高血糖影响脑梗死预后的随访研究

目的探讨高血糖对急性脑梗死患者预后及功能康复的影响。方法将2006—2008年入院的2319例急性脑梗死患者按照入院血糖水平分为高血糖组(入院血糖水平≥6.12mmol/L)和血糖正常组(入院血糖水平6.12mmol/L),采用定期随访观察的方法,对两组患者发病90d后的生存状态、神经功能评分(NIHSS、mRS)进行比较和分析。结果高血糖组急性脑梗死发病90d时的病死率(53.73%)高于血糖正常组(46.27%),差别有统计学意义(P0.05)。在发病90d后仍存活者中,高血糖组功能康复不良(mRS≥2)的比例(28.19%)高于血糖正常组(19.11%),差别有统计学意义(P0.05)。血糖正常组mRS≥2者的入院血糖水平([5.05±0.58)mmol/L]高于mRS2者([4.92±0.60)mmol/L],差别有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论高血糖增加脑梗死患者发病90天时的病死率,同时对其功能恢复也有不利影响。监测血糖水平对估计预后有重要意义。     

胰岛素强化治疗对老年高血糖危重症甲状腺轴的影响

目的探讨胰岛素强化治疗对老年高血糖危重症甲状腺轴的影响及临床意义。方法 50名老年高血糖危重症患者随机分为两组,胰岛素强化治疗组(IT组)血糖控制在4.4～6.1mmol/L;常规治疗组(CT组)血糖控制在10.0～11.1 mmol/L。所有患者均于胰岛素治疗前、治疗后第1天、第3天和第7天空腹抽取肘静脉血2 ml,酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法测定血清游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)和促甲状腺激素(TSH)值。设对照组12例均为同期健康查体者。结果 IT组死亡率为6.7%,CT组死亡率为35.0%;IT组低血糖发生4次,CT组低血糖发生1次;IT组FT3水平第1天、第3天、第7天分别为(2.38±0.65)pmol/L、(4.18±1.30)pmol/L、(2.98±0.85)pmol/L,CT组分别为(2.03±0.45)pmol/L、(2.23±0.70)pmol/L、(3.15±1.15)pmol/L。结论胰岛素强化治疗较常规治疗能够显著降低老年高血糖危重症患者的死亡率,这可能与胰岛素严格控制血糖能够改善机体甲状腺轴功能状态,减轻全身炎症反应等有关;在严格血糖监测下开展胰岛素强化治疗并不增加低血糖的发生率。     

早期应用胰岛素泵控制高血糖与重型颅脑损伤预后研究

目的 探讨早期应用胰岛素泵控制重型颅脑损伤后高血糖与患者预后的关系.方法 80例格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分≤8分的重型颅脑损伤后高血糖患者,根据入院时GCS评分分为G1组(GCS评分3～5分,39例),G2组(GCS评分6～8分,41例);根据高血糖控制方法的不同,按随机数字表法分为胰岛素皮下持续输注(CSⅡ)治疗组40例,多次皮下胰岛素注射(MSⅡ)治疗组40例,均控制血糖目标在相同范围.记录两组治疗后达到目标血糖所需时间、胰岛素用量、低血糖反应发生情况及治疗2个月的格拉斯哥预后量表(GOS)评分.结果 G1组入院随机血糖为(12.0±2.4) mmol/L,G2组人院随机血糖为(8.6±1.5) mmol/L,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).CSⅡ治疗组与MSII治疗组比较,血糖达标时间明显缩短[(3.35 ±0.98)d比(6.20±1.02)d]、胰岛素用量明显减少[(39.3±7.6) U/d比(52.6±10.2) U/d]、低血糖发生率亦明显降低[5.0％(2/40)比15.0％.(6/40)],差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).80例患者中预后良好42例,血糖水平为(7.1±1.8)mmol/L,预后较差26例,血糖水平为(9.1±2.2) mmol/L,死亡12例,血糖水平为(11.9±2.5) mmol/L,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 早期胰岛素泵治疗能够快速平稳控制重型颅脑损伤后高血糖,而且能够明显改善重型颅脑损伤患者的预后.     

