后颅窝相关术后近期颅内感染的临床分析

目的探讨后颅窝相关手术后近期感染临床特征及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2001年1月至2011年11月行后颅窝相关手术治疗的980例患者的临床资料,对术后1月内出现颅内感染患者临床特征进行分析。结果980例患者中,术后1月内发生颅内感染69例,发生率为7.04%。69例颅内感染中革兰氏阳性球菌10例、革兰氏阴性杆菌46例,13例脑脊液培养无细菌生长。给予鞘内注射敏感抗生素、全身静脉用药及脑脊液置换治疗,68例患者治愈;因颅内感染死亡3例,死亡率0.31%。鞘内注射后发生癫痫发作12例,单或双侧下肢麻木、无力23例,大小便失禁2例,分别给予保守治疗后症状缓解。结论后颅窝相关手术后颅内感染发生率高,发生颅内感染应尽快行脑脊液细菌培养＋药敏试验,积极给予敏感抗生素治疗。     

Aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of intracranial abscesses.

The bacteriologic and clinical findings of 39 pediatric patients with intracranial abscess are presented. Twenty-three children presented with brain abscess and 16 with subdural empyema. Predisposing conditions were present in all instances. Sinusitis was present in 25 children and 4 patients each had chronic otitis media, dental abscess, and congenital heart disease. The abscess was located in the frontal area in 14 patients, parietal in 13, and temporal in 12. Anaerobic organisms alone were recovered in 22 patients (56%), aerobic bacteria alone in 7 (18%), and mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in 10 (26%) patients. There were 79 anaerobic isolates (2 per specimen). The predominant anaerobes were anaerobic Gram-positive cocci (29 isolates); Bacteroides sp. (12, including 5 Bacteroides fragilis group), Fusobacterium sp. (14 isolates); and Prevotella sp. and Actinomyces sp. (6 isolates each). A total of 17 aerobic or facultative isolates (0.4 per specimen), including 11 Gram-positive cocci and 6 Haemophilus sp., were recovered. Antimicrobial therapy was administered to all patients. Nine patients (i.e., 6 with sinusitis and subdural empyema, 3 with sinusitis and brain abscess) did not respond to antimicrobial therapy and aspiration of the abscess, and required surgical drainage of inflamed sinuses. These findings indicate the major role of anaerobic organisms in the polymicrobial etiology of intracranial abscess in children.     

Postmenopausal hormone replacement and venous thromboembolism following hip and knee arthroplasty

Hormone replacement therapy has been associated with venous thromboembolism. Controversy exists regarding the appropriate management of hormone replacement in the perioperative setting and in other situations--such as acute illness--predisposing to acute venous thromboembolism. We performed a case-control study to determine whether perioperative hormone replacement is associated with venous thromboembolism following hip and knee arthroplasty. 108 patients with postoperative venous thrombosis were matched by age, date and type of surgery, and surgeon with 210 controls without thrombosis. Perioperative hormone replacement use was no more prevalent in patients with postoperative thrombosis than those without. Eighteen (16.7%) women with post-operative thrombosis had taken perioperative hormone replacement compared to 49 (23.3%) of controls: odds ratio = 0.66; (95% CI 0.35-1.18; p=0.17). After multivariate analysis, the adjusted odds ratios were similar. Variables predicting post-operative thrombosis included: prior venous thromboembolism (OR = 2.3; p = 0.02), rheumatologic disease (OR = 2.2; p = 0.03), and absence of pharmacologic antithrombotic prophylaxis (OR = 13.4; p = 0.005). Cases and controls were otherwise similar. Users of hormone replacement were similar to non-users except that they were less likely to have coronary disease (OR 0.34; p = 0.03) or prior thrombosis (OR = 0.28; p = 0.04), and were younger (median age 67 versus 74 years; p <0.0001). We found no association between perioperative hormone replacement and post-operative thrombosis in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery. Routine discontinuation of these medications preoperatively--and possibly in other situations predisposing to thrombosis, such as acute medical illness--may be unnecessary in patients receiving appropriate pharmacologic antithrombotic prophylaxis.     

