012±0.43×1012)/L,全血组每输注1U全血提高Hb(35.2±9.34)g/L,RBC(1.042×1012±0.41×1012)/L.两组治疗效果显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 洗涤红细胞具备纯度高、疗效好、输用安全、输血反应少、针对性强等优点,适宜在临床推广.     

茂名地区α-地中海贫血的新生儿筛查

目的为了解茂名地区α-地中海贫血(地贫)的基因携带率情况。方法对1995年至2004年所有在本院出生的新生儿进行α-地贫筛查。用地中海贫血一管筛查法,红细胞脆性试验<62%者再进行Hb琼脂电泳和Hb抗碱试验。结果(1)红细胞脆性试验阳性率为9.58%(2250/23480);(2)红细胞脆性试验阳性者进行Hb琼脂电泳,检出异常区带Hb-Bart’s共1480例,阳性率6.30%,根据Hb-Bart’s含量推算出静止型、标准型α-地贫、Hb-H病,分别为0.94%、5.37%和0.21%。结论(1)茂名地区为地贫高发区,应大力开展人群筛查并加强防治;(2)HGB琼脂电泳优于醋酸纤维膜电泳法,且所需仪器较为简单,适用于地贫高发区的基层单位做新生儿α-地贫初筛。     

XN-1000全自动血液分析仪诊断缺铁性贫血的临床价值分析

目的探究XN-1000全自动血液分析仪对于缺铁性贫血(IDA)的临床诊断价值。方法选取60例缺铁性贫血患者作为观察组,另选取同期健康体检者60例作为对照组,两组受检者均接受XN-1000全自动血液分析仪检查。比较两组检测准确度及血液检测结果[红细胞分布宽度变异系数(RDW-CV)、红细胞计数(RBC)、血红蛋白(Hb)、平均红细胞体积(MCV)、平均红细胞血红蛋白量(MCH)、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)]。结果观察组检出阳性59例、阳性率为98.33%,阴性1例、阴性率为1.67%,检测准确度为98.33%(59/60);对照组检出阳性3例、阳性率为5.00%,阴性57例、阴性率为95.00%,检测准确度为95.00%(57/60);两组的检测准确度比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组的RDW-CV(21.37±1.46)%显著高于对照组的(12.21±1.04)%,RBC(3.20±0.41)×10¹²/L、Hb(67.47±5.35)g/L、MCV(68.30±4.77)fl、MCH(16.59±2.24)pg、MCHC(274.92±1...     

慢性呼吸衰竭贫血患者血清EPO、RBC水平检测及其临床意义

目的探究慢性呼吸衰竭贫血患者血清促红细胞生成素(EPO)、红细胞(RBC)水平的检测及其临床意义。方法选取30例慢性呼吸衰竭贫血患者作为观察组,另选取30例正常体验的健康人作为对照组。采集两组的血样,检测并比较两组血清EPO、RBC、红细胞压积(HCT)和血红蛋白(Hb)水平。结果观察组EPO水平为(99.68±28.92)mIU/ml,RBC水平为(3.30±0.65)×10^12/L,HCT水平为(29.20±3.69)%,Hb水平为(86.30±8.68)g/L,对照组EPO水平为(21.51±5.27)mIU/ml,RBC水平为(4.27±0.26)×10^12/L,HCT水平为(38.84±2.31)%,Hb水平为(132.47±6.92)g/L;观察组EPO水平高于对照组,RBC、HCT及Hb水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论慢性呼吸衰竭患者血清EPO明显高,RBC明显降低,要根据个体化差异制定合理的治疗方案。对慢性呼吸衰竭患者血清EPO进行动态监测,血清EPO、RBC水平检测对治疗呼吸衰竭贫血患者以及预后判断有重要的意义。     

