中国成人股骨头坏死临床诊疗指南(2020)

股骨头坏死(osteonecrosis of the femoral head,ONFH)是临床常见的难治性疾病。虽然其确切的病理生理机制尚不完全清楚,但普遍认为与骨内循环中断和最终骨组织死亡紧密相关。股骨头坏死的预防和保头治疗一直是临床骨科医生面临的巨大挑战。为进一步规范ONFH的诊断和治疗,2020版指南在"中国成人股骨头坏死诊疗指南(2016)"的基础上,对ONFH的流行病学、病因学、病理生理学、影像学、诊断和治疗的新进展等方面进行了修订和更新。国际骨循环研究学会(The Association Research Circulation Osseous,ARCO)制订的股骨头坏死分期在指导治疗、判断预后、评估疗效等方面广泛应用,最新的ARCO分期系统(2019版)也引入指南中。指南不仅建立了ONFH的基本诊断、治疗和评价体系,还提供了流行病学、病因学、诊断标准、病理分期、预防和治疗选择(包括中医药治疗)以及术后康复等方面的专家意见和标准。根据不同阶段骨坏死的骨内血供变化,推荐相应的非手术治疗和手术治疗;存在ONFH的可能危险因素时,建议采取一定的预防措施以避免股骨头坏死的发生。指...     

股骨头坏死不同保股骨头治疗方法的评价

<正>股骨头坏死(osteonecrosis offemoral head,ONFH)是骨科常见病及难治性疾病之一,其治疗方法较多,需根据ONFH的分期、年龄、病因、坏死范围、负重区累及程度、症状、身体一般状况及单髋或双髋损伤等因素选择不同的治疗方式。根据Ficat分期,Ⅳ期患者通常需行关节置换;而对于FicatⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期ONFH的治疗方法众多,常用的治疗方法包括骨瓣移植、髓芯减压、钽棒植入、药物治疗及细胞治疗等。一、骨瓣移植骨瓣一方面通过增加血供和各种成骨因素,诱导     

带血管骨移植治疗股骨头无菌性坏死进展

股骨头无菌性坏死是骨科临床较常见的疾病，如能早期做出诊断（股骨头塌陷前），可采用钻芯减压（植骨或不植骨）、截骨、以及带或不带血管的骨移植治疗，尽力保存髋关节功能。局部带蒂骨移植与和游离带血管的骨移植能将带血运的骨组织植入股骨头骨坏死区，除用健康骨组织替代坏死骨外，还重建了股骨头新的血供来源。经5年观察，对各期患者治疗成功率为80％。应用游离带血管的骨移植治疗股骨头无菌性坏死，可获得较高的成功率。     

二膦酸盐类药物治疗股骨头坏死的研究进展

股骨头坏死（0NFH）是不同原因造成股骨头血供破坏或骨细胞变形导致骨的有活力成分死亡的病理过程。最终导致股骨头力学强度下降、塌陷变形，患髋出现疼痛、活动障碍，是一种致残率极高的骨关节疾病。早期（FicatI、Ⅱ期。股骨头塌陷前期）如果不采取积极的治疗。绝大多数患者最终都不可避免行全髋关节置换术（THA）。现阶段，ONFH的治疗方案被放眼于保髋的方式上，包括限制负重、药物治疗、高压氧疗法、髓芯减压术、骨移植等等。其中药物治疗包括扩血管药物、抗凝药物、降脂药物、二膦酸盐类药物（BPs）等，笔者就近些年来BPs在治疗股骨头坏死中取得的研究成果作一综述。     

非保头手术治疗股骨头坏死

股骨头坏死(osteonecrosis of the femoral head,ONFH)是骨科领域的常见疾病,治疗比较棘手,国际骨循环研究学会及美国骨科医师学会将其定义为:股骨头血供中断或受损,引起骨细胞与骨髓成分死亡及随后的修复,继而导致股骨头结构改变、股骨头塌陷和关节功能障碍的疾病.治疗方法包括非手术治疗和手术治疗.治疗方案的制定应根据坏死的分期、坏死范围、患者年龄、关节功能、职业等综合考虑.     