经鼻内窥镜颅底手术患儿发生脑脊液漏的危险因素（英文）

OBJECTIVES To determine the risk factors associated with cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)leak following endoscopic endonasal surgery(EES)for pediatric skull base lesions.METHODS Retrospective chart review of pediatric patients(ages 1 month to18 years)treated for skull base lesions with EES from 1999 to 2014.Five pathologies were reviewed:craniopharyngioma,clival chordoma,pituitary adenoma,pituitary carcinoma,and Rathke's cleft cyst.Fisher's exact tests were used to evaluate the different factors to determine which had a statistically higher risk of leading to a post-operative CSF leak.RESULTS 55 pediatric patients were identified who underwent 70 EES's for tumor resection.Of the 70 surgeries,47 surgeries had intraoperative CSF leaks that were repaired at the time of surgery.11 of 47(23%)surgeries had post-operative CSF leaks that required secondary operative repair.Clival chordomas had the highest CSF leak rate at 36%.There was no statistical difference in leak rate based on the type of reconstruction,although 28%of cases that used a vascularized flap had a post-operative leak,whereas only 9%of those cases not using a vascularized flap had a leak.Postoperative hydrocephalus and perioperative use of a lumbar drain were not significant risk factors.ONCLUSIONS Pediatric patients with an intra-operative CSF leak during EES of the skull base have a high rate of post-operative CSF leaks.Clival chordomas appear to be a particularly highrisk group.The use of vascularized flaps and perioperative lumbar drains did not statistically decrease the rate of post-operative CSF leak.     

Video-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomy in juvenile myasthenia gravis

As video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for thymectomy has been reported to be as effective as traditional open surgical approaches in predominantly adult patients with myasthenia gravis, we applied this procedure to juvenile patients with this condition. Six patients underwent total thymectomy using the video-assisted technique (1997-98). Six patients in whom a median transsternal approach was used (1989-95) formed the comparison group. The two patient groups were similar in terms of age at thymectomy and preoperative clinical severity. There were no serious perioperative complications in either group. Minimum post-thymectomy duration of follow-up in the video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery patients was 2.3 years (mean 2.7 years), with all patients clinically improved over their baseline status. Preliminary results suggest that video-assisted thymectomies are comparably effective to transsternal procedures in treating generalized juvenile myasthenia gravis and can be safely performed in children as young as 20 months of age. In addition, video-assisted surgeries are less invasive than transsternal approaches, significantly shorten the postoperative hospital stay, and have superior cosmetic results.     

De Novo Nonepileptic Seizures after Cranial Surgery for Epilepsy: Incidence and Risk Factors

We evaluated the incidence of de novo nonepileptic seizures (NES), confirmed by EEG monitoring, after cranial surgery for intractable epilepsy in 228 surgery patients. Eight patients (3.5%) developed de novo NES at 6 weeks to 6 years (mean, 23 months) after surgery. Six had undergone a resection and two complete callosotomy. They did not differ from a larger surgical group with respect to sex, side of surgery, age at onset, or duration of epilepsy, Full Scale Intelligence Quotient, seizure outcome, or preoperative interictal dysphoric disorder (IDD), but there was a significant excess of postoperative IDD and operative complications (bone flap infections); the callosotomy patients had marked hemisphere disconnection syndromes. Repeat EEG videotelemetry monitoring is important to detect postoperative NES so that inappropriate therapeutic measures may be avoided. Risk factors may be exacerbation or persistence of IDD and surgical complications. The etiology of NES is discussed.     

Mechanical Thrombectomy Improves Outcome for Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke after Cardiac Surgery