脑出血急性期高血糖的回顾性分析

目的评价高血糖及降血糖治疗对非糖尿病患者脑出血近期预后的影响。方法回顾性分析笔者所在医院1028例脑出血住院患者的临床资料。按入院后24h内空腹血糖（FBS）分为正常血糖组（FBS〈6．1mmol／L）和高血糖组（FBS〉6．1mmol／L）;分析高血糖与病情轻重、并发症和近期预后之间的关系并分析降血糖治疗对非糖尿病患者脑出血近期预后的影响情况。结果两组患者基本特征的比较,性别、肪卒中史、冠心病、入院血压等方面比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,年龄、出血量、意识障碍、并发症等方面比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。382例高血糖患者有216例得到了治疗,单因素Logistic回归分析显示高血糖影响脑出血的近期预后（OR=2．168,95％CI 1．186—3．966）;经多因素Logistic回归校正后高血糖仍是影响脑出血近期预后的独立危险因素（OR=4．424,95％CI 2．117—8．987）,降血糖治疗可降低病死率（P〈0．05）。结论高血糖是非糖尿病患者脑出血近期预后差的独立危险因素,抗高血糖治疗可改善预后。     

血糖管理对危重症患儿近期预后的影响

目的 探讨对危重症患儿合并应激性高血糖积极管理血糖对减少并发症的影响.方法 选取我院160例合并应激性高血糖的危重症患儿,随机分为强化血糖控制组(强化组,n=80),常规血糖控制组(常规组,n=80).强化组血糖控制目标为4.0～6.0 mmol/L,常规组为8.0～10.0mmol/L.结果 常规血糖控制组的PICU住院时间、呼吸机带机时间与强化组比较有显著降低(P＜0.05);院内感染,多器官功能表竭综合征(MODS)发生率组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);强化组病死率及低血糖发生率较常规组增高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 应激性高血糖对危重症患者的预后不利.应用胰岛素治疗.将血糖持续控制在8.0～11.0mmol/L,可减少危重患儿病死率,且预后较好.     

外科危重患者术后应激性高血糖的个体化调控

目的 探讨胰岛素强化治疗及个体化治疗方案在外科危重患者术后应激性高血糖调控中的作用.方法 将176例外科危重手术患者按入院排序随机分为观察组(92例)和对照组(84例),对照组给予传统治疗,观察组采用胰岛素强化治疗及个体化治疗方案.对两组患者术后1、3、7d血糖水平,以及术后不良事件发生情况进行临床对比观察.结果 观察组术后1、3 d血糖水平[分别为(7.7±0.7)、(6.7±0.4)mmol/L]虽然高于正常血糖水平(3.9～6.1 mmol/L),但均在本次试验的目标水平之内(3.9～8.0 mmol/L),术后7 d血糖水平[(5.9±0.3)mmol/L]基本在正常范围,均明显低于对照组术后1、3、7 d血糖水平(P＜0.01);观察组感染等并发症发生率及病死率较对照组也明显降低(P＜0.01或＜0.05).结论 对外科危重患者术后进行严密血糖监测及个体化治疗能更有效、更及时地控制血糖,并显著改善临床预后.     

高血糖对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性发作期患者预后的影响

目的探讨高血糖对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性发作期（AECOPD）患者预后的影响。方法回顾性分析本院收治的AECOPD患者236例,根据血糖水平将病人分为血糖升高组和血糖正常组。血糖升高的标准：2次空腹血糖均36．1mmoL／L或1次随机血糖≥11．1mmol/L。结果本组病人中血糖升高的发生率为48．7％（115／236）,其中血糖36．1～〈7．0mmol／L者占20％（23例）,37．0～〈11．1mmol/L者占67．8％（78例）,≥11．1mmol/L者占12．1％（14例）。血糖升高组AECOPD患者第1秒用力呼气量／用力肺活量（FEV,／FVC）、FEV,占预计值百分比（FEV。％）与PaO：明显低于血糖正常组。血糖升高组痰细菌培养阳性率为37．2％（32／86）,明显高于血糖正常组（19．1％,14／73）。血糖升高组住院天数（14．6±3．1）d明显长于血糖正常组[（8．4±2．3）d,P〈0．01]。血糖升高组住院病死率（15．6％）,明显高于血糖正常组（3．3％,P〈0．01）。结论高血糖与AECOPD患者的不良预后密切相关。     