股骨头缺血性坏死保头治疗进展

目的综述股骨头缺血性坏死（avascular necrosis, AVN）保头治疗的研究进展. 方法广泛查阅近10年股骨头AVN保头治疗的相关文献,并对其综合分析. 结果股骨头AVN的保头治疗方法主要有髓芯减压、各种骨移植和截骨术.股骨头AVN早期通过手术修复可取得良好的治疗效果. 结论通过手术修复技术特别是吻合血管的游离腓骨移植,可使股骨头修复获得良好的长期疗效.     

多孔钽棒置入治疗股骨头坏死的应用现状及展望

股骨头坏死(osteonecrosis of the femeral head,ONFH)是由多种原因引起的股骨头血供破坏、骨细胞变性导致骨的活性成分死亡的病理过程。早期股骨头骨坏死如果不及时干预治疗,80%的已获临床诊断的患者都会进行性加重,随着病     

纳米晶胶原基骨加自体骨移植治疗早期股骨头坏死的临床疗效分析

目的 回顾性分析经股骨头颈交界处开窗、灯泡状病灶清除、打压植骨术结合纳米晶胶原基骨和自体骨移植治疗早期股骨头坏死(osteonecrosis offemoral head,ONFH)的临床疗效. 方法 2001年1月-2005年7月,收治26例35髋ONFH患者,男16例,女10例;年龄19～54岁,平均33.5岁.病程12～36个月,平均18个月.ONFH病因:激素性15例22髋,酒精性10例12髋,特发性1例1髋.ARCO分期:Ⅱ B期6髋,Ⅱ C期16髋,ⅢA期9髋,Ⅲ B期3髋,ⅢC期1髋.Harris评分为(62.2±7.5)分.术中采用经股骨头颈交界处开窗、灯泡状病灶清除,按1:l比例行纳米晶胶原基骨和自体骨移植治疗. 结果 患者术后切口均I期愈合.术中2例髂骨取骨伤及股外侧皮神经,术后3～6个月神经支配区麻木症状自行缓解消失:2例术后3个月出现异位骨化并发症,未行特殊处理.患者均获随访,随访时间2～7年,平均3.5年.术后3个月患者植骨愈合.术后Harris评分为(85.1±16.2)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001).其中优15髋,良11髋,可5髋,差4髋.获差的4例患者均于随访期末行全髋关节置换术.影像学检查示5髋由术前Ⅱ C期进展至ⅢA期;余髋关节影像学表现稳定,ONFH分期无进展. 结论 经股骨头颈交界处开窗、灯泡状病灶清除、打压植骨术,结合纳米晶胶原基骨和自体骨移植治疗早期ONFH临床效果满意,纳米晶胶原基骨有利于骨坏死的修复和重建,适于Ⅱ期ONFH的患者保存股骨头手术.     

股骨头坏死保头治疗研究进展

股骨头坏死病程长,自然进展较快,若不采取及时有效的保头治疗,晚期行关节置换比例很高.保头治疗是年轻患者的首选方式,日趋多样化且各具特色.随着研究的深入,保头治疗已不单纯行股骨头髓芯减压,而是针对股骨头坏死成骨与成血管修复的病理过程,采取植骨或其他内置物结合各种生长因子的综合治疗.该文就股骨头坏死保头治疗研究进展作一综述...     

股骨头坏死的临床分期

对疾病分期的目的是指导临床治疗和判断疾病预后.股骨头坏死(osteonecrosis of the femoral head,ONFH)是关节外科常见病和多发病,在亚洲国家特别是我国多发,由于其病因、发病机制和疾病的自然病程不明,导致各种保头治疗方法临床效果均不理想~([1,2]).     