BackgroundStroke is a feared complication of cardiac surgery. Modern clot-retrieval techniques provide effective treatment for large vessel occlusion (LVO) strokes. The purpose of this study was to 1) report the incidence of LVO stroke after cardiac surgery at a large academic center, and 2) describe outcomes of postoperative LVO strokes.MethodsAll patients experiencing stroke within 30 days after undergoing cardiac surgery at a single center in 2014-2018 were reviewed. LVOs were identified through review of imaging and medical records, and their characteristics and clinical courses were examined.ResultsOver the study period, 7,112 cardiac surgeries, including endovascular procedures, were performed. Acute ischemic stroke within 30 days after surgery was noted in 163 patients (2.3%). Among those with a stroke, 51/163 (31.3%) had a CTA or MRA, and 15/163 (9.2%) presented with LVO stroke. For all stroke patients, the median time from surgery to stroke was 2 days (interquartile range, IQR, 0–6 days), and for patients with LVO, the median time from surgery to stroke was 4 days (IQR 0–6 days). The overall rate of postoperative LVO was 0.2% (95% CI 0.1–0.4%), though only 6/15 received thrombectomy. LVO patients receiving thrombectomy were significantly more likely to return to independent living compared to those managed medically (n = 4/6, 66.6% for mechanical thrombectomy vs. n = 0/9, 0% for medical management, P = .01). Of the 9 patients who did not get thrombectomy, 6 may currently be candidates for thrombectomy given new expanded treatment windows.ConclusionsThe rate of LVO after cardiac surgery is low, though substantially elevated above the general population, and the majority do not receive thrombectomy currently. Patients receiving thrombectomy had improved neurologic outcomes compared to patients managed medically. Optimized postoperative care may increase the rate of LVO recognition, and cardiac surgery patients and their caregivers should be aware of this effective therapy.     

Intraoperative secondary insults during extracranial surgery in children with traumatic brain injury

Purpose

Data on intraoperative secondary insults in pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) are limited.

Methods

We examined intraoperative secondary insults during extracranial surgery in children with moderate-severe TBI and polytrauma and their association with postoperative head computed tomography (CT) scans, intracranial pressure (ICP), and therapeutic intensity level (TIL) scores 24 h after surgery. After IRB approval, we reviewed the records of children <18 years with a Glasgow Coma Scale score <13 who underwent extracranial surgery within 72 h of TBI. Definitions of secondary insults were as follows: systemic hypotension (SBP <70?+?2?×?age or 90 mmHg), cerebral hypotension (cerebral perfusion pressure <40 mmHg), intracranial hypertension (ICP >20 mmHg), hypoxia (oxygen saturation <90 %), hypercarbia (end-tidal CO₂ >45 mmHg), hypocarbia (end-tidal CO₂ <30 mmHg without hypotension and in the absence of intracranial hypertension), hyperglycemia (blood glucose >200 mg/dL), hyperthermia (temperature >38 °C), and hypothermia (temperature <35 °C).

Results

Data from 50 surgeries in 42 patients (median age 15.5 years, 25 males) revealed systemic hypotension during 78 %, hypocarbia during 46 %, and hypercarbia during 25 % surgeries. Intracranial hypertension occurred in 64 % and cerebral hypotension in 18 % surgeries with ICP monitoring (11/50). Hyperglycemia occurred during 17 % of the 29 surgeries with glucose monitoring. Cerebral hypotension and hypoxia were associated with postoperative intracranial hypertension (p?=?0.02 and 0.03, respectively). We did not observe an association between intraoperative secondary insults and postoperative worsening of head CT scan or TIL score.

Conclusions

Intraoperative secondary insults were common during extracranial surgery in pediatric TBI. Intraoperative cerebral hypotension and hypoxia were associated with postoperative intracranial hypertension. Strategies to prevent secondary insults during extracranial surgery in TBI are needed.     

Impacts of pressure bonding fixation on a bone flap depression and resorption in patients with craniotomy

Fixation of bone flaps after craniotomy is a routine part of every neurosurgical procedure. Common problems encountered are bone flap depression and resorption. Authors performed the pressure-bonding bone flap fixation (PBFF) using absorbable craniofix (AC) and hydroxyapatite wedge (HW). The aim of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of PBFF to prevent a bone flap depression and resorption in patients treated with craniotomy. Four-hundred fifty-four patients underwent craniotomies. Authors collected the following data: age, sex, type of craniotomy, what kind of surgery, whether bypass surgery was performed, whether surgery was the initial, whether AC and the HW were used, bone flap depression and resorption at 6-month after the craniotomy. PBFF was defined as a bone flap fixation using both AC and HW to impress a bone flap to forehead. The mean age was 62 ± 13 years and 404 (89%) patients were women. PBFF was performed in 71 patients (16%), either AC or HW was used in 141 (31%), only AC was used in 116 (25%), and only HW was used in 25 (5.5%). At 6-month after the surgery, a bone flap depression was seen in 38 patients (8.4%), and a bone flap resorption was seen in 66 (15%). Multivariate analysis showed that only a PBBF showed a negative correlation with bone flap depression (p = 0.044) and resorption (p = 0.011). The results of the present study showed that PBFF reduced a bone flap depression and resorption and provided excellent postoperative cosmetic results.     