Ganciclovir permeation of the human erythrocyte membrane

The membrane permeation of ganciclovir (DHPG)--a structural analogue of acyclovir (ACV) with activity against cytomegalovirus--was investigated in human erythrocytes at 37 degrees with an "inhibitor-stop" assay. DHPG influx was nonconcentrative, occurred without permeant metabolism, and was rate-saturable. While substantial inhibition of the influx of 13 microM DHPG occurred only in the presence of permeants of the purine nucleobase carrier, nucleosides and inhibitors of nucleoside transport markedly inhibited DHPG influx at higher DHPG concentrations (greater than or equal to 200 microM). Adenine and dilazep (a potent inhibitor of the nucleoside carrier) each inhibited the influx of DHPG only partially; when present together, however, they inhibited DHPG permeation completely. DHPG permeation via the purine nucleobase carrier (Km = 0.89 mM) was characterized by assessing influx in the presence of 1.0 microM dilazep. Adenine and ACV were shown to competitively inhibit this process, while DHPG (Ki = 0.90 mM) was found to competitively inhibit adenine influx. DHPG influx via the nucleoside carrier (Km = 14 mM) was characterized by assessing influx in the presence of 2 mM adenine. DHPG (Ki = 10 mM) also appeared to competitively inhibit the influx of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine. These results indicate that DHPG permeates the human erythrocyte membrane primarily by the purine nucleobase carrier and secondarily by the nucleoside transporter.     

Interaction of ticlopidine with the erythrocyte membrane

The membrane effects of ticlopidine on the erythrocyte membrane were explored by the spin label method at the proteic and phospholipidic levels. This spectroscopic study was completed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins, measurement of the protection against haemolysis and observation of the erythrocyte shape changes induced by the drug. Two types of effects have been observed. At concentrations higher than 5 × 10^?4 M, ticlopidine is a weak denaturating agent of the membrane proteins. At concentrations of pharmacological interest, the main effect of the drug is a protection against hypotonic haemolysis, and an increase in the fluidity of the membrane phospholipidic core. This last result could explain in part the interesting pharmacological effect of ticlopidine on various circulatory troubles.     

The effect of pentoxifylline on erythrocyte deformability and on phosphatide fatty acid distribution in the erythrocyte membrane

Ten maturity-onset diabetics with chronic vascular disease were treated with 400 mg pentoxifylline 3-times daily for 14 days. Erythrocyte deformability (using a filtration technique for whole blood) and phosphatide fatty acid distribution in the erythrocyte membrane were measured before and after the treatment period. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the erythrocyte filtration rate had increased significantly by the end of treatment (2alpha = 0.02), and that there were only slight changes in erythrocyte membrane phosphatide fatty acid levels. The drug was well tolerated, and there were no adverse laboratory findings in the parameters measured. On the basis of results described by other investigators, theimprovement in erythrocyte deformability was attributed to an increase in erythrocyte ATP levels. The authors discuss the importance of red cell fluidity for capillary perfusion.     

Modification of the erythrocyte anion carrier by chromate

1. It was confirmed that chromate is taken up by human erythrocytes via the general anion carrier.

2. The chromate flux is unidirectional and chromium is accumulated within red cells presumably due to intracellular reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III).

3. The analysis of the initial rates of uptake of chromate revealed two distinct uptake mechanisms at low (0˙001–0˙01 mM) and at high (0˙05–1˙0 mM) chromate concentrations.

4. After prolonged incubation with 1 mM chromate, the subsequent rate of uptake of chromate was decreased.

5. It is suggested that the decreased uptake is due to a modification of the anion-transport protein by chromate.     

Oxidant stress and haemolysis of the human erythrocyte

The erythrocyte is a highly specialised cell with a limited metabolic repertoire. As an oxygen shuttle, it must continue to perform this essential task while exposed to a wide range of environments on each vascular circuit, and to a variety of xenobiotics across its lifetime. During this time, it must continuously ward off oxidant stress on the haeme iron, the globin chain and on other essential cellular molecules. Haemolysis, the acceleration of the normal turnover of senescent erythrocytes, follows severe and irreversible oxidant injury. A detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying oxidant injury and its reversal, and of the clinical and laboratory features of haemolysis is important to the medical toxicologist. This review will also briefly review glucose-6-phosphate deficiency, a common but heterogeneous range of enzyme-deficient states, which impairs the ability of the erythrocyte to respond to oxidant injury.     

