抗体依赖的病毒感染增强作用

近年来陆续在一些病毒中发现了一种现象,即针对某种病毒的抗体在亚中和滴度水平能明显增强Fc受体或补体受体阳性细胞对此种病毒感染,这种现象称为抗体依赖的病毒感染增强作用(Antibody-dependent Enhancement of virus infection,ADE)。ADE存在两种形式:(1)Fc受体介导的抗体依赖的病毒感染增强作用;(2)补体介导的抗体依赖的病毒感染增强作用。ADE有着重要的生物学意义,国外进行了许多体外和一些体内实验研究,本文综述了近几年这方面的有关讲展。     

肾综合征出血热病原学研究进展

肾综合征出血热病原学研究进展中国预防医学科学院病毒学研究所（北京１０００５２）宋干肾结合征出血热（ＨＦＲＳ）是某些鼠类携带传播，由布尼亚病毒科（Ｂｕｎｙａｖｉｒｉｄａｅ）汉坦病毒属（Ｈａｎｔａｖｉｒｕｓ，ＨＶ）中的几种病毒引起的自然疫源性疾病。１９７...     

SARS-CoV特异性抗体产生规律的初步研究

目的 研究严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)患者感染后体内病毒特异性抗体产生规律。方法 收集临床确诊为SARS患者的血清和非SARS人群血清标本,用IgM捕获法、间接法和抗原夹心法三种不同方法检测抗SARS病毒特异性IgM、IgG和总抗体。结果 检测146份临床诊断为SARS的患者不同发病时间血清标本,三种抗体阳性率分别为61.64％、53.43％和69.86％;SARS病毒特异性IgM、IgG抗体的最早检出时间分别在发病第7天和第12天,特异性IgM抗体最短在发病后42天消失。三种方法检测70份甲型肝炎患者血清时,均有2份非特异阳性反应,检测127份其他病种血清均阴性,1例密切接触SARS患者的医务人员SARS特异性IgG抗体和总抗体均阳性,三种检测方法均不受类风湿因子影响。结论 与其他病毒感染相比,SARS病毒感染者的特异性IgM抗体检出时间较晚,且持续时间较短;三种检测方法均有较好的特异性和敏感性,可用于SARS的流行病学调查和临床诊断的确认和补充,但不适用于SARS的早期诊断。     

肾综合征出血热病毒高效价免疫血清抗体毒株的筛选

肾综合征出血热（HFRS）是由布尼亚病毒科汉坦病毒属引起的急性传染病。在HFRS病毒和疫苗的研究工作中，常采用间接免疫荧光抗体（IFA）技术和直接荧光抗体（FA）技术。利用高效价兔抗HFRS病毒免疫血清制备的荧光血清在检测HFRS病毒抗原：亡作中，具有特异、快速的优点忙，而荧光血清的质量与免疫血清的效价有直接关系，不同生物学特性的HFRS毒株免疫敏感动物家兔后，其免疫血清的效价有一定的差异。因此，能产生高效价免疫血清的毒株筛选是制备高质量荧光血清的关键。     

澳大利亚《肝炎和艾滋病病毒(血源性)职业暴露防治管理办法》简介

一、立法背景 乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）、丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）和艾滋病病毒是通过血液和其他体液接触传播,导致严重影响身体健康的疾病.帮助雇主和雇员采取适宜的防治和管理措施,减少工作中艾滋病病毒、肝炎病毒和其他传染性疾病暴露和传播的危险,消除职业危害,是有效防治职业病,提高企业职业健康管理能力,增强政府职业健康安全管理能力的重要方面.     

水痘-带状疱疹疾病的研究近况

水痘是儿童中常见的一种急性、高传染性的疾病,带状疱疹主要发生在成人。这两种疾病在临床与流行病学上有很大区别,却为同一病毒所致。本文就病毒的分子生物学特性,所致疾病与免疫以及疾病的预防与治疗的研究进展作一简要综述。     

HIV急性期感染的流行状况及干预策略

HIV急性期感染（acute HIV infection,AHI）是指体内存在HIV病毒但抗体尚未阳转的阶段,也就是HIV病毒或抗原能够被检出但抗体检测为阴性或不确定的＂窗口期＂阶段。AHI阶段由于体内的高病毒载量而具有强传染性。因此,及时发现AHI并采取快速有效的干预措施对防止HIV传播具有重要意义。     

病毒miRNA研究新进展

MicmRNA（miRNA）是一类由多细胞真核生物编码的长度约为22个核苷酸的调控RNA分子,它们在许多重要细胞过程中参与转录后基因表达调控。某些病毒也能编码miRNA。目前发现的病毒miRNA已经超过200种,病毒利用这些miRNA可以调节细胞及其自身的基因表达。此文就编码miRNA的病毒,病毒miRNA的作用机制、生物学功能、保守性及其与疾病治疗的关系等内容进行综述。     

一九九三年美国发生汉滩病毒呼吸窘迫综合症

一九九三年美国发生汉滩病毒呼吸窘迫综合症金兆伟译阎侗有校１９９３年６月，在美国西南部爆发了由一种新型汉滩病毒（ＨＴＶ）引起的严重的呼吸系统疾病──汉滩病毒呼吸窘迫综合症（ＨＰＳ）。散在病例分布于美国西部的广泛地区。本报道总结了１９９３年５月１日至１２...     