肌皮瓣转移修复骶尾部难治性压疮分期手术治疗19例报告☆

目的：研究表明难治性压疮采用肌皮瓣或筋膜皮瓣修复远期效果好，观察采用肌皮瓣转移修复骶尾部难治性压疮分期手术的治疗效果。 方法：选择2000-01/2006-01四川大学华西医院整形外科收治的采用分期手术肌皮瓣转移修复骶尾部难治性压疮患者19例，患者对治疗方案均知情同意。手术分两期进行：一期行清创切痂术，二期根据患者年龄、压疮部位、范围等选择肌皮瓣类型行肌皮瓣转移术。全部采用局部肌皮瓣修复，臀大肌皮瓣修复21处，皮瓣范围13 cm×11 cm~17 cm×14 cm；股二头肌长头肌皮瓣修复8处，皮瓣范围10 cm×6 cm~13 cm×6 cm。术后睡翻身床14 d，定期随访。 结果：术后皮瓣均成活，18例切口Ⅰ期愈合；1例尿毒症患者皮瓣下积血，经换药后创面愈合。随访5个月~3年，原手术部位无压疮复发，皮瓣质地柔软，外形满意。 结论：应用分期手术肌皮瓣转移方法治疗骶尾部难治性压疮效果明显，手术成功率高。     

Antibacterial prophylaxis for gram-positive and gram-negative infections in cranial surgery: A meta-analysis

BackgroundPerioperative antibiotic prophylaxis against gram positive and gram negative infections is considered standard of care in the perioperative management of patients undergoing cranial surgery. The antibiotic regimen which best reduces the risk of surgical site infections (SSIs) remains controversial.ObjectivesA systematic literature review and meta-analysis were conducted to examine the effect of various prophylactic antibiotics on infection incidence among patients undergoing cranial surgeries.MethodsA comprehensive search was conducted on Pubmed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases through October 2014 for studies that evaluated the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis among patients undergoing cranial surgeries. Pooled effect estimates using both fixed- and random-effect models were calculated.ResultsEight articles were included in the meta-analysis, with a combined total of 1655 cranial procedures. Among these, 74 cases of SSIs were reported after patients received a single antibiotic or a combination of 2 or more antibiotics (pooled incidence of SSIs = 6.00%; 95% CI = 4.80%, 7.50%; fixed-effects model; I² = 73.7%; P-heterogeneity < 0.01). Incidence of SSI was 1.00% (95% CI = 0.40%, 2.60%) for non-MRSA gram-positive bacterial infections; 2.70% (95% CI = 0.90%, 8.00%) for gram-negative bacterial infections; 6.00% (95% CI = 4.50%, 7.80%) for gram negative, and non-MRSA gram-positive bacterial infections; and 11.3% (95% CI = 7.20%, 17.4%) for gram negative and MRSA gram-positive bacterial infections. Subgroup analysis revealed an effect modification by drug class (P = 0.05) and infection type (P-interaction = 0.01). More specifically, lincosamides (2.70%; n = 1 group), glycopeptides (2.80%; n = 1), third generation cephalosporins (5.30%; n = 2), antibiotics combination (4.90%; n = 4), and penicillin-family antibiotics (5.90%, n = 1) offered better coverage against infections than first generation cephalosporins (22.0%; n = 2). A meta-regression analysis on study length was not significant (P = 0.13). Random-effect models were not materially different form fixed-effects. No evidence of publication bias was found.ConclusionLincosamides, glycopeptides, third generation cephalosporins, other combinations of prophylactic antibiotics, or penicillin-family antibiotics alone offer better coverage against SSIs than first generation cephalosporin among cranial surgery patients.     

