胰十二指肠切除联合血管重建治疗胰头、十二指肠恶性肿瘤

背景与目的：胰头癌、十二指肠癌的治疗，手术切除仍是唯一可能根治的有效方法。但临床确诊时，多数为晚期，常累及门静脉／肠系膜上静脉、下腔静脉即属手术禁忌症。本研究旨在探讨累及门静彬肠系膜上静脉、下腔静脉的胰头癌、十二指肠癌切除的处理方法，以提高切除率及生存率。方法：总结2002年2月-2005年6月5例联合血管重建胰十二指肠切除术的临床资料及经验，其中胰头癌合并门静脉／肠系膜上静脉切除人工血管重建3例，十二指肠癌合并下腔静脉切除人工血管重建2例。结果：本组病例无围手术期死亡。无人工血管感染、阻塞并发症。随访10个月死亡1例，24个月死亡1例，术后存活超过3年2例，超过4年1例。结论：对累及门静彬肠系膜上静脉、下腔静脉的胰头癌、十二指肠癌行胰十二指肠切除联合血管重建手术是安全的，可提高肿瘤切除率，延长患者生存时间。     

联合胰十二指肠切除术在上腹部恶性肿瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨上腹部肿瘤侵犯胰腺组织的手术方法及疗效。方法30例上腹部恶性肿瘤侵犯胰腺及胰周组织患者,采用原发癌肿根治性切除联合胰十二指肠切除术。结果3例患者术后1个月内死于多脏器衰竭。胆囊癌伴胰头后方转移淋巴结融合固定者术后平均随访35个月,胃窦癌侵犯胰头部粘连固定者术后平均随访31个月,胃癌复发侵犯胰头部者术后平均随访13个月,结肠肝曲癌侵及胰头十二指肠者术后平均随访41个月,肝门部胆管癌伴胰头后方转移淋巴结融合固定者术后平均随访11个月。结论对上腹部肿瘤侵犯胰腺者及时行联合胰十二指肠切除,可提高肿瘤手术切除率,可望延长患者生存期。     

胰头十二指肠切除加胰十二指肠下静脉插管化疗治疗胰头癌：附10例报告

胰头十二指肠切除加胰十二指肠下静脉插管化疗治疗胰头癌（附１０例报告）刘广庆，孙喜波，刘令锁，李仕金，亓空明，王金勇我们自１９８９年６月～１９９４年３月对能切除的胰头癌１０例在行胰头十二指肠切除的同时经胰十二指肠下静脉插管至肠系膜上静脉化疗，效果满意，...     

侵犯血管的胰腺胆道恶性肿瘤外科处理

目的通过对合并血管切除胰头癌和肝门胆管癌资料分析，探讨合并血管切除的可能性和必要性。方法总结我院自2003年4月至2006年12月间11例侵犯门静脉（PV）、肠系膜上静脉（SMV）、下腔静脉（IVC）等血管的胰头癌和肝门胆管癌的手术切除情况，介绍手术方法和技巧。结果无手术死亡，无相应并发症发生，手术时间及出血量均未显著延长和增加。结论对于无广泛血管浸润的胰头癌和肝门胆管癌，应积极考虑行合并血管切除的扩大根治术，有望改善生活质量，提高生存率。     

老年人壶腹周围癌胰十二指肠切除27例疗效分析

目的 探讨70岁以上壶腹周围癌患者行胰十二指肠切除的指征和疗效。方法 对27例年龄超过70岁的壶腹周围癌患者，行胰十二指肠切除治疗后的临床病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果 术后外科并发症12例(44．4％)，包括腹腔内出血3例，消化道出血2例，胰瘘3例，胃潴留4例，切口裂开及感染3例，其中3例(11．1％)在术后30天内死亡。平均生存15．3个月(除外8例术后18个月仍健在者)。有4例生存超过3年，3年生存率21．0％(4／19)。结论 患者年龄因素不是胰十二指肠切除的禁忌证，胰十二指肠切除是治疗70岁以上患者壶腹周围癌的有效手段。     