HFRS患者尿中病毒抗原检测的实验研究

目的建立和评价IEDA检测HFRS患者尿中病毒抗原的方法及敏感性和特异性。方法采用自行制备的免抗HFRSV多克隆抗体（Anti－HFRSVIgG）,运用免疫酶斑点法（IEDA）检测40例HFRS患者尿中的病毒抗原,同时采用传统的间接免疫荧光法（I－IFA）检测患者血清中抗流行性出血热病毒抗原的IgM型抗体（Anti－HFRSVIgM）作相关分析。结果应用IEDA检测尿中HFRS抗原的总阳性率为65％,早期（5日内）抗原检出率为83．33％,而应用I－IFA检测血清中Anti－HFRSVIgM阳性率为77．8％。结论IEDA与I－IFA检测的结果高度相关,且5病日内的早期诊断率为前者高于后者。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎实验室诊断技术研究进展

 

2019年12月,湖北省武汉市发现以肺部病变为主的新型冠状病毒感染,2020年2月11日世界卫生组织（WHO）将由新型冠状病毒引发的疾病正式命名为2019冠状病毒病（coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19）,该病毒称为严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）。COVID-19短时间内扩散到全国,3月11日WHO宣布COVID-19已构成全球大流行。实验室检测是确诊COVID-19的重要依据,对于该病的治疗和防疫工作至关重要。本文对COVID-19实验室临床诊断技术相关进展进行整理综述。

     

2020年宁夏新冠疫情期间SARS-CoV-2与常见发热呼吸道病原流行特征比较分析

目的 了解2020年宁夏新冠疫情期间SARS-CoV-2与常见6种发热呼吸道病原的检出情况、流行规律和感染特点,为新冠疫情常态化防控提供理论依据。方法 应用Real time RT-PCR技术对2020年1月20日至2020年2月16日期间宁夏疾病预防控制中心收检的COVID-19筛查样本进行SARS-CoV-2和Flu等常见发热呼吸道病原进行定性检测,并收集各病原阳性患者人口学特征资料。结果 529例COVID-19筛查样本中,SARS-CoV-2阳性检出率为13.23%（70/529）。对COVID-19筛查样本中180份符合条件的FRS病例样本进行6种其他呼吸道病毒病原检测,阳性检出率为12.78%（23/180）,其中检出率较高的病原为Flu和HRSV,阳性率分别为5.00%和2.78%。各时间段内SARS-CoV-2阳性检出率存在两个较为明显的峰值,其他呼吸道病毒总阳性检出率稳中有降。SARS-CoV-2阳性检出率男性和女性差异无统计学意义,41~ 60岁组及60岁以上组阳性率较高,分别为25.00%和24.39%,阳性病例在宁夏五市均有分布,银川市最多;其他呼吸道病原男性检出率显著高于女性,41~ 60岁组阳性率最高,其次为0~20岁组,阳性率分别为33.33%和12.20%,阳性主要集中于银川与中卫两市。结论 在常态下防控新冠疫情的背景下,应加强呼吸道传播病原快速筛查体系的建设以达到精准防控传染病的迫切需求。     

Epidemiology of Coronavirus Disease Outbreak among Crewmembers on Cruise Ship,Nagasaki City,Japan, April 2020

In April 2020, a coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak occurred on the cruise ship Costa Atlantica in Nagasaki, Japan. Our outbreak investigation included 623 multinational crewmembers onboard on April 20. Median age was 31 years; 84% were men. Each crewmember was isolated or quarantined in a single room inside the ship, and monitoring of health status was supported by a remote health monitoring system. Crewmembers with more severe illness were hospitalized. The investigation found that the outbreak started in late March and peaked in late April, resulting in 149 laboratory-confirmed and 107 probable cases of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Six case-patients were hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia, including 1 in severe condition and 2 who required oxygen administration, but no deaths occurred. Although the virus can spread rapidly on a cruise ship, we describe how prompt isolation and quarantine combined with a sensitive syndromic surveillance system can control a COVID-19 outbreak.     

Fatal Exacerbations of Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome Complicating Coronavirus Disease

We report 2 fatal exacerbations of systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS), also known as Clarkson disease, associated with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the United States. One patient carried an established diagnosis of SCLS and the other sought treatment for new-onset hypotensive shock, hemoconcentration, and anasarca, classic symptoms indicative of an SCLS flare. Both patients had only mild-to-moderate symptoms of COVID-19. This clinical picture suggests that these patients succumbed to complications of SCLS induced by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Persons with known or suspected SCLS may be at increased risk for developing a disease flare in the setting of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 infection.     