组织工程补片治疗尿道下裂修补后尿漏

背景：以往尿道下裂手术多选用自身组织进行修补,但Ⅰ期术后尿漏患者再次手术修补时局部可用组织较少,且应用其他组织存在操作复杂、损伤大等危险。 目的：观察组织工程补片治疗尿道下裂的效果,评价其组织相容性情况及临床疗效。 方法：2009-01/2010-10对8例尿道下裂手术后尿漏患者行组织补片Ⅰ期尿道成型术,观察修补后疗效及围手术期的组织相容性。 结果与结论：8例患者均Ⅰ期手术成功,其中1例出现轻度漏尿、给予局部涂抹生物蛋白胶后漏尿现象消失,住院期间无发热、局部水肿、皮管及皮瓣坏死等情况,随访4~6个月,患者可以站立排尿,未出现漏尿、顽固性包皮水肿等并发症。     

Aetiology of surgical infections in patients undergoing craniotomy

BackgroundPostoperative infections in patients undergoing craniotomy constitute significant complications associated with increased hospital stay and patient morbidity and mortality. Knowing the aetiology of surgical infections after craniotomy may contribute to improving antibiotic prophylaxis and empirical treatment.MethodInformation relating to surgical infections in patients undergoing craniotomy was obtained from a series of annual surveys on prevalence of infections in Spanish hospitals (EPINE) during the period 1999-2006. The study protocol collected relevant clinical information on patients with infection. Presence of infection was determined according to the Centres for Disease Control infection criteria.ResultsDuring the time period considered, 107 cases of surgical infections in patients undergoing craniotomy were diagnosed. Forty patients were women (37%) and 67 were male (63%). The mean age was 51.7 years (median 55, range 6-86 years). The duration of the intervention was over 180 minutes in 49 patients (45.8%).Thirty-eight patients (35.5%) underwent emergency surgery. Seventy-eight patients (73%) received surgical prophylaxis. Thirty-eight patients (35.5%) had superficial infection of the surgical wound, 38 patients (35.5%) had deep wound infection (including bone flap) and 31 patients (29%), postoperative infections of organ or space (meningitis, subdural empyema or brain abscess). The most common aetiology corresponded to staphylococci (50%), mainly S. aureus (one third of them methicillin-resistant), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11%), Enterobacter spp (10%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (9%).ConclusionEmpirical treatment of these infections should include a glycopeptide such as vancomycin and a beta-lactam with coverage against non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli.     

Efficacy and safety of a new generation von Willebrand factor/factor VIII concentrate (Wilate®) in the management of perioperative haemostasis in von Willebrand disease patients undergoing surgery

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of Wilate?, a new generation, plasma-derived, high-purity, double virus-inactivated von Willebrand factor (VWF) and factor VIII (FVIII) concentrate (ratio close to physiological 1:1) in the perioperative management of haemostasis in von Willebrand disease (VWD). Data for VWD patients who received Wilate? for perioperative management were obtained from four European, prospective, open-label, non-controlled, non-randomised, multicentre phase II or III clinical trials. A total of 57 surgical procedures were performed (major: n = 27; minor n = 30) in 32 patients. The majority of patients (n = 19, 59.4%) had type 3 VWD, 9 (28.1%) had type 2 VWD and four (12.5%) had type 1 VWD. During major surgery, median daily FVIII dose and mean number of infusions were 25 IU?kg-1 FVIII (VWF:RCo ~23 IU?kg-1) and 11.0, respectively. Corresponding values for minor surgery were 35 IU?kg-1 (VWF:RCo ~32 IU?kg-1) and 1.5. The efficacy of Wilate? was rated by the investigator as excellent or good in 51 of 53 (96%) procedures. Tolerability was rated as very good or good in 100% of major surgeries (27 of 27) and minor surgeries (29 of 29). Wilate? is an effective and well-tolerated VWF/FVIII replacement therapy in the perioperative management of haemostasis in patients with VWD. It can be administered at a similar FVIII dose, but at a lower VWF dose, as compared to older generation products. Clinical benefits were shown in a population with a high proportion of type 3 VWD patients.     