彩色多普勒超声在胰头癌血管浸润及切除问题中的应用价值

目的　探讨彩色多普勒超声 (ColorDopplerFlowImagingCDFI)在胰头肿瘤血管浸润及切除问题中的应用价值。方法　根据肿瘤和肠系膜上动脉 (superiormesentericarterySMA)、肠系膜上静脉 (superiormesen tericveinSMV)、门静脉 (portalveinPV)和腹腔动脉 (celiacarteryCA)等血管的关系 ,设计胰多普勒评分 (pan creasDopplerUltrasoundPDS)。结果　 0 - 1分者 ,血管多为接触性浸润 ,肿瘤与血管易分离 ,血管活检多为阴性 ,可以切除 ;2分者 ,肿瘤血管呈实质性浸润 ,肿瘤血管分离困难 ,血管活检阳性居多 ,手术切除不符合肿瘤学要求 ;3分者 ,血管呈破坏性 ,肿瘤包绕血管无法切除。结论　①有限的PV/SMV节段性切除仅从技术上考虑是可行的 ,其生存期与其它各组有较大差异性 (7:13个月 ) ;②进一步证明PDS评分与切除的癌旁浸润有显著的相关性 (正相关 ) ;③肿瘤血管切缘阳性或阴性患者的生存率无明显差别 (10 :12个月 ) ;④有限(<2 .0cm)的PV/SMV切除是安全的 ,死亡率增加不显著 ,但切缘阳性增加显著 ,多属晚期 ;⑤CDFI对小于2 .0cm的原发胰头肿瘤和腹腔、肠系膜及肝内微小转移灶的检出率较薄层CT和内镜超声 (endosopicultra sonographyEUS)差 ,但CDFI可作常规并对高危人群普查 ,能在术前对肿瘤的分期和局部血管侵     

胰头癌和壶腹癌的淋巴结转移及病理特点分析

目的:探讨胰头癌和壶腹癌的淋巴结转移及病理特点.方法:回顾性分析201例胰头癌和壶腹癌根治手术后的淋巴结转移及病理特点,χ2检验分析淋巴结转移与病理因素的相关性.结果:201例胰头癌和壶腹癌行胰十二指肠切除术,淋巴结转移率分别为32.65%(16/49),30.92%(47/152),其转移淋巴结累及部位基本相同,其中88.89%(32/36)单个淋巴结转移位于胰十二指肠周围.x2检验显示壶腹癌淋巴结转移相关的病理因素有:肿瘤直径(P=0.002),肿瘤分化程度(P=0.012),十二指肠壁浸润(P=0.008),T分期(P=0.000),胰腺受侵(P=0.005),胰头癌与上述病理因素无关,但神经浸润比例高.结论:胰头癌的淋巴结转移及病理特点与壶腹癌有所不同,手术方式的应有所区别,胰头癌应行扩大根治性手术切除.     

中、晚期胰头癌综合治疗疗效分析

目的 探讨胰头癌手术切除率，复发，转移及生存时间，生活质量等相关因素。方法 本院自1980年-2000年收治胰头癌136例，其中27例行胰十二指肠切除术，15例行术前放疗。11例行术后导管化疗。结果 1980年-1998年胰头癌共99例，行手术切除16例，手术切除率16.2%(16/99),1998年-2000年收治37例采用综合治疗，术前放疗，手术，术后导管介入化疗，使手术切除率明显提高到29.7%（11/37），复发，转移时间延长，1年生存率分别为50%，58%，3年生存率为15%，18%。结论 综合治疗可明显提高手术切除率，能改善生活质量，但对生态率无显著改观。     

胰十二指肠切除术在胃癌治疗中的应用

目的 :探讨胃癌侵犯或累及胰头十二指肠区域的手术治疗选择。方法 :回顾性分析了自 1981年 1月至 2 0 0 0年 12月间收治的 5 1例胃癌侵犯或累及胰头十二指肠的患者的资料。结果 :原发性胃癌 5 1例 ,术式分别为胃次全切除术 2 9例 (SG组 ) ,胃癌根治及胰十二指肠切除术 (PD组 ) 11例和胃空肠吻合术 8例 ,腹腔内肿物活检术 3例。PD组的一、三年生存率为 6 3.6 %和 36 .4 % ,而SG组为 17.2 %和 3.4 % ,PD组的生存率要比SG组明显提高 (P<0 .0 1)。结论 :胃癌侵犯胰头十二指肠区域患者进行胃癌根治联合胰十二指肠切除术是合理和安全的 ,可提高术后生存率     