Impaction Bone Grafting Augmented With a Wire Coil by the Lightbulb Technique for Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head

BackgroundOsteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a debilitating disease that primarily affects the hips of young adults. The purpose of this study is to report the mid-term results of impaction bone grafting augmented with a wire coil using the lightbulb technique for ONFH.MethodsFrom 1998 to 2016, 50 hips with late precollapsed or early postcollapsed ONFH (28 hips with Association Research Circulation Osseous [ARCO] IIC and 22 with IIIA) were treated by impaction bone grafting augmented with a wire coil using the lightbulb technique. The survival rate was analyzed with conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA) as the end point.ResultsThirty-one of the 50 hips had a successful clinical result without conversion to THA at a mean follow-up of 109.2 months. The 5-year survival rate was 68%, 82.1%, and 50% for the entire cohort, ARCO stage IIC, and ARCO stage IIIA, respectively. The 19 hips that had failed were converted to THA at an average of 52.8 months. The multivariable Cox proportional hazards model showed that an ARCO stage IIIA disease, a lateral lesion, and a necrotic index ≥0.67 were the independent risk factors for conversion to THA.ConclusionAs a head-preserving procedure, the lightbulb technique using impaction bone grafting augmented with a wire coil is worthwhile for patients in an earlier stage of disease and smaller lesion size to postpone the need for THA.     

股骨头髓芯减压带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨骨瓣植骨治疗股骨头缺血性坏死

目的　探讨股骨头髓心减压带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨骨瓣植骨术治疗股骨头缺血坏死的疗效及手术适应证。　方法　 1995年 10月～ 2 0 0 0年 8月共进行 18例 (2 6髋 )股骨头髓心减压带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨骨瓣植骨术。根据Harris髋关节评分系统进行关节功能评价 ,根据ARCO分期分型系统进行影像学评价。　结果　随访 16例 2 3髋 ,平均 3 1 5个月。Harris评分由术前平均 61 7改善为随访时 76 0分。 13髋 (5 6% )随访时Harris评分 >80 0分 (内侧型 8髋 ,中央型 3髋 ,外侧型 2髋 ) ,根据ARCO分期分型系统进行分类随访时优良率 ,内侧型 80 % ,中央型 60 % ,外侧型 2 5 %。 8髋分期发生进展。塌陷及失败率内侧型 2 0 % ,中央型 40 % ,外侧型 75 %。　结论　股骨头髓芯减压带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨骨瓣植骨术适用于ARCO分期分型系统中ⅠA中央型、ⅠB内侧型、ⅡA中央型、ⅡB内侧型股骨头缺血性坏死 ,并具有良好的近、中期疗效。对坏死范围较大的股骨头不能防止病程的进展 ,但可缓解症状 ,延缓全髋关节置换的时间     

Will a Vascularized Greater Trochanter Graft Preserve the Necrotic Femoral Head?

Background  

Various head-preserving procedures have been used for young patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) to avert the need for THA. However, none of these techniques are accepted universally because of the technical difficulties, complications, or mixed results that often are difficult to reproduce.     

非细胞型组织工程骨联合钛棒微创植入治疗股骨头早期坏死的疗效分析

目的 评估非细胞型组织工程骨联合钛棒微创植入治疗早期股骨头坏死(osteonecrosis of the femoral head,ONFH)的临床疗效.方法 2003年1月至2006年6月,确诊早期ONFH 32例(42髋);国际骨循环研究学会分期:I期8髋,ⅡA期11髋,ⅡB期13髋,ⅡC期10髋;在X线透视定位及关节镜监视下,经皮微创行髓芯减压,植入非细胞型组织工程骨,并钛棒支撑股骨头软骨下骨质.术后6、12、24、36个月时随访,临床评价包括:疼痛评分、Harris评分、X线片病情评价及以全髋关节置换作为失败终点的生存率分析.结果 患者术后疼痛及Harris评分指数各时间段(不含第24个月)之间前后比较及与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义.X线分期比较,术后16个月1例ⅡB期进展为ⅡC期,术后24个月2例ⅡC髋病变加重,股骨头塌陷,30个月后行全髋关节置换术.术后患者总改善率88.1%,与激素应用有关的Ⅱ期病变3年生存率最低;I期病变治疗改善率最佳,ⅡA期、ⅡB期改善率次之,ⅡC期改善率最低,无变化及加重患者均为激素性ONFH病例.结论 非细胞型组织工程骨联合钛捧微创植入,除对ONFH ⅡC期激素性病变疗效改善极差应慎重选择外,对Ⅰ-ⅡC期病变可有效防止股骨头塌陷.     