Modification of the erythrocyte anion carrier by chromate

It was confirmed that chromate is taken up by human erythrocytes via the general anion carrier. The chromate flux is unidirectional and chromium is accumulated within red cells presumably due to intracellular reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The analysis of the initial rates of uptake of chromate revealed two distinct uptake mechanisms at low (0.001-0.01 mM) and at high (0.05-1.0 mM) chromate concentrations. After prolonged incubation with 1 mM chromate, the subsequent rate of uptake of chromate was decreased. It is suggested that the decreased uptake is due to a modification of the anion-transport protein by chromate.     

In vitro characterization of the erythrocyte distribution of methazolamide: a model of erythrocyte transport and binding kinetics.

The rate and extent of binding of methazolamide to human erythrocytes was studied in vitro. All experiments were carried out at physiological temperature (37 C) and pH (7.4). Methazolamide (MTZ) buffer concentrations were analyzed by HPLC. Distributional equilibrium between buffer and washed red blood cells was achieved after 1 hr. Results of equilibrium studies were consistent with two classes of binding sites for MTZ within the erythrocyte: a low affinity, high capacity site (CA-I) and a high affinity, low capacity site (CA-II). A two-binding site model was fitted to experimental data generating estimates for binding parameters Ka1 (0.0017 +/- 0.00022 microM-1) nM1 (636 +/- 5.23 microM), Ka2(0.46 +/- 0.0083 microM-1), and nM2(80.9 +/- 0.389 microM). Based upon these findings, kinetic studies were performed in order to characterize the rate of drug distribution. The rate of erythrocyte uptake of MTZ was mathematically modeled using a series of differential equations describing drug diffusion across the red blood cell membrane and subsequent complexation with intracellular binding sites. The model assumed that penetration of MTZ into the red blood cells was passive but drug binding to the carbonic anhydrase isozymes was not instantaneous. Using a novel curve fitting technique, parameter estimates of RBC membrane permeability (0.0102 +/- 0.000618 cm/min), and binding rate constants k-1(0.254 +/- 0.0213 min-1), k1 (0.0022 +/- 0.00020 ml/microgram-min), k-2(1.59 +/- 0.0358 min-1), and k2(3.1 +/- 0.035 ml/microgram-min) were obtained. The model characterized the observed biphasic decline of MTZ buffer concentrations over time and may help explain the prolonged residence of MTZ in vivo.     

Methodological aspects of erythrocyte aggregation

The aim of this paper is to analyze merits and demerits of methodological approaches designed for investigations of erythrocyte aggregation--a process, which plays a crucial role in rheological and transport properties of blood. Ideally, erythrocyte aggregation should be characterized in terms of the time-dependent gyration radius of the aggregates and their fractal dimension. Among various experimental techniques suggested so far, only imaging analysis meets this requirement. However, because this technique is designed for investigations of the aggregation process in thin layers of dilute erythrocyte suspensions, aggregation data are affected by cell-wall interactions and, in addition, problems arise when attempts are made to extend these data to whole blood. Interpretation of results obtained by light scattering techniques faces problems associated with effects of multiple scattering, a design of experimental setups and the wavelength on the kinetics of recorded signals. A method based on electric and dielectric properties of blood is advantageous over other methodological approaches, because it provides reliable information about time-dependent and steady-state size and morphology of the aggregates at physiological hematocrits. A common drawback of most methodological approaches is that interpretation of experimental results is based on simplified theoretical models of blood. To avoid complicated physical problems posed by optical, ultrasound, electrical and dielectrical properties of blood, it is suggested to use the adhesion energy as a measure of RBC aggregability.