窒息新生儿早期血糖监测及糖代谢平衡的维持

目的 了解窒息新生儿早期血糖变化特点及动态监测血糖,评价其临床意义及防治效果.方法 435例窒息新生儿根据Apgar评分分为重度窒息(重度组,120例)、轻度窒息(轻度组,315例),测定两组生后1、3、24、48、72h血糖,并选取同期出生的无窒息新生儿361例作为对照组,比较其血糖变化.结果 (1)重度组生后1 h高血糖12例(15%,12/81),轻度组生后1 h高血糖5例(3%,5/180),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).对照组除2例生后1 h出现低血糖外,其余血糖正常.(2)重度组生后1 h血糖[(5.8±2_3)mmol/]L]明显高于3 h血糖[(3.5±1.7)mmol/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 新生儿窒息程度越重,血糖异常发生率越高,血糖异常以高血糖为主,且出生时间越短,血糖波动越大.提示窒息新生儿血糖紊乱有一定规律,加强血糖监测,系统的输液、输糖管理,可有效防治窒息新生儿糖代谢紊乱.     

高血糖与外科危重病人预后的相关分析

目的:通过分析外科危重病人高血糖与机械通气时间、SICU入住时间、医院内感染发生率以及病死率的关系以探讨高血糖与外科危重病人预后的关系. 方法:采用回顾性研究方法,测定572例病人晨起空腹血糖, 以7.78 mmol/L为临界将病人分为两组,即A组(>7.78 mmol/L);B组(≤7.78 mmol/L),比较两组的机械通气时间,SICU入住时间,医院内感染发生率,同时统计病人28天内病死率. 结果:A组的机械通气时间、SICU入住时间和医院内感染发生率均高于B组(P<0.01).病人血糖水平与病死率具有相关性,血糖水平越高,病死率越高(P<0.05). 结论:高血糖与外科危重病人预后密切相关.     

轮状病毒肠炎应激性高血糖的临床研究

目的 :探讨重症轮状病毒肠炎与应激性高血糖的关系。方法 :对 2 0 0 0年 1 1月～ 2 0 0 3年 1月收治住院的所有腹泻并中重度脱水患儿 ,于入院后输液前静脉取血测血糖、 p H值 ,并采用酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)测定大便轮状病毒 (RV)抗原 ,确诊轮状病毒肠炎 1 82 4例 ,其中血糖 >6.67mmol/ L56例。同时 ,排除糖尿病史及食源性、医源性高血糖 ,对高血糖患儿则应用美国 ames微量血糖仪动态监测至血糖 <6.67mmol/ L。结果 :高血糖组 56例血糖平均为 1 6.35± 6.68mmol/ L,非高血糖组 1 768例为 5.2 1± 0 .83 mmol/ L ,P<0 .0 1 ;高血糖组中有 5例于入院后 2 4h内死亡 ,平均血糖为 33.5mmol/ L;高血糖组均为重度脱水并低血容性休克 ,非高血糖组重度脱水占 32 .5% ,中度脱水占 67.5% ;高血糖组平均年龄 0 .91± 0 .2 5岁 ,非高血糖组 1 .35± 0 .35岁 ,P<0 .0 1 ;高血糖组血 p H7.1 8± 0 .1 58,死亡 5例 p H<7.0 ,非高血糖组 p H7.35± 0 .1 74,P<0 .0 1。结论 :重症轮状病毒肠炎可并发应激性高血糖 ,年龄越小、脱水越重及血 p H越低 ,则血糖越高、死亡率越高 ,提示对重症轮状病毒肠炎不可盲目输葡萄糖液 ,应动态监测血糖 ,控制输注葡萄糖的量和速度 ,以策安全。同时 ,应更加关注小婴儿病情演变 ,及早纠正代     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.