胰、脾

VEGF反义核酸抑制人胰腺癌细胞的增殖，腹腔镜胰体尾切除手术经验，侵犯重要血管的胰头癌切除的可行性探讨，先行门-肠系膜上静脉重建的扩大胰十二指肠切除术，术中超声引导^125I放射性粒子植入治疗14例晚期胰腺癌体会,吉西他滨联合奥沙利铂治疗晚期胰腺癌的临床观察,适形放射治疗联合热疗治疗晚期胰腺癌的疗效及临床受益反应观察,     

Histologic tumor involvement of superior mesenteric vein/portal vein predicts poor prognosis in patients with stage II pancreatic adenocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation

BACKGROUND:

Studies have shown that superior mesenteric vein (SMV)/portal vein (PV) resection with pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is safe and feasible for patient with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC). However, the prognostic significance of tumor involvement of the resected vein in patients who received neoadjuvant therapy is unclear.

METHODS:

The authors evaluated 225 consecutive patients with stage II PAC who received neoadjuvant therapy and PD with or without SMV/PV resection. The resected SMV/PV was entirely submitted for histologic assessment and reviewed in all cases. Tumor involvement of the SMV/PV was correlated with clinicopathologic features and survival.

RESULTS:

Among the 225 patients, SMV/PV resection was performed in 85 patients. Histologic tumor involvement of the resected SMV/PV was identified in 57 patients. Histologic tumor involvement of the SMV/PV was associated with larger tumor size, higher rates of positive margin, and local/distant recurrence. By multivariate analysis, tumor involvement of the SMV/PV was an independent predictor of both disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). However, addition of venous resection to PD itself had no impact on either DFS or OS compared with those with PD alone.

CONCLUSIONS:

Histologic tumor involvement of the SMV/PV is an independent predictor of both DFS and OS in patients with stage II PAC treated with neoadjuvant therapy and PD. Complete histologic evaluation of the resected SMV/PV is important for the prognosis in patients with PAC who received neoadjuvant therapy and PD. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.     

胰腺癌累及肠系膜上动脉外科手术切除的应用价值探讨

目的:探讨肠系膜上动脉局部切除在胰腺癌外科治疗中的应用,并评估其可行性.方法:回顾分析2例胰腺癌局部广泛侵润病例,行部分肠系膜上动脉、门静脉和肠系膜上静脉联合切除并重建的手术方法及术后恢复情况,评价其临床效果.结果:2例胰腺癌患者手术过程顺利,病例1SMA部分切除,消化道重建采用child吻合法.病例2行全胰切除,将受侵的SMV、PV、SMA联同胰体癌、全胰、十二指肠、部分空肠及相应区域和腹膜后脂肪组织及淋巴结整块切除,应用脾动脉与肠系膜上动脉端端吻合.肠系膜上动脉分别阻断45min和67min,门静脉阻断31min和55min.术后行B超检查血管通畅,门静脉血流为1550mL/min和1620mL/min,术后6个月随访,显示血管重建(脾动脉和肠系膜上动脉)吻合通畅,l例无瘤生存3年2个月,另1例无瘤生存11月.结论:在胰腺癌肿瘤局部侵润肠系膜上静脉、门静脉和肠系膜上动脉时联合切除并行血管修复或脾动脉和肠系膜上动脉重建是一种有效的手术方法.     

Extent of venous resection during pancreatectomy—finding the balance of technical possibility and feasibility

The improvement of effective multidrug agents has allowed more patients to undergo resection for pancreatic cancer (PC). In the conversion cases of initially unresectable PC after induction chemotherapy, pancreatic surgeons often encounter challenging vein resections cases such as those of long-segment portal vein (PV)/superior mesenteric vein (SMV) encasement or occlusion of the distal (caudal) SMV. Given the lack of consensus for the optimal approach for major vein resections and reconstructions in these situations, this review summarizes the literature on this topic and provides the best currently available approaches for challenging vein reconstruction cases. For long-segment PV/SMV encasement, tips for direct end-to-end anastomosis without grafts and the splenic vein (SpV) reconstruction to prevent left-side portal hypertension will be introduced. For distal SMV encasement, several bypass techniques to deal with collateralizations will be introduced. Even though some high-volume PC centers are obtaining favorable outcomes for challenging vein resection cases, existing evidence on this topic is limited. It is essential to organize the well-designed international multicenter studies for the small population of challenging vein resection cases. With the emergence of effective chemotherapies, the number of PC patients who can undergo curative resection is increasing. Achieving more successful vessel resection and reconstruction in the treatment of PC is a common goal that pancreatic surgeons should focus on together.     

