鞍钢冶炼工人吸烟行为的社会因素分析

本文分析了267名鞍钢冶炼工人吸烟行为的社会因素。经多元逐步回归方法处理,结果表明:吸烟年限、从事劳动、住房情况、日常交往活动、在配偶或双亲面前吸烟情况及配偶或双亲对其吸烟态度六大因素成为影响冶炼工人吸烟行为的相关因素。     

广州地区11593名大学生吸烟行为影响因素分析

目的：了解广州市大学生吸烟行为现状及影响因素。方法：采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法．于2012年5月对广州市6所高校在校大学生进行自填式问卷调查,并采用X2检验和多因素Logjstic回归对大学生吸烟行为的影响因素进行分析。结果：共调查11593人,大学生尝试吸烟率和现在吸烟率分别为23．98％、6．09％;吸第一口烟的行为发生在18岁以下占89．34％;平均每天吸烟量在2～5支的吸烟者比例最大,占19．32％。学校、家庭月收入、在校期间每月生活费、户籍所在地、饮酒情况、饮食习惯、家人吸烟情况、吸烟相关知识的知晓情况是男生吸烟行为的影响因素（P〈0．05）;而学校、在校期间每月生活费、饮酒情况则是女生吸烟行为的影响因素（P〈0．05）。结论：大学生吸烟行为的相关影响因素有多种．应综合影响因素采取有针对性的预防和控制措施．遏制烟草在青少年学生中的流行。     

不同信念对大学生吸烟行为阶段转变的影响

目的探讨大学生不同吸烟信念对其吸烟行为阶段转变的影响。方法采用整群抽样法抽取某大学1-3年级在校大学生8138名，以自填式结构问卷调查学生的一般情况、吸烟相关信念和所处的吸烟行为阶段、室友和同学的吸烟情况。并对吸烟相关信念进行探索性因子的不同吸烟信念、同学和室友吸烟行为、相关的社会经济学指标进入方程，进行等级Logistic回归分析。结果探索性因子分析识别出支持吸烟信念、反对吸烟信念、环境限制信念、个人意愿信念和社交功效信念等5个信念因子。调整大学生相关社会经济学指标和同学、室友吸烟行为的影响后，支持吸烟信念和社交功效信念是男大学生由从未吸烟转变为尝试吸烟的显著性危险因素，环境限制信念为其保护性因毒，反对吸烟信念、个人意愿信念是男大学生由尝试吸烟转变为不规律吸烟的显著性因素，男大学生由不规律吸烟转变为规律吸烟行为仅受环境限制信念的影响；在女大学生中，尝试吸烟行为仅受支持吸烟信念的影响，不规律吸烟行为的形成未受吸烟各信念的显著影响。结论大学生不同吸烟信念对其不同吸烟行为阶段转变的影响作用是不完全相同的，应根据他们所处的吸烟行为阶段，采取有针对性的措施教育和培养相应的不吸烟信念，从而预防或控制吸烟行为的形成和发展。     

家庭影响青少年吸烟行为的心理学机制探讨

目的运用现代心理学理论研究家庭影响青少年吸烟行为的作用机制.方法采用问卷收集青少年吸烟行为与家庭影响因素的资料,通过多因素logistic回归分析,运用现代心理学理论,探讨家庭影响青少年吸烟的作用机制.结果发现9项家庭因素对青少年的吸烟行为有显著影响,主要为兄弟姐妹吸烟、母亲对吸烟的态度、父母吸烟、孩子对父母的依从性等,在心理学上分别对应于社会心理、心理遗传、认知心理、身心发展等理论.结论打破家庭因素影响青少年的心理学机制平衡,必然在很大程度上有利于干预青少年的吸烟行为.     

家庭影响青少年吸烟行为的心理学机制探讨

目的 运用现代心理学理论研究家庭影响青少年吸烟行为的作用机制。方法 采用问卷收集青少年吸烟行为与家庭影响因素的资料，通过多因素logistic回归分析，运用现代心理学理论，探讨家庭影响青少年吸烟的作用机制。结果 发现9项家庭因素对青少年的吸烟行为有显著影响，主要为兄弟姐妹吸烟、母亲对吸烟的态度、父母吸烟、孩子对父母的依从性等，在心理学上分别对应于社会心理、心理遗传、认知心理、身心发展等理论。结论 打破家庭因素影响青少年的心理学机制平衡，必然在很大程度上有利于干预青少年的吸烟行为。     