Chinese Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head in Adults

The treatment of adult osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), with 8.12 million patients in China, remains a challenge to surgeons. To standardize and improve the efficacy of the treatment of ONFH, Chinese specialists updated the experts' suggestions in March 2015, and an experts' consensus was given to provide a current basis for the diagnosis, treatment and evaluation of ONFH. The current guideline provides recommendations for ONFH with respect to epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, staging, treatment, as well as rehabilitation. Risk factors of non‐traumatic ONFH include corticosteroid use, alcohol abuse, dysbarism, sickle cell disease and autoimmune disease and others, but the etiology remains unclear. The Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) staging system, including plain radiograph, magnetic resonance imaging, radionuclide examination, and histological findings, is frequently used in staging ONFH. A staging and classification system was proposed by Chinese scholars in recent years. The major differential diagnoses include mid?late term osteoarthritis, transient osteoporosis, and subchondral insufficiency fracture. Management alternatives for ONFH consist of non‐operative treatment and operative treatment. Core decompression is currently the most common procedure used in the early stages of ONFH. Vascularized bone grafting is the recommended treatment for ARCO early stage III ONFH. This guideline gives a brief account of principles for selection of treatment for ONFH, and stage, classification, volume of necrosis, joint function, age of the patient, patient occupation, and other factors should be taken into consideration.     

多孔金属钽棒治疗早期股骨头坏死的近期疗效观察

目的探讨多孔金属钽棒治疗早期股骨头坏死（ONFH）的临床效果。方法对应用多孔钽棒治疗的15例早期ONFH患者临床资料进行回顾性研究。按照国际骨循环研究会（ARCO）分类的ONFH病变Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者共15例（15髋）,术后3、6、12、24个月时随访。临床评价Harris评分、X线片病情及骨长入情况。结果 Harris评分术前与术后3、6、12、24个月比较差异均有统计学意义（P=0.000）。手术前、后X线片分期比较,术后12个月2例ⅡB期进展为ⅡC期,24个月2例ⅡC期进展为Ⅲ期,股骨头塌陷,需行全髋关节置换术。4例可见原有囊性变区内骨密度增高表现,1例在钽棒周围出现＂骨锚固征＂。结论多孔金属钽棒对ONFHⅠ期病变治疗改善率最佳,ⅡA、ⅡB期改善率次之,ⅡC期改善率最低,对Ⅰ、ⅡA、ⅡB期病变可有效防止股骨头塌陷。     

微创股骨头清创植骨术治疗股骨头坏死

目的探讨微创股骨头清创植骨术治疗股骨头坏死的近期疗效。方法回顾性分析自2011-01—2015-03采用微创股骨头清创植骨术治疗25例(36髋)股骨头坏死,术后根据髋关节功能Harris评分评估疗效。结果 25例(36髋)均获得随访4~73个月,平均21.4个月,术后所有患者植骨均融合。髋关节功能Harris评分由术前(60.45±15.37)分提高至末次随访(85.65±7.01)分;髋关节功能Harris评分优良率由术前8.3%提高至末次随访86.1%。末次随访髋关节功能Harris评分及优良率较术前有较大改善,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论微创股骨头清创植骨术治疗股骨头坏死具有创伤小、近期疗效明确、能明显改善髋关节症状等优点,值得临床推广。     

Prognostic factors in the management of osteonecrosis of the femoral head: A systematic review