COVID-19–Associated Mold Infection in Critically Ill Patients,Chile

Patients with severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) may have COVID-19–associated invasive mold infection (CAIMI) develop. We report 16 cases of CAIMI among 146 nonimmunocompromised patients with severe COVID-19 at an academic hospital in Santiago, Chile. These rates correspond to a CAIMI incidence of 11%; the mortality rate for these patients was 31.2%.     

Effects of Coronavirus Disease Pandemic on Tuberculosis Notifications,Malawi

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic might affect tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and patient care. We analyzed a citywide electronic TB register in Blantyre, Malawi and interviewed TB officers. Malawi did not have an official COVID-19 lockdown but closed schools and borders on March 23, 2020. In an interrupted time series analysis, we noted an immediate 35.9% reduction in TB notifications in April 2020; notifications recovered to near prepandemic numbers by December 2020. However, 333 fewer cumulative TB notifications were received than anticipated. Women and girls were affected more (30.7% fewer cases) than men and boys (20.9% fewer cases). Fear of COVID-19 infection, temporary facility closures, inadequate personal protective equipment, and COVID-19 stigma because of similar symptoms to TB were mentioned as reasons for fewer people being diagnosed with TB. Public health measures could benefit control of both TB and COVID-19, but only if TB diagnostic services remain accessible and are considered safe to attend.     

COVID-19–Associated Fusobacterium nucleatum Bacteremia,Belgium

We report 4 cases of Fusobacterium nucleatum bacteremia associated with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Three cases occurred concomitantly with COVID-19 diagnosis; 1 occurred on day 15 of intensive care. None of the patients had known risk factors for F. nucleatum bacteremia. F. nucleatum infection could represent a possible complication of COVID-19.     

不发热COVID-19患者临床特征及胸部薄层CT筛查价值评估

 目的 分析20例不发热新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者临床及胸部薄层CT影像特征。方法 回顾性分析某院20例临床确诊为COVID-19不发热患者首次入院临床特征，主要包括呼吸道、消化道等症状及白细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、C反应蛋白等试验室指标，同时对胸部薄层CT扫描资料进行分析。结果 临床症状分为完全无症状、不发热有呼吸道或消化道症状，后者症状均轻微，主要症状为干咳，实验室以白细胞计数及淋巴结细胞计数减少多见。不发热COVID-19患者胸部薄层CT以早期、恢复期影像表现为主，少数表现为进展期：（1）早期呈单肺段或多肺段斑片状、结节状、不规则形磨玻璃密度影（GGO），以肺外周或胸膜下分布为主，常见血管增粗穿行，部分出现长短不一细线状高密度影；（2）进展期病灶融合成不规则片状，可累及多个肺段、肺叶，可见小叶间隔增厚或呈"铺路石"征，部分可见局灶性实变影；（3）恢复期病灶范围缩小、变淡，通常吸收较完全，少见纤维残留灶。结论 不发热COVID-19患者临床特征隐匿，但胸部影像表现具有特征性，胸部薄层CT对COVID-19的早期诊断和评估有重要价值。     

Difficulties in Differentiating Coronaviruses from Subcellular Structures in Human Tissues by Electron Microscopy

Efforts to combat the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have placed a renewed focus on the use of transmission electron microscopy for identifying coronavirus in tissues. In attempts to attribute pathology of COVID-19 patients directly to tissue damage caused by SARS-CoV-2, investigators have inaccurately reported subcellular structures, including coated vesicles, multivesicular bodies, and vesiculating rough endoplasmic reticulum, as coronavirus particles. We describe morphologic features of coronavirus that distinguish it from subcellular structures, including particle size range (60–140 nm), intracellular particle location within membrane-bound vacuoles, and a nucleocapsid appearing in cross section as dense dots (6–12 nm) within the particles. In addition, although the characteristic spikes of coronaviruses may be visible on the virus surface, especially on extracellular particles, they are less evident in thin sections than in negative stain preparations.     

Antibody dependent disease enhancement (ADE) after COVID-19 vaccination and beta glucans as a safer strategy in management

A potential risk associated with vaccines for COVID-19 is antibody-dependent disease enhancement (ADE) in which vaccine induced antibody mediated immune responses may lead to enhanced SARS CoV- 2 acquisition or increased disease severity. Though ADE has not been clinically demonstrated with any of the COVID-19 vaccines so far, when neutralizing antibodies are suboptimal, the severity of COVID-19 has been reported to be greater. ADE is presumed to occur via abnormal macrophages induced by the vaccine based immune response by antibody-mediated virus uptake into Fc gamma receptor IIa (FcγRIIa) or by the formation of Fc-mediated excessive antibody effector functions. Beta-glucans which are naturally occurring polysaccharides known for unique immunomodulation by capability to interact with macrophages, eliciting a specific beneficial immune-response and enhancing all arms of the immune system, importantly without over-activation are suggested as safer nutritional supplement-based vaccine adjuvants for COVID-19.