Carpal tunnel syndrome: clinical and sonographic follow-up after surgery

High-resolution sonography has the same accuracy as electrophysiological studies in confirming the diagnosis in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), but the value of sonographic follow-up after surgery requires prospective examination. The aims of the present study were to assess: (1) change in the size of the median nerve at the proximal carpal tunnel after surgery compared to conservative treatment, and (2) the correlation between sonographic characteristics and clinical outcome after surgery. Seventy-nine patients undergoing surgery for CTS were assessed at least 6 months after surgery. The patients completed questionnaires and underwent sonography. Postoperative improvement was scored by the patient on a 6-point ordinal transition scale ranging from "completely recovered" to "much worse." The median cross-sectional area of the median nerve at the proximal carpal tunnel decreased after surgery from 14 mm2 [interquartile range (IQR) 12-16 mm2] to 11.5 mm2 (IQR 11-13.5 mm2) (P < 0.0001); no significant changes in the cross-sectional area occurred in symptomatic hands treated conservatively or in asymptomatic hands. Sonography at the time of diagnosis was not a predictor of postoperative outcome, but in this study only a relatively small number of patients had a poor postoperative outcome.     

Ceftriaxone-induced symptomatic pseudolithiasis mimicking ICP elevation

In neurosurgery, ceftriaxone is a widely used, third generation cephalosporin for the treatment of CNS infections and perioperational prophylaxis. Recent studies have demonstrated that ceftriaxone induces reversible precipitates in the gallbladder. This complication is referred to as "biliary pseudolithiasis", and it has symptoms similar to the raised intracranial pressure (ICP) symptoms of the perioperative period. Symptomatic biliary pseudolithiasis should be kept in mind in all pediatric neurosurgery cases under ceftriaxone therapy in order to prevent unnecessary postoperative investigations and surgery.     

Low incidence of hemorrhagic complications both during and after surgical procedures in patients maintained on prasugrel single antiplatelet therapy

Background and purposePrasugrel (Pra) is a third-generation thienopyridine that inhibits platelet aggregation via irreversible blockade of P2Y12 receptors. While several published studies have examined the use of Pra and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in coronary and neurovascular stenting procedures, there is only anecdotal evidence regarding the use of Pra as single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT) in open surgical procedures. This topic has become important because previous studies have revealed that neurovascular devices with antithrombotic coatings can be implanted using non-invasive procedures in patients maintained on Pra SAPT.Material and methodsPatients who underwent open surgery under Pra SAPT between March 2020 and February 2022 were evaluated retrospectively. Adequate platelet inhibition both before and after the procedures was verified in all patients using Multiplate (Roche Diagnostics) and VerifyNow (Accriva) tests. Intraoperative and postoperative hemorrhagic events were recorded based on reviews of the procedure reports and interviews with the surgeons.ResultsThe study enrolled 21 patients who underwent 23 open surgical procedures while maintained on Pra SAPT. The procedures included one extirpation of a brain arteriovenous malformation, seven extra-intracranial bypass surgeries, four ventriculoperitoneal shunts, one eye enucleation for an intractable orbital infection, two gastrostomies, one bone flap reinsertion after craniectomy, one decompressive craniectomy, one case requiring cranial surgical wound care, one colporrhaphy, one transurethral resection of urinary bladder cancer, two tumor oophorectomy/hysterectomy procedures, and one aneurysm clipping. None of the 23 procedures resulted in excessive intraoperative or postoperative hemorrhage.ConclusionIn a small retrospective series of patients who required antiplatelet therapy for neurovascular indications, Pra SAPT resulted in no significant increase in the incidence of perioperative and postoperative hemorrhagic complications.     