医学生对吸烟的认知及影响因素调查

目的：调查在校医学生中吸烟的情况,及其对吸烟相关知识的了解程度、行为的态度、有关的危险因素,为有效控制和预防大学生吸烟提供科学依据.方法：对首都医科大学在校大学生进行分层整群抽样调查问卷调查.结果：医学生吸烟率为2.88％;随着年级的升高,吸烟率升高（x2=5.195,P＜0.05）.宿舍有同学吸烟、学业压力大、年级的升高、父亲抽烟是影响吸烟的危险因素（P＜0.05）.绝大多数学生对吸烟有害健康有深刻认识,对待吸烟行为有较正确的态度,与吸烟相关的知识有正确了解.结论：对高校学生施行系统的健康教育是很有必要的,而且这种教育应在在中小学阶段即开始.此外,高校应该制定严格的禁烟制度,为学生提供一个良好的无烟环境.     

中南地区战士吸烟行为及影响因素研究

目的:了解中南地区战士吸烟行为发生率及分布特征,了解战士对烟草相关知识的知晓程度及相关态度,探讨战士吸烟行为的主要影响因素。方法:在中南地区野战部队中,随机抽取1000名战士作为调查对象。采用自编一般情况调查表,了解被调查对象的一般社会人口学特征;应用改编的"吸烟行为调查表",了解被调查战士吸烟行为、戒烟行为的发生情况,以及烟草的相关知识、相关态度以及周围的吸烟行为发生状况等。结果:共得到982份有效问卷,战士尝试吸烟行为的总体发生率为62.0%,其中偶尔吸烟发生率为33.8%,每日吸烟(持续一周以上)发生率为28.2%;在609名应答了吸烟原因问卷的战士中,烟草依赖发生率为48.60%。结论:战士对吸烟知识的知晓程度普遍偏低,级别、在部队工作的年限、对吸烟知识知晓程度、吸烟的态度都影响战士尝试吸烟的行为。     

海军飞行员吸烟行为及流行因素调查

目的：对飞行员吸烟行为及流行因素进行调查分析,并为戒烟提出相应措施。方法：对486名入院疗养的男性飞行员进行问卷式调查,内容包括年龄、是否吸烟、初吸原因、现吸原因、是否影响健康、身患何种疾病及吸烟有害健康知识测定。结果：飞行员总吸烟率为61％,有42％吸烟者患有一种或一种以上与吸烟相关的疾病,74％吸烟者认为吸烟利大于弊,76％吸烟者认为敬烟是对人的尊重。初吸原因依次为尝试、社交、消遣、解烦和解乏。现吸原因依次为成瘾、消遣、解乏、社交及解烦。结论：对吸烟行为产生不正确的认识及吸烟有害健康的知识缺乏是产生吸烟行为的主要因素,吸烟已严重威胁飞行员身体健康,应加强健康教育。建议对海军飞行员加大控烟措施的力度。     

大学生习惯性吸烟行为与个性心理特征的关系

吸烟问题已成为目前人们较为关注的问题,积极主动的早期预防、干预青少年的习惯性吸烟行为有重要的意义。大学生是青年中文化层次较高的特殊群体,他们的行为往往受到社会的特别关注。为了解大学生习惯性吸烟行为与个性心理特征的关系,我们在本院在校学生中进行调查研究,找出有习惯性吸烟行为的大学生个性心理方面的差异,从个性心理方面探讨促使大学生吸烟行为形成的因素。对象与方法：研究对象为滨州医学院临床医学本科九一至九三年级学生共６２９人,其中男生４０５人,女生２２４人。使用龚跃先教授修订的艾森克人格问卷（ＥＰＱ）,…     

安徽省中学生危害健康行为与美国中学生的比较

目的：探讨社会因素对中学生危害健康行为流行特征的影响。方法：采取分层整群抽样方法以无记名方式对安徽省中学生危害健康行为进行现场问卷调查,美国资料来源于CDC1991年中学生危害健康行为监测,结果：安徽省中学生危害健康行为低于美国,安徽省和美国中学生攻击行为男生高于女生,自杀行为女生高于男生,吸烟和饮酒行为报告率安徽省男生高于女性,美国男,女生差异无显著性,吸烟和饮酒行为以12年级学生最高,与安徽省一致,故障伤害行为安徽省以初三学生最高,高中各年级产差异无显著性,而美国为12级学生最低,9－11年级间差异无显著性,结论：中学生危害健康行为干预应针对相关社会因素采取相应措施以提高干预效果。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.