Robotic-assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy with vascular resection. Description of the surgical technique and analysis of early outcomes

BackgroundDespite the potential benefits, the adoption of the minimally invasive surgery for the treatment of borderline resectable pancreatic cancer is still in the initial phase. We investigated the safety and feasibility of the robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy with venous resection/reconstruction (RPD SMV/PV).MethodsSince March 2013 to October 2019, a total of 73 RPD and 10 RPD SMV/PV were performed. The two groups were case-matched according to the preoperative characteristics.ResultsMean operative times and estimated blood loss were less in the RPD group in comparison to that in the RPD with SMV-PV group (525 vs 642 min, p = 0.003 and 290 vs 620 ml, p = 0.002, respectively). The mean length of hospital stay was similar in the RPD group in comparison to that in the RPD with SMV-PV group (10 days vs 13 days, p = 0.313). The two groups had similar overall postoperative morbidity rate (57.5% vs 60%, p = 0.686), although the severe complication rate was lower in the RPD group (11% vs 40%, p = 0.004).ConclusionsRPD with SMV-PV is associated with increased operative time, estimated blood loss, higher major complication rate compared with RPD.     

Surgery for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Surgical resection is the only potentially curative option in the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Preoperative radiological imaging allows to rule out the presence of metastases. Three resectability categories are established based on the radiological findings depending on the degree of contact between the tumor and the blood vessels. Histological confirmation of malignancy is only required in cases of borderline or non-resectable tumors, prior to neoadjuvant treatment initiation. Diagnostic laparoscopy is recommended in the presence of large tumors of the body or tail and in borderline tumors to explore the possibility of resection and to apply treatment with curative intent, as well as in those cases with high level of biomarkers to rule out peritoneal involvement. Prior to surgery preoperative nutritional measures as well as endoscopic biliary drainage can be applied to optimize patient’s conditions. Cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy is the recommended surgical technique in tumors located in the head of the pancreas. The benefits from pyloric preservation, type or reconstruction (one vs. two loops), type of anastomosis (pancreaticojejunostomy vs. pancreaticogastrostomy), intraoperative biopsy of the pancreatic resection margin or the use of intraperitoneal drainages are inconclusive. Total pancreatectomy and/or portal resection should only be performed in particular cases; however, arterial resections have shown no benefits. Radical antegrade modular pancreaticosplenectomy, that can be performed laparoscopically, is the technique used for those tumors located in the pancreatic body-tail.     

Extended Appleby's operation for pancreatic cancer involving celiac axis

BACKGROUND: In Appleby's operation, the adequate flow of proper hepatic artery (PHA) from pancreaticoduodenal arcades was considered to be important in the previous reported pancreatic cancer cases. Insufficient blood flow of PHA was considered as the contraindication for Appleby's operation. METHODS: We herein reported a 20 cm in diameter pancreatic sarcomatoid carcinoma involving celiac axis (CA), which was treated by extended Appleby's operation without proper hepatic arterial flow. The extended Appleby's operation for pancreatic cancer involving CA and/or common hepatic artery (CHA) was firstly applied to the current case according to the 43 previous reported cases in English literature from a Medline search. In the extended Appleby's operation, the resection scope included total pancreas, total stomach, spleen, and CA; the anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal arcades were removed in whipple's procedure, which was previously thought to be the contraindication for Applyby's operation. RESULTS: Proper hepatic arterial flow from superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was totally lost; No liver failure happened postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: The extended Appleby's procedure without blood flow of PHA might be feasible and offered a new approach to resection of pancreatic cancer involving CA and/or CHA; the involvement of pancreatic head might not be the contraindication for Appleby's operation.     

Extended resection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas presents a number of therapeutic challenges. Given the poor long-term outcomes after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), many surgeons have sought to improve survival via a radical or "extended" pancreatectomy which may include (a) total pancreatectomy (TP), (b) extended lymph node dissection (ELND), and (c) portal/mesenteric vascular resections. These themes of "extended" resection are addressed in this review. TP should not be performed for most cases of adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head because of the nominal incidence of lymph node involvement along the body and tail of the pancreas, the scarcity of multicentric disease, and the better management of pancreatic leaks after PD. Most studies show no difference in long-term survival and demonstrate greater postoperative morbidity after TP than after PD. Performing ELND in addition to PD is not worthwhile because most studies do not demonstrate any long-term benefits from ELND and the circumferential dissection around the mesenteric vessels required to harvest distant lymph nodes increases postoperative morbidity. Major arterial resection increases postoperative morbidity after PD and worsens long-term survival as the need for arterial resection to achieve negative resection margins indicates more aggressive disease. In contrast, portal and/or mesenteric venous resection does not increase the morbidity after PD or impact long-term survival as venous resection is often performed because of tumor location and not extent of disease. The disappointing experience with extended resections underscores the need for better adjuvant systemic strategies and the interdisciplinary care of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.     

后侧进路PV—SMV预置阻断法胰钩突部癌切除术

目的探讨胰钩突部癌手术切除的可行性及安全性.方法 7例胰钩突部癌采用胰头后侧进路、预置PV-SMV阻断法手术切除.结果胰头十二指肠根治性切除4例,合并SMV部分切除3例,无手术死亡及相关并发症,中位生存时间18.1个月.结论胰钩突部癌采用胰头后侧进路手术有助于提高切除率和减少局部复发.     

The infracolic approach to pancreatoduodenectomy for large pancreatic head tumours invading the colon

Background

Tumours arising from the head of the pancreas can invade both the proximal transverse colon and its mesocolon. At laparoscopy, this may be considered a contraindication to proceeding to pancreatoduodenectomy. However, in some patients, pancreatoduodenectomy can still be performed with an R0 resection using an en-bloc resection technique by an infracolic approach.

Methods

This technique relies on the infracolic control of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) and is based on the presence of a normal fat cuff around the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) on pre-operative imaging. The dissection is maintained along the adventitial plane of the SMA. Pancreatoduodenectomy is performed in conjunction with en-bloc resection of the transverse colon. In the event of tumour invading the SMV, this is also resected en-bloc with the pancreatic head and transverse colon. We reviewed all such cases performed at our institution between April 2004 and April 2009.

Results

This technique was attempted in eleven patients. In two patients, the procedure had to be abandoned because of unexpected SMA encasement by tumour. In the remaining nine patients this procedure was carried out successfully. In this paper, the infracolic approach to pancreatoduodenectomy, and the associated limitations, are described in detail.

Conclusion

The infracolic technique may be used to deal with large pancreatic head tumours and all pancreatic surgeons should be familiar with this technique. In the absence of metastatic disease, large pancreatic head tumours involving the colon can be resected en-bloc with the pancreatic head, as long as the SMA is not encased by the tumour.     

Factors influencing outcome in patients undergoing portal vein resection for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas

Background

Survival rates after surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) remain low. Selected patients with portal/superior mesenteric vein (PV) involvement undergo PV resection at pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). This study analyses outcomes for PD with/without PV resection in patients with PDA.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on patients requiring PD for histologically proven adenocarcinoma between 1/1997 and 9/2009 identified 326 patients with PDA, with 51 requiring PD with PV resection. Patients were analyzed in two groups: PD + PV resection vs. PD alone. Multivariate analysis was used to identify predictive variables influencing survival and the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate patient survival.

Results

Mean age for patients with PV resection was 66.4 (range 46-80) years, 47% were male. Both groups had similar patient demographics, perioperative and tumor characteristics. Postoperative morbidity was similar for patients with and without PV resection (27.5 vs. 28.4%). 30-day mortality was significantly higher in patients with PV resection (13.7%) vs. PD alone (5.1%). Overall survival however was similar in both groups (median PD alone 14.8 months vs. 14.5 months PD + PV). Multivariate analysis identified age, tumor grading, stay on the ICU and lack of chemotherapy as independent risk factors for reduced long-term survival.

Conclusion

In carefully selected patients, PV resection results in similar long-term survival compared to PD alone. In selected patients, PV infiltration may be considered a sign of anatomical proximity of the tumor, rather than only a sign of increased tumor aggressiveness.