内镜下经鼻腔-蝶窦入路手术并发症分析与防治

目的 分析内镜下经鼻腔-蝶窦入路手术常见并发症发生原因并探讨防治措施.方法 对我院2009年1月至2010年8月259例内镜下经鼻腔-蝶窦手术病历资料进行回顾性分析.结果 住院期间各类并发症总计31例,其中术中大出血2例,术后术区血肿2例,脑脊液鼻漏6例,垂体功能低下8例,尿崩4例,电解质紊乱4例,鼻衄3例,动眼神经麻痹1例,脑膜炎1例,因颅内血肿死亡1例,因颅内血肿行二次手术清除1例,脑脊液鼻漏行二次手术修补2例.出院后204例病例经3-18个月随访(平均7.3个月),肿瘤复发5例,鼻衄1例,失嗅2例,鼻腔粘连1例,垂体功能低下2例.结论 内镜下经鼻腔-蝶窦手术与传统手术方式相比,手术损伤明显减少,但仍可发生多种手术并发症,并发症的预防和处理要求医护人员必须具备丰富的临床经验及多学科专业知识的积累.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the prevention and treatment of the complications in endoscopic transsphenoidal surgeries. Method From January 2009 to August 2010,259 patients received endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery were analyzed. Results The complications in hospital were intraoperative massive hemorrhage(0. 8% ) in 2 cases,postoperative intracranial hematoma(0. 8% ) in 2,CSF leak(2. 3% ) in 6,pituitary hypofunction(3. 1% ) in 8,diabetes insipidus( 1.5% ) in 4,electrolyte disturbance( 1.5% ) in 4,epistaxis ( 1.2% ) in 3 ,oculomotor nerve palsy(0. 4% ) in 1 and meningitis(0. 4% ) in 1. After a follow - up of 204 patients for 3 - 18 months ( average 7. 3 months ), 5 patient were recurrent ( 1. 9% ), 1 epistaxis (0.4%) ,2 anosmia(0. 8% ), 1 adhesion of nasal cavity (0. 4% ) and 2 pituitary hypofunction (0. 8% ).Conclusions Endonasal transsphenoidal approach tends to present mainly fewer damage than traditional style. But we must be aware of the complications, and the prevention and treatment need more clinical experience and multi -disciplinary knowledge.     

Brain abscess in childhood

The authors review 10 years' experience in managing brain abscess in childhood: 19 cases were treated in children from 1 to 18 years old. The etiology was rhinogenic in 5 cases, congenital heart disease in 5, hematogenous in 3, traumatic in 3, postoperative in 1, and unknown in 3 cases. Brain abscesses that developed by direct spread were located nearby the source, whereas metastatic abscesses (such as cardiogenic or hematogenous) in most cases spread via the vertebral-basilar system, usually developing in the parieto-occipital regions. Four of the 5 cases with multiple abscesses were cardiogenic and one hematogenous. The most important neurological signs were paresis (10 cases) and cranial nerve involvement (10 cases). Six abscesses were sterile and 6 grew aerobic and 6 anaerobic bacteria. In one case, aerobic as well as anaerobic bacteria were found. Fifteen patients were treated preoperatively with antibiotics. The treatment was operative in 17 cases. In two cases, gravely ill on admission, no surgical treatment was given. The etiology, localization, bacteriology, surgical methods, and results in those cases are discussed.     

Platelet alpha granule depletion: findings in patients with prosthetic heart valves and following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery

The alpha granule content of platelets, as indicated by the amount of beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) in lysed platelet rich plasma was measured to determine whether platelet stimulation resulted in a circulating population of granule-depleted platelets. In 101 normal controls, with a mean platelet count of 242.6 +/- 6.5 X 10(9)/1, the mean platelet beta-TG content was 55.9 +/- 1.2 ng/10(6) platelets. There was a significant reduction in both these parameters (mean platelet count 195.5 +/- 5.8 X 10(9)/1 (P less than 0.001), mean platelet beta-TG 50.0 +/- 1.2 ng/10(6) platelets (P less than 0.01)) in 74 patients with prosthetic cardiac valves. In 24 patients, cardiopulmonary bypass surgery caused a much greater reduction in median platelet count from 210 X 10(9)/1 to 11.1 X 10(9)/1, two hours after surgery (P less than 0.001) but no overall change in platelet beta-TG. However, five patients who experienced diffuse haemorrhage in the postoperative period had a lower median platelet beta-TG (35.5 ng/10(6) platelets) than the other 19 patients (51.0 ng/10(6) platelets) (P less than 0.05).