BackgroundSeveral hip preserving techniques have been described for the management of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). This systematic review identified prognostic factors in the treatment of ONFH that are associated with treatment failure and conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA).Material and methodsThis study followed the PRISMA guidelines. The literature search was conducted in November 2021. All clinical trials comparing two or more treatments for femoral head osteonecrosis were accessed. A multivariate analysis was performed to investigate the association between baseline characteristics and the surgical outcome. A multiple linear model regression analysis through the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) was used.ResultsData from 88 articles (6112 procedures) were retrieved. Female gender was associated with increased time to THA (P = 0.03) and reduced rate of THA (P = 0.03). Longer symptom duration before treatment was associated with shorter time to failure (P = 0.03). Increased pre-treatment VAS was associated with reduced time to failure (P = 0.03) and time to THA (P = 0.04). Reduced pre-treatment hip function was associated with increased rate of THA (P = 0.02) and failure (P = 0.005). Patient age and BMI, aetiology, time from surgery to full weight bearing and the side did not show evidence of a statistically significant association with the surgical outcome.ConclusionMale gender, longer symptom duration before treatment, higher VAS scores, and lower HHS scores were negative prognostic factors after treatment for osteonecrosis of the femoral head.     

Treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head with thorough debridement,bone grafting and bone-marrow mononuclear cells implantation

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a disease with a wide-ranging etiology and poorly understood pathogenesis seen commonly in young patients. Various head-preserving procedures have been used to avert the need for total hip replacement. These include vascularized and non-vascularized bone grafting procedures, bone marrow containing osteogenic precursors implanted into the necrotic lesion. We use drills, curettes, broaches under image intensifier to perform a thorough debridement of all necrotic lesion, pack autogenous cortical and cancellous bone which were harvested from the ipsilateral iliac crest tightly into the femoral head, implant bone-marrow mononuclear cells containing mesenchymal stem cells into the necrotic lesion. The study included 15 patients (20 hips, 10 males, 5 females, mean age 35 years, range 23–58 years) with stage II–III ONFH according to the association research circulation osseous classification. The outcome was determined by changes in the Harris hip score (HHS), by progression in radiographic stages, and by the need for hip arthroplasty. The mean follow-up was 24 months (range 9–36 months). The mean HHS increased from 64 to 85 points. The overall clinical success rate is 80 %. There were no infection, femoral neck fracture or other complications. Thorough debridement, autogenous bone grafting and bone-marrow mononuclear cells implantation is an effective procedure in patient with small lesion, early-stage ONFH.     

Efficacy of Modified Lightbulb Technique by Percutaneous Femoral Neck-Head Fenestration Combined With Compacted Artificial Bone Graft for Treating Precollapse Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head

BackgroundWhether artificial bone provides comparable outcomes to autogenous bone has not been determined for osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). This study was conducted to compare the clinical outcomes of autogenous and artificial bone grafting (demineralized bone matrix/calcium sulfate [DBM/CaS]) through a modified lightbulb technique by percutaneous femoral neck-head fenestration for treating precollapse ONFH.MethodsA total of 73 Association Research Circulation Osseous Stage Ⅱ ONFH patients (81 hips) who had a mean follow-up of 61 months (range, 52 to 74) were included in this retrospective study. Among them were 40 hips treated with autogenous bone and 41 hips treated with DBM/CaS grafting through the percutaneous femoral neck-head fenestration. The Harris scores, radiographic progressions, clinical success rates, and survival analyses were analyzed.ResultsAt final follow-up, the mean Harris score was 80 points (range, 63 to 92) in the DBM/CaS group and 76 points (range, 69 to 91) in the autogenous bone group (P = .751). The radiographic progression rate was 29.9% in the DBM/CaS group, without significant difference from the autogenous bone group, which was 37.5% (P = .43). About 73.2% of patients in the DBM/CaS group and 75% in the autologous bone group avoided a total hip arthroplasty (P = .85). Survival analysis for femoral head protection revealed similar outcomes between the 2 groups (P > .05).ConclusionPercutaneous femoral neck-head fenestration combined with artificial bone (DBM/CaS) grafting had comparable clinical outcomes to autologous bone grafting on preventing femoral head collapse and rescuing THA at a mean of 61-month follow-up for treating